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PubMed1996

Circadian, day-of-week, and seasonal variability in myocardial infarction: comparison between working and retired patients.

The circadian, day-of-week, and seasonal distributions of acute myocardial infarction and its association with the patients' working status were analyzed in a regionally defined population (n = 103, 322) monitored from 1980 to 1988. Included were 2906 consecutive patients (1746 [60.1%] men and 1160 [39.9%] women; mean age 67.8 years) with confirmed diagnosis (by standardized diagnostic criteria in hospitalized patients and autopsy results in out-of-hospital deaths). The time of myocardial infarction on the basis of onset of symptoms was known in 1901 cases. Myocardial infarction occurred more frequently (p < 0.05) during the morning from 7:00 to 10:00 AM, on Mondays, and during the winter from January to March compared with other times of day, days of the week, and seasons. Compared with retired patients, working patients (32%) had a second circadian peak, in the afternoon at 4:00 PM (p < 0.05), and a trend toward an additional seasonal peak in September (p value not significant), whereas the day-of-week pattern was similar in the two subgroups. The occurrence of myocardial infarction demonstrates marked circadian, day-of-week, and seasonal variations, with some differences between working and retired patients. Further investigation of possible triggering events may aid in identifying underlaying mechanisms and perhaps in improving prevention of the disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Subspecialization, recruitment and retirement trends of American urologists.

PURPOSE: Trends of urology workforce, subspecialization, recruitment practices, retirement planning, practice characteristics and managed care impacts in the United States were assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In February 1996 the executive interviewing branch of The Gallup Organization selected randomly and interviewed by telephone 507 practicing urologists in the United States who had provided urological patient care for more than 20 hours per week, practiced in 1995 and completed a urological residency program. RESULTS: Several important issues emerged. Urologists think we may be training too many urologists, subspecialty board certification would be a divisive issue to urology as a whole and 90% of urologists have an active retirement plan, although 23% are not funding the plan fully. CONCLUSIONS: The American Urological Association Gallup Poll, as refined by the Health Policy Survey and Research Committee, continues to be a unique and valuable tool in assessing practice patterns, gathering demographic data and measuring opinions of the American urologist. This information will help us chart our way to the twenty-first century.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Retirement and coronary mortality.

Information on several variables, including occupational history and various coronary risk factors, was collected from the wives of 568 married men who died of coronary heart-disease (CHD) and an equal number of matched control subjects. The crude matched-pair relative risk of fatal CHD among men who retired compared with non-retirees was 2.9 (95% confidence limits from 1.9 to 4.9). After adjustment for age and history of hospitalisation for myocardial infarction by means of a paired multiple-logistic regression analysis the relative risk was reduced to 1.8 (range 1.0 to 3.3). These data suggest that retirement and subsequent coronary mortality may be linked.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Workplace conditions predict the risk of premature death and functional dependence after retirement--results of a gerontological follow-up study in Germany.

Between 1983 and 1985, 595 employees who were entering retirement in East Germany were given a medical examination and asked to assess their workplace conditions. Ten years later, we examined whether occupational predictors were associated with death and functional dependence among the study participants and assessed how the surviving pensioners coped with activities and instrumental activities of daily living. We assigned the occupational factors reported between 1983 and 1985 to two scales: demands and resources. Multiple logistic regression analyses were carried out to examine the association of occupational and medical predictors with the outcome variables death and functional dependence. Workplace resources but not demands were significantly associated with a reduced chance of death in women, independent of medical diagnoses. For men neither of these associations were verified. Concerning functional dependence individual items such as 'control over work content' (for both sexes) significantly reduced the risk of developing ADL-dependence. The associations remained stable after medical diagnoses were additionally taken into consideration. The results of our study highlight the influence of occupational factors beyond working life and support the importance of starting geriatric health promotion before retirement age.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2000

Normative data on neuropsychological tests for very old adults living in retirement villages and hostels.

Normative data on neuropsychological tests for very old adults living in retirement villages and hostels are under-represented in the literature. This study reports normative data on the Mini-Mental State Examination, Digit Span Forwards, Digit Span Backwards, the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, the Controlled Oral Word Association Test, the Stroop Neuropsychological Screening Test and the National Adult Reading Test. Age and education showed moderate correlations with neuropsychological test performance. For all tests except the Stroop, differences between residents of retirement villages and hostels were explained by age and education. Men performed better on the NART than women, but this difference was eliminated when education was controlled for statistically.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

The health of retired fibrous glass workers.

A total of 416 men, retiring during the period 1945 to 1972 from six plants engaged mainly in the manufacture of fibrous glass insulation, were studied to see how their mortality experience compared with that of white men in the entire United States living in comparable age and time intervals. The mean follow-up period from first exposure was about 30 years. Overall mortality was low and there was no evidence of an excess in respiratory cancer mortality. No mesotheliomas were noted. For 115 men retiring from the same six plants during the period 1945 to 1972 due to a disability the distribution of disabilities by cause was compared with an expected distribution based on the experience of the Social Security Administration. This comparison showed no evidence of any unusual health hazards among fibrous glass workers, except a possible excess in chronic bronchitis.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Interrupted work histories: retired women telling their stories.

The issue of women and work is a contemporary one which affects the private as well as the public sphere of women's lives. The social conditions which affect the present cohort of retired older women, have their roots in their work lives. In this article, we analyzed the oral histories of 7 retired women using a modified grounded theory approach to explore the long-term effects of having interrupted their work histories in order to care for family members. The core variable that emerged was the "valuing process" that occurred when these older women relieved their past experiences. We defined this as the relative merit that each participant attributed to her lifetime work achievements.

Caregivers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Caresharing: hiding frailty in a Florida retirement community.

This paper presents research findings generated from a study of the structure of a "caresharing system" for the elderly who reside in a Florida retirement community during the last decade of the twentieth century. A caresharing system is a combination of strategies employed in order to maximize pleasure and minimize losses that might otherwise be associated with communal and individual aging processes. In this instance, the caresharing system entailed a series of conscious efforts to hide frailty in the community. Consequences of such caresharing systems and implications for future retirement communities are discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Standard of living in the retirement survey: a predictor of six-year functional limitation onset and mortality in women, but not in men from ages 55 - 69 years.

PURPOSE: To investigate the predictive validity for health decline of a standard of living, a measure that combines basic necessities and consumer durables. METHOD: A nationally representative sample of those aged 55-69 years was interviewed at home in the Great Britain Retirement and Retirement Plans Survey, (1988; n=3,541). In 1994, 2,247 were re-interviewed, response rate being 70% of survivors. Relationships between socioeconomic status and health decline were investigated using polytomous logistic regression modelling. The outcomes were onset of functional limitation and mortality. RESULTS: Standard of living was an independent predictor of 6-year functional limitation onset (Odds Ratio compared to good standard of living 2.2; 95% Confidence Interval 1.3-3.8) and mortality (OR=4.6; 95% CI 2.3-8.9) in women, with age, household type, educational qualifications and social class taken into account. However, in men, weaker associations were largely accounted for by differences in education and social class (adjusted OR for functional limitation onset 1.0; 95% CI 0.5-1.9; adjusted OR for mortality 1.4; 95% CI 0.6-2.9). A combined indicator of housing tenure and property value was also an independent predictor of functional limitation onset in women. CONCLUSIONS: Poor standard of living identifies women but not men at risk of health decline who are missed by social class and educational level. Measures of current home-based material resources are a useful addition to minimum datasets for monitoring health inequalities.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1977

A study of exercise performance and heart rate: the response to exercise of a small group of manual workers before and after retirement.

Measurements of walking pattern, exercise performance, heart rate response to exercise and body composition have been made in 13 male manual workers at retirement and again one and two years later. The exercise consisted of walking, in accordance with standard instructions; heart rate and footfall signals were recorded on magnetic tape during the test using body-borne tape recorders. After the first year highly significant reductions in walking speed were found but no significant changes in walking pattern, heart rate response or body composition. When the measurements made at the end of one year of retirement were compared with those made at the end of two years no significant changes were found.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Risk of malnutrition in retirement homes elderly persons measured by the "mini-nutritional assessment".

BACKGROUND: The combined influence of age-associated factors such as general health, degree of dependency, diminished odor perception, and poor oral health on the risk for malnutrition was explored. METHODS: A total of 81 persons living in retirement homes took part in the study (mean age 83.4 years, SD = 6.6, range 61-98). The Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA) was used to evaluate the risk of malnutrition. Odor perception was measured by the detection threshold for isoamylacetate. The number of drugs taken by each person was counted. General health status was determined by the Medical Outcome Study (MOS) scores. Oral examinations were carried out to count the number of natural teeth and type of dentures. RESULTS: On average, women had slightly, but significantly, lower MNA scores than men (respectively, 23.4, SD = 2.8; and 24.6, SD = 2.6; p = .048). The correlations between age and MNA score and between odor perception and MNA score were not significant. Significant correlations were found between age and number of natural teeth (r = -.26, p = .001) and between MNA score and number of natural teeth (r = .27, p = .001). The mean MNA score of complete denture wearers (22.8, SD = 2.9) was significantly lower than that of partial denture wearers (25.8, SD = 2.9; p = .0005). The total MOS and MNA scores were not correlated, but a significant correlation was found with the subscales mental functioning (r = .29, p = .003), social functioning (r = . 19, p = .045), and perceived health (r = .19, p = .047). No relation was found between the activities of daily living (ADL) and MNA scores. A significant negative correlation was observed between number of drugs taken and the MNA score (r = -.34, p = .001). When participants without risk of malnutrition (MNA > or = 24) were compared with those at risk (MNA = 17-23.5), again, the number of drugs taken was significantly different (on average, respectively, 4.5, SD = 2.9; and 7.0, SD = 2.6; p < .0005). Using multiple regression to test the separate effects of the different independent variables, the number of drugs taken showed a significant negative regression coefficient (beta = -.31, p = .008), as did the mental health score (beta = .27, p =.02), giving a total R2 = .32. The other parameters did not contribute significantly. CONCLUSION: Among the elderly in retirement homes, the health state (as measured by the MOS subscale mental health and by the medication use) appears to be the most clinically relevant parameter to explain the risk for malnutrition. Loss of natural teeth and perceived health are less independently contributing, whereas no contribution derives from decline of odor perception, degree of dependency, and age itself.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1997

Expectations of nursing home use in the Health and Retirement Study: the role of gender, health, and family characteristics.

Economic models of life cycle behavior suggest that expectations about future events may affect savings, insurance, and retirement planning. This article uses data from the first wave of the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) to examine how personal characteristics and health conditions influence expectations of nursing home use. Subjective expectations of nursing home use are quite close to known probabilities of lifetime use. There are marked differences in the determinants of expectations for women and men that also conform to actual behavior. There is strong evidence that women and men incorporate what is known about nursing home risk into their own expectations, even many years prior to the time when they are most likely to need long-term care.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1975

Work and retirement: a test of attitudinal relationships.

Recent studies report contradictory findings on the hypothesis of an inverse relationship between work satisfaction and retirement attitude. In an effort to clarify the situation, it has been suggested that only in instances where work acts as a key organizing factor in the workers' lives should the inverse relationship be observed. Data testing these hypotheses were analyzed from a study of employed males aged 50 years of age and older (N=1,922) residing in a midwestern state. Results of this study offer only marginal support for the hypothesis. A work satisfaction-retirement attitude typology based on combinations of the two attitudinal areas is discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

Retirement communities and their life stages.

A developmental theoretical orientation is used to study age-dense environments for mature adults--retirement communities. By focusing on the community itself, we discovered two basic patterns of life-stage models that describe and explain the formation, development, and maturity stages of communities. Thirty-six communities in four states were visited by the researchers, who interviewed a variety of key insider and outsider informants. Retirement communities are both social and economic units. The development and viability of the community are related to two models based on residential ownership (Type I) versus rental (Type II) of land upon which their dwellings are located. Residents in both types of communities express satisfaction. In Type I, some communities may experience problems in self-government and community formation. In Type II communities, there is sometimes a threat of sale of the community by the owner--an event that is unanticipated by the residents and has profound repercussions.

City Planning↗
PubMed1988

Predicting participation in retirement preparation programs.

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Mature Men, the current study estimated the probability of participation in a retirement preparation program. Results are presented from a multivariate logit analysis. The study found (a) that occupational status, marital status, health status, preretirement income, and constraint by mandatory retirement rules are significant predictors of participation, and (b) that positive sample selectivity bias exists.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Regional retirement migration: the case of Cape Cod.

Using microlevel data from the Cape Cod Retirement Migration Study, this study addressed two questions: Why are regional destinations attractive to older migrants? Are there any salient differences among regional retirement migrants? Cape Cod, Massachusetts, attracts regional migrants for primarily three reasons: it is a familiar place to most migrants; it is a proximate setting for a variety of amenities; and it is relatively near these migrants' communities of origin, allowing them to maintain ties to previous residences. We argue that a regional move allows migrants to preserve some degree of continuity in their lives that would be impossible had they moved across greater distances, and that the experiences of intrastate migrants illustrate this theme of continuity to a greater extent than those of interstate regional migrants. Our research provides strong evidence that the distance of the move is an important dimension of the migration process for older people and one that can be fruitfully studied on both the macro and micro levels of analysis.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Black retirement migration in the United States.

The specific aim of this study was to extend the analysis of retirement migration patterns to older Blacks. The 1980 Census public use sample A provided the data for this analysis. Because of their strong initial southern settlement and their labor force out-migration patterns in this century, many older Black migrants are "provincial return migrants" to the South, a migrant type that may decline among Blacks in the future. There is also a regional counterstream migration pattern among older Black migrants. Out-migrants in this stream from the South have elevated indicators of dependency. Suggestions are made for other related studies of Black retirement migration.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1991

The subjective retirement of black Americans.

This research examined causal patterns among factors related to the subjective retirement of older Black persons. The data are from the National Survey of Black Americans, the first probability sample of the adult Black population. Analysis of Covariance Structures (LISREL) suggested a process in which self-defined retirement is discouraged by perceptions of a discontinuous work life, and economic and psychological need for the disabled worker role.

Black or African American↗