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PubMed1990

The empirical testing of Harter's self-concept matrix on female adult students.

This research aimed at testing an hypothetical matrix to be used for the study of self-concept development within a life-span perspective. Following data categorization collected from 111 female university students, a significant relationship was found between structural levels and content dimensions, demonstrating a linear form of development. Also several content dimensions were often used in subjects' self-definitions, illustrating the multidimensional aspect of such development in adults.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Employing automatic approach and avoidance tendencies for the assessment of implicit personality self-concept: The implicit association procedure (IAP).

A new chronometric procedure, the Implicit Association Procedure (IAP), was adapted to assess the implicit personality self-concept of shyness. A sample of 300 participants completed a shyness-inducing role play and, before or after the role play, a shyness IAP, a shyness Implicit Association Test (IAT), and direct self-ratings. The experimental group was instructed to fake nonshyness. The control group did not receive this instruction. IAT and IAP were unaffected by position effects, and were less susceptible to faking than direct self-ratings with regard to mean levels and correlates. Under faking, correlations between direct and indirect measures decreased, and direct but not indirect measures showed higher correlations with social desirability and lower correlations with observed shyness. Despite many similarities, the true correlation between IAT and IAP was estimated only .61, indicating high method-specific variance in both procedures. The findings suggest that indirect measures are more robust against faking than traditional self-ratings but do not yet meet psychometric criteria for practical assessment purposes.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Using the implicit association test to measure self-esteem and self-concept.

Experiment 1 used the Implicit Association Test (IAT; A. G. Greenwald, D. E. McGhee, & J. L. K. Schwartz, 1998) to measure self-esteem by assessing automatic associations of self with positive or negative valence. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that two IAT measures defined a factor that was distinct from, but weakly correlated with, a factor defined by standard explicit (self-report) measures of self-esteem. Experiment 2 tested known-groups validity of two IAT gender self-concept measures. Compared with well-established explicit measures, the IAT measures revealed triple the difference in measured masculinity-femininity between men and women. Again, CFA revealed construct divergence between implicit and explicit measures. Experiment 3 assessed the self-esteem IAT's validity in predicting cognitive reactions to success and failure. High implicit self-esteem was associated in the predicted fashion with buffering against adverse effects of failure on two of four measures.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Double dissociation between implicit and explicit personality self-concept: the case of shy behavior.

Using the trait of shyness as an example, the authors showed that (a) it is possible to reliably assess individual differences in the implicitly measured self-concept of personality that (b) are not accessible through traditional explicit self-ratings and (c) increase significantly the prediction of spontaneous behavior in realistic social situations. A total of 139 participants were observed in a shyness-inducing laboratory situation, and they completed an Implicit Association Test (IAT) and explicit self-ratings of shyness. The IAT correlated moderately with the explicit self-ratings and uniquely predicted spontaneous (but not controlled) shy behavior, whereas the explicit ratings uniquely predicted controlled (but not spontaneous) shy behavior (double dissociation). The distinction between spontaneous and controlled behavior was validated in a 2nd study.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Attentional bias, persecutory delusions and the self-concept.

Recent studies of cognitive processes associated with persecutory delusions suggest that such delusions are associated with abnormalities in the processing of information relevant to the self. Attention to positive and negative trait words was studied in subjects suffering from persecutory delusions, matched subjects with depressed mood and normal controls using an emotional Stroop task. Subjects were required to name the ink colours of: (i) meaningless strings of Os, (ii) low self-esteem personal adjectives, (iii) high self-esteem adjectives and (iv) neutral adjectives. subjects were also asked to rate the degree to which they endorsed as self-descriptive these and other personally descriptive adjectives. The subjects with persecutory delusions demonstrated a significantly higher rate of endorsement for positive adjectives than negative adjectives, but showed a marked degree of interference when colour-naming both positive and negative words. The relevance of these findings to a model of persecutory delusions involving the self-concept is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Influences of health resort rehabilitation and psychotherapy on the self-concept of patients (author's transl)].

Which effects of rehabilitative/preventive treatment and psychotherapy during health resort rehabilitation procedures can be demonstrated in self-concept of patients? Are the effects of preventive/rehabilitative treatment sufficient to stabilise psychologically impaired patients? Both at the beginning and at the end of health resort rehabilitation, 123 non-selected patients without psychotherapy, and 76 psychologically impaired patients who had received an average 7.5 hours of psychotherapeutic care, answered the Giessen test. Significant differences in initial and retest values are interpreted as effects of the rehabilitative/preventive treatment, and as combined treatment plus psychotherapy effects. In order to obtain those effects that are attributable solely to psychotherapy, 29 persons showing equivalent values had been selected from each of the main sample populations, and comprised in two parallel samples. 1. Reduced depressiveness and an increase in positive social responsiveness are interpretable as effects of the treatment, with initial values having however been relatively inconspicious. 2. Psychotherapy patients are more compulsive, considerably more depressive, as well as more withdrawn and reduced in social potential than the other patients. The combined effect of treatment and psychotherapy achieved a marked decrease in depressiveness and compulsive behaviour, with positive social responsiveness and social potential increasing. 3. These same effects are present in the control group, and therefore are shown to be attributable to psychotherapy, not to the rehabilitative/preventive treatment received. If the psychologically impaired patients are left without psychotherapeutic care, depressiveness and compulsive behavior will on the whole persist. They continue to feel rejected and despised, and remain unable to use the social opportunities available during health resort rehabilitation procedures. Their social potential does not increase.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Close relationships and the working self-concept: implicit and explicit effects of priming attachment on agency and communion.

Two studies investigated how contextually activating attachment relationships influences the working self-concept in terms of agency and communion. In Study 1, 245 participants were primed with a secure, avoidant, or anxious-ambivalent relationship and the implicit accessibility of agency and communion was assessed using word fragments. Activating a secure relationship increased the accessibility of communion, whereas activating an anxious-ambivalent relationship increased the accessibility of agency. In Study 2, 123 participants were primed with a secure, preoccupied, avoidant-dismissive, or avoidant-fearful relationship and explicit self-perceptions of agency and communion traits were assessed using the Extended Personality Attributes Questionnaire (EPAQ). Gender interacted with the attachment prime, such that men primed with a secure relationship reported higher communion than did men primed with an avoidant (dismissive or fearful) relationship, whereas women primed with an anxious (preoccupied or fearful) relationship reported higher agency than did women primed with a secure relationship.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Cognition, academic progress, behavior and self-concept at 14 years of very low birth weight children.

The aim of this study was to compare cognition, academic progress, behavior, and self-concept children of very low birth weight (VLBW, birth weight < 1501 g) born in the period 1980 to 1982 with randomly selected children of normal birth weight (NBW, birth weight > 2,499 g). At 14 years of age, 130 (84.4%) of 154 VLBW and 42 (70.0%) of 60 NBW children were assessed. Ten VLBW children and one NBW child who had cerebral palsy were excluded. VLBW children scored at a significantly lower level on all three composite scales of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 3rd Edition. VLBW children were also significantly disadvantaged on more specific cognitive processes, including tests of visual processing and visual memory and on subtests reflecting learning and problem solving. Only in arithmetic was a difference between the groups discerned on tests of achievement. Significantly more VLBW children were rated by teachers as socially rejected and by their parents as having learning problems at school. VLBW children had significantly reduced self-esteem. VLBW children had more cognitive, academic, and behavioral problems and lower self-esteem at 14 years of age than NBW control subjects.

Achievement↗
PubMed1983

Sequence effects of relaxation training, EMG, and temperature biofeedback on anxiety, symptom report, and self-concept.

Assessed the effects of particular treatment combinations of relaxation training, temperature, and EMG biofeedback on state-trait anxiety, symptom report, and self-concept. The four groups received one of the following sequences: (a) relaxation training, temperature, and EMG biofeedback; (b) temperature, EMG biofeedback, and relaxation; (c) temperature followed by EMG biofeedback; (d) EMG biofeedback followed by temperature. A sample of 37 volunteers participated in 16 20-minute training sessions over an 11-week period, which totaled 800 appointments. Training was found equally effective for decreasing frontalis EMG and increasing finger skin temperature, regardless of sequence. Most substantial improvement occurred after 8 sessions, whereas little improvement was found after 16 sessions. Each group became increasingly homogeneous over time on all measures.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Top-down, bottom-up, and horizontal models: the direction of causality in multidimensional, hierarchical self-concept models.

A new structural equation modeling approach to questions of the direction of causal flow between global and specific multidimensional measures of self-concept (SC) in two 2-wave, longitudinal studies demonstrated that (a) higher order factors were unable to explain relations among first-order factors at Time 1 (T1), at Time 2 (T2), or between T1 and T2; (b) T1 global SC had little effect on specific SC factors at T2 (a top-down model), but specific factors at T1 had even less effect on T2 global SC (a bottom-up model); and (c) many specific factors were more stable than global factors, but higher order factors were most stable. Results provide little support for top-down, bottom-up, or reciprocal models, instead arguing for a horizontal model in which each T2 SC factor is primarily a function of the matching T1 SC. This casts further doubt on the usefulness of hierarchical representations of SC.

Achievement↗
PubMed2006

Social phobia, anxiety, oppositional behavior, social skills, and self-concept in children with specific selective mutism, generalized selective mutism, and community controls.

We compared social phobia, anxiety, oppositional behavior, social skills, and self-concept in three groups: (1) 28 children with specific mutism (who did not speak to teachers but were more likely to speak to parents and peers at home and school); (2) 30 children with generalized mutism (whose speaking was restricted primarily to their homes); and (3) 52 community controls. Children with generalized mutism evidenced higher anxiety at school, and more separation anxiety, OCD, and depressive symptoms at home. Parents and teachers reported that the social phobia and anxiety scores of children in both the specific and generalized mutism subgroups were higher than controls. Children in both the specific and generalized mutism groups evidenced greater deficits in verbal and nonverbal social skills at home and school than controls. Teachers and parents did not report differences in nonverbal measures of social cooperation and conflict resolution and we found no evidence that selective mutism was linked to an increase in externalizing problems such as oppositional behavior or ADHD. Although children with specific mutism speak in a wider range of situations and appear less anxious to their teachers than children with generalized mutism, significant socially phobic behavior and social skills deficits are present in both groups.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed2005

Correlations of depression and total mood disturbance with physical activity and self-concept in preadolescents enrolled in an after-school exercise program.

This preliminary investigation estimated relationships of depression and negative mood with physical activity and self-concept in 9- to 12-yr.-old boys and girls (n=49) enrolled in an after-school exercise program for 12 wk. Multiple regression analyses indicated that a significant portion of the variance in scores on the Profile of Mood States subscales, Depression (R2=.55, F=28.00, p<.01), and Total Mood Disturbance (R2=.40, F= 15.02, p<.01) were accounted for by simultaneously entering self-reported days of moderate-to-vigorous exercise per week and Self-description Questionnaire-I-General Self scores into the equation. A significant reduction on Depression within the treatment group and significantly greater reductions on Depression and Total Mood Disturbance for the treatment group compared to a no-exercise program control (n=41) was also found. Effect sizes (ds=.35 to .53) were somewhat lower than reported for most adult samples. Findings supported social cognitive and self-efficacy theory and an association between physical activity and improved mental health in preadolescents.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Changes in the self-concept of alcohol dependent women and men during inpatient psychotherapy].

At the beginning and at the end of a six week treatment programme, the self-concepts of 82 male and 31 female alcoholic inpatients were assessed. The Giessen test (a 40 item questionnaire comprising six scales oriented towards psychosocial aspects of personality) was applied. Compared to normative data from the general population, patients described themselves as being more depressed, less controlled, less socially responsive and more reserved. During inpatient treatment, patients approached the levels of the general population. With regard to control and depressiveness, however, there were still significant differences at the end of inpatients treatment. Changes on scales relating to interpersonal contact (social responsiveness, openess) are discussed as specific effects of group psychotherapy. Social potency showed a significant interaction effect, with women responding better to treatment than men.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Self-concept and cancer: understanding the nursing role.

An experience of cancer can be personally challenging and devastating. Nurses are the ideal health professionals to guide patients through this period in their life because they are in the unique position of being an immediate source of support in patient care. It is therefore essential for nurses to understand the challenge that cancer presents to patients' self-conception in order to facilitate coping and adaptation. This article explores challenges such as investigation and diagnosis of cancer through to treatment, and guides the nurse in aiding the patient in self-conceptual adaptation using Roy's Adaptation Model as a blueprint for care. It also draws upon research evidence and personal views.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Outcasts in a white-lie society: the enigmatic worlds of people with negative self-conceptions.

Although people with negative self-views want to be liked at some level, they repeatedly enact behaviors that alienate their relationship partners. Why? One possibility is that such persons reside in social environments that offer them little insight into what they are doing wrong. Although persons who had negative self-views elicited unfavorable reactions, they did not appreciate this fact because their interaction partners concealed their aversion behind a facade of kind words. To be sure, the interaction partners of people with negative self-views tended to leak their disdain nonverbally. These negative nonverbal messages proved to be uninformative, however, because people with negative self-views overlooked them. These data imply that people with negative self-views may live in social worlds in which they are deprived of corrective feedback that could allow them to improve themselves.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Self-concept, aspirations, and well-being in South Korea and the United States.

The authors examined the similarities and differences between 3 dimensions that represent people's focus on self vs. other: individualistic vs. collectivistic nations, independent vs. interdependent self-concepts, and intrinsic vs. extrinsic aspirations. In samples of South Korean and U.S. college students, the authors found that each of these dimensions was interrelated in expected ways and that each also was independently associated with different aspects of participants' self-report of their own well-being (i.e., self-actualization, vitality, happiness, anxiety, and physical manifestations). The authors concluded that environmental circumstances and personality characteristics that focus on personal needs are more likely to provide experiences supportive of psychological well-being.

Aspirations, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Serial self-portrait: a technique to monitor changes in self-concept.

Recovery work for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse can be difficult because survivors have endured traumas and events that marred and disrupted the development of their sense of self. Serial portrait drawing, an expressive technique, can be useful for clients and therapists to monitor changes and progress. These changes can lead to increased awareness, insight development, and motivation for continuing the often grueling work of recovery. Recognizing and exploring self-concept issues are necessary for healing to occur.

Adult↗