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At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Isolation of intact larval haemoglobin from the brine shrimp Artemia salina. Prevention of degradation in vitro by proteases induced during larval development.

Haemoglobin induced in the larval stage of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina is extensively degraded when isolated from the later developmental stages of the larvae. Alkaline proteases appear in the organism a few hours after the induction of haemoglobin and cause the observed degradation. Addition of 2.6 mM phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride or 20 micrograms/ml soybean trypsin inhibitor to the extraction buffer used for haemoglobin isolation prevents most of this degradation. Discrete haem proteins are found in extracts of the brine shrimp larvae isolated before induction of the proteases, and the major species has a molecular weight of over 200,000. This is believed to be the native haemoglobin. A spread of lower molecular weight haem-containing polypeptides is found in extracts of larvae isolated after induction of the proteases. These products are believed to result from degradation of the discrete haem proteins present in protease-free extracts.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Molecular cloning of the beta-subunit of the Na,K-ATPase in the brine shrimp, Artemia. The cDNA-derived amino acid sequence shows low homology with the beta-subunits of vertebrates except in the single transmembrane and the carboxy-terminal domains.

A cDNA encoding the beta-subunit of the Na,K-ATPase of brine shrimp (Artemia) has been cloned. Its nucleotide sequence and predicted amino acid sequence have been determined. The amino acid sequence shows considerable divergence from that of chicken, dog, human, pig, rat, sheep, Torpedo, and Xenopus. This is not entirely unexpected since brine shrimp is a 'fast clock' organism which diverged from the precursor of the vertebrates 0.5-1.0 billion years ago. However, a highly hydrophobic putative transmembrane domain and the carboxy-terminal domain show considerable conservation. The relatively small degree of conservation in the beta-subunit of Artemia should provide information about the functional significance of this protein.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Molecular cloning of a cDNA that encodes a serine protease with chymotryptic and collagenolytic activities in the hepatopancreas of the shrimp Penaeus vanameii (Crustacea, Decapoda).

Two clones were isolated by screening a shrimp hepatopancreas cDNA library with a DNA fragment obtained by PCR amplification using two oligonucleotides based on the partial protein sequence of Penaeus vanameii chymotrypsin purified earlier. One of these clones, PVC 7 contains a complete cDNA coding for a serine protease. The deduced amino acid sequence shows the existence of a 270 residue-long preproenzyme containing a highly hydrophobic signal peptide of 14 amino acids. This suggests the existence of a putative zymogen form of the enzyme containing a 30 amino acid-long peptide which is cleaved to give a mature protein of 226 residues. A highly preferred codon usage is observed for this protein. The other obtained cDNA was found to encode the less predominant variant of the protein. Sequence alignments show that shrimp chymotrypsin is highly homologous with crab collagenase (77% homology taking into account the same amino acid at the same position, and 83% homology taking into account amino acids with conserved function) and that it is more similar to mouse trypsin (41% homology of strictly conserved amino acids) than to hornet chymotrypsin (35% homology).

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Isolation and purification of calmodulin from the shrimp, Crangon crangon.

Calmodulin was isolated and purified from shrimp abdominal muscle by heat precipitation, ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The purified calmodulin was homogeneous when evaluated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A still remaining contaminant was eliminated by high performance liquid chromatography on a phenyl column. The biological and physicochemical properties of shrimp calmodulin such as amino acid composition, molecular weight and the ability to activate calmodulin-deficient bovine heart phosphodiesterase were compared to those of other invertebrate calmodulins.

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed1996

Residual pesticides and their toxicity to freshwater shrimp in the littoral and pelagic zones of Lake Kasumigaura, Japan.

Pesticide residues in water and their toxicity to the freshwater shrimp (Paratya compressa improvisa) were studied in a river mouth in Takahamairi Bay, Lake Kasumigaura, from April to July in 1987. Concentrations of fenthion, diazinon and fenobucarb in water of the littoral zone were lower than that in the pelagic zone. The maximum concentration of fenthion, diazinon, iprobenfos and simetryn in water were 1.9, 0.8, 6.5, and 1.1 micrograms 1(-1), respectively. The 4-day mortality of the freshwater shrimp increased in lake water at Takahamairi Bay, reaching 50% at maximum in May. The mortality was probably due to residual insectside fenthion.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Brine shrimp (Artemia salina) nauplii as a teratogen test system.

Brine shrimp increase in length rapidly after hatching. A teratogen test system is based on disruption of elongation between 24 and 48 hr after wetting of the cysts. Teratogenicity of substances dissolved in the medium is assayed by comparison of average lengths of animals raised for the test period in suspect solution with average lengths of controls. The system is fast, inexpensive, and requires little skill. Brine shrimp are suited to testing industrial wastes, chemical formulations, drugs, and food additives that can be dissolved in water at 25 degrees C. The method appears unsuited to testing the teratogenicity of gases, particulates, very dilute wastes, or natural waters. Cadmium, mercury, lead, zinc, bromoform, n-butylphthalate, 1,2-dichloroethane, nitrobenzene, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and 1,1,3-trichloroethane were found teratogenic. Chromium (III), chromium (VI), copper, chlorobenzene, chloroform, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and phenol were found not teratogenic. Other aquatic organism teratogen test systems are surveyed.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Toxicity of organic mercury compounds to the developing brine shrimp, Artemia.

Mercury can be coupled to a wide variety of organic compounds but there is limited information concerning the influence of such substitutions on the toxicity of mercury within the marine environment. We therefore determined the effects of six organomercuries on the emergence and hatching of the brine shrimp, Artemia. The relative toxicities of the organic mercuries were unaffected by the ability of the compounds to ionize, whereas the sizes of the compounds appeared to be important. Thus, brine shrimp were equally sensitive to five of the organic mercuries while diphenylmercury, the largest of the organic mercuries tested, was the least toxic. In the presence of 0.1 microM diphenylmercury the final amount of hatching was similar to that in the absence of metal but in this situation there was an easily measured reduction in the rate of development. By determining the rates of emergence and hatching it is apparent that Artemia are adversely affected by organic mercuries at concentrations less than 0.1 microM, the lowest level examined in this study. The work extends our earlier findings with cadmium and zinc, supporting the proposal that Artemia is an excellent alternative to more complex, slow-growing animals for the study of biochemical/physiological aspects of marine pollution.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Methods for viral isolation and DNA extraction for a penaeid shrimp baculovirus.

Procedures for the purification of virions and nucleocapsids of Baculovirus penaei (BP) of penaeid shrimp and subsequent extraction of the viral nucleic acid are described. BP-infected hepatopancrata, from two species of shrimp from different geographical locations in the Americas, were removed and homogenized in a solution of TN buffer (0.01 M Tris-HCl, 0.10 M NaCl, pH 8.0). The homogenized mixture was strained through a 100-mesh screen to remove large pieces of tissue and centrifuged to concentrate the remaining material. The pellet was suspended in TN buffer and layered on to a handmade CsCl gradient. Fractions were collected according to the bands observed in the gradient, and the optical density at 254 nm was recorded for each fraction. The resultant data was tabulated and graphed. Additionally, each fraction was examined by transmission electron microscopy to determine relative numbers of viral particles present. Large amounts of virus consistently corresponded to a specific band in the gradient, which produced a peak when the spectrophometric data was graphed. Nucleic acid was then extracted from the purified viral particles. Removal of polysaccharides was accomplished with the addition of CTAB/NaCl. The BP DNA was visualized on an agarose gel with phage lambda DNA markers for size estimation, and a preliminary endonuclease digestion was performed using BamHI.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A new virus isolate from infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV)-infected penaeid shrimps.

A new virus was isolated from infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV)-infected penaeid shrimps. The virus was isolated from two species of penaeid shrimps obtained from three different sources employing a previously developed cell-culture assay. Electron-microscopical studies of both purified virus and infected cells showed bullet-shaped particles identifying it as a rhabdovirus.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Thermal inactivation of shrimp deoxyribonuclease with and without sodium dodecyl sulfate.

Due to the differences in sample treatment, purified shrimp DNase migrates to different positions in sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDod-SO4) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. DNase molecules migrating to some of these positions are enzymatically active as revealed by the DNase activity stain in situ. When the sample is not heated, DNase molecules (Form I) migrate to a position corresponding to an apparent Mr of 22 000 and are stain DNase-active. When the sample is heated with NaDod-SO4, DNase molecules (Form II) migrate to the apparent Mr of 39 000 position and are also DNase-active. In contrast, when the sample is heated without NaDod-SO4, DNase molecules (Form II') migrate to the same position as Form II but are DNase-inactive. When the sample is heated in the presence of beta-mercaptoethanol (with or without NaDod-SO4), the inactive Form III is generated. Form III must be the fully extended polypeptide because its apparent Mr is very close to the true Mr of DNase. These treated samples were also analyzed for DNase activity by diluting DNase-NaDod-SO4 into the DNase (hyperchromicity) assay solution. The results are consistent in that only Forms I and II are DNase-active. However, Form I differs from Form II in the time required for expression of DNase activity. After dilution of NaDod-SO4. Form II requires approx. 60 min to attain full activity while Form I is active immediately. Form II itself is inactive. The activity found at the Mr 39 000 position is due to conversion of Form II to the active Form I, as revealed by two-dimensional NaDod-SO4 gel electrophoresis. The sample heated without NaDod-SO4 soon contains active Form II, indicating that Form II is an intermediate during the production of Form II'. When Form II' is heated with NaDod-SO4, it does not refold back to the native state through Form II, suggesting that Form II' is irreversibly denatured. Thus, the anomalous behaviors of shrimp DNase in NaDod-SO4 gel electrophoresis have been utilized to study, in the presence and absence of NaDod-SO4, the thermal unfolding, as well as the refolding to the active enzyme during cooling and NaDod-SO4 removal.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Influence of an insect growth regulator on the larval development of an estuarine shrimp.

The influence of methoprene, an insect growth regulator used in mosquito control, on larval development of the estuarine grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) was examined in the laboratory. No grass shrimp larvae successfully completed metamorphosis when continuously exposed to 1000 microg methoprene litre(-1). Completion of larval metamorphosis was significantly reduced by exposure to 100 microg litre(-1) of the isomeric mixture (R,S)-methoprene but not the single isomer formulation (S)-methoprene. No statistically significant difference was revealed, however, in ability to inhibit metamorphosis between these two isomeric types across the broad range of exposure concentrations from 0.1 to 1000.0 microg litre(-1). The first two larval stages and the final premetamorphic larval stage were more sensitive to methoprene toxicity than intermediate larval stages. Methoprene exposure did not alter either the duration of total larval development or the total number of larval stages prior to metamorphosis.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Comparative studies of water quality in two brackish ponds for shrimp cultivation in a salt marsh.

Physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of two 'keiwais' (brackish ponds built along the coastal area for shrimp cultivation) in the Mai Po Marshes, Hong Kong, were measured and compared. One keiwai, located closer to the domestic and agricultural areas, had lower shrimp production than the other. Physical, microbiological and most of the chemical parameters of two keiwais showed no significant difference, while the keiwai closer to the domestic and agricultural areas had higher biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), and higher levels of phosphate (PO4(3-)-P) and cadmium (Cd2+). Results of the present study indicate that these keiwais were polluted by sewage discharged from nearby domestic, agricultural and industrial areas. The possibility that water received by the less polluted keiwai was purified by surrounding mangroves and sediments in the Mai Po Marshes is discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Trace metals in the Mexican shrimp Penaeus vannamei from estuarine and marine environments.

Trace-metal concentrations (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Co, Cd, Cr, and Zn) were measured in estuarine postlarvae, juveniles, and marine adults of the shrimp Penaeus vannamei collected along the Pacific coast of Mexico. With the exception of Fe, the trace-metal concentrations fell within the ranges of similar organisms collected elsewhere. Size-dependent relationships were observed only for Ni, Fe, and Zn and varied depending on the element considered. Small individuals had higher concentrations of Fe and Ni than larger individuals. For Zn, the opposite tendency occurred. This may reflect different metabolic requirements of young and old shrimps.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

Metabolic pathways of ammoniogenesis in the shrimp Crangon crangon L.: possible role of glutamate dehydrogenase.

The oxidative deamination of glutamate by glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) was determined in crude homogenates of the shrimp Crangon crangon. The GDH activity of whole shrimps (1.192 +/- 0.164 UI/g wet wt and 0.032 +/- 0.004 UI mg protein) (+/- SD) is probably sufficient to account for all the ammonia excretion of this species. Starvation markedly influenced GDH activity. A 50% decrease of GDH activity was observed following 7 days of fasting but subsequently no further decrease in GDH activity was noticed during starvation up to a maximum of 17 days.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1989

Electrophoretic characterization and immunoblot analysis of the proteins from the myelin-like light membrane fraction of shrimp ventral nerve (Penaeus duorarum).

1. The proteins of the light membrane fraction (LMF) from the ventral nerve of the pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum) were separated by SDS gel electrophoresis and analysed by staining and immunoblotting. 2. Shrimp LMF carried four major proteins with apparent molecular weights of Mr = 21,500, 40,000, 78,000, 85,000 and four minor components (Mr = 36,000, 41,500, 43,000, 50,000). 3. None of these proteins bound Concanavalin A. 4. The four major proteins showed no reaction with antisera against six vertebrate myelin proteins. Only the minor Mr = 50,000 component was weakly recognized by the antibodies against mammalian myelin P0 protein.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

A comparative study of alkaline phosphatases among human placenta, bovine milk, hepatopancreases of shrimp Penaeus monodon (Crustacea: Decapoda) and clam Meretrix lusoria (Bivalvia: Veneidae): to obtain an alkaline phosphatase with improved characteristics as a reporter.

1. Alkaline phosphatases were purified from human placenta, bovine milk, shrimp and clam with a final spec. act. of 67,000, 32,000, 22,000 and 15,000 U/mg of protein respectively. 2. The alkaline phosphatase from Meretrix lusoria is unique with its thermostability at 65 degrees C for 30 min; whereas the remaining enzymes studied, including the human placental alkaline phosphatase, are inactivated and have negligible activities. 3. The alkaline phosphatase from Penaeus monodon can be differentiated by its pH optimum at 9.0; the remaining enzymes studied have their optimal pH at 10.0. 4. The alkaline phosphatases from shrimp and clam are proposed to be applied as "reporters" in the study of mammalian cells.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1991

The carotenoids of wild and blue disease affected farmed tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon, Fabricus).

1. The main carotenoids in wild Penaeus monodon exoskeleton were astaxanthin di- and mono-esters, astaxanthin, and beta-carotene. 2. Wild P. monodon exoskeleton contained on average 26.3 ppm total carotenoid; normally pigmented farmed shrimp had a similar concentration (25.3 ppm). 3. Exoskeletons of farmed "blue" P. monodon (i.e. blue-coloured, as opposed to the normally red-blue/black banded shrimp) contained significantly less total carotenoid (4.3-7 ppm). The only major carotenoid being astaxanthin. 4. Commercially available diets contained only trace quantities of canthaxanthin. 5. Nutritional deficiency with respect to carotenoids is suggested as the cause of blue disease in farmed P. monodon.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Bundling of bovine and brine shrimp (Artemia) microtubules in vitro.

Cell-free extracts from embryos of the brine shrimp (Artemia) induced bundling of bovine microtubules assembled in the presence of glycerol and Mg++. Sedimentation of microtubules through sucrose cushions and subsequent electrophoresis revealed that bundling occurred independently of accessory proteins tightly bound to the microtubules. Bovine microtubules containing microtubule-associated proteins (MAPS) or assembled with taxol did not bundle. The unusual polymerization properties of homogeneous Artemia tubulin, bundling in the absence of added factors and the small number of microtubules assembled in crude embryo extracts upon addition of taxol precluded a complete comparative study of Artemia and bovine microtubule bundling. Interesting properties of the in vitro assembly of Artemia microtubules were, however, elaborated and putative Artemia MAPs were observed as a consequence of the work with brine shrimp embryos.

Animals↗