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Knowledge and attitudes of nurses working in sexual health clinics in the United Kingdom toward post-sexual exposure prophylaxis for HIV infection.

The use of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drugs after occupational exposure to HIV is a proven method of preventing some HIV infections. There is anecdotal evidence that this treatment is being used to treat recently exposed sexual contacts of HIV infection, known as non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis (NONOPEP). This raises the issues of the impact of such treatment on sexual behavior and public health. Six hundred questionnaires were distributed to nurses working in sexual health clinics. Four hundred and six (67%) were returned. Questionnaires contained items related to awareness of HIV NONOPEP and items included attitudes related to its use. Seventy two percent of respondents were aware of HIV NONOPEP, and 17% had experience of its use in their clinic. Twenty one percent of respondents indicated that their clinic had a specific HIV NONOPEP policy. In relation to attitudes, practitioners were more positive of NONOPEP in relation to an HIV exposure within a long-term relationship than exposure within a casual relationship, indicating that the mode of HIV exposure was a factor in the justification of NONOPEP. Practitioners seemed to support the notion that HIV NONOPEP use in a casual exposure may increase the likelihood of unsafe sexual practice; however, practitioners with experience were less likely to express this view. It is suggested that an informed debate and NONOPEP policy development within all sexual health clinics will militate against judgmental views affecting access and care.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

What drives donor funding in population assistance programs? Evidence from OECD countries.

The 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) established goals for the expansion of population assistance. To date, the financial promises made by donor countries in 1994 have not been met. To unravel the gap between ambitions and contributions, we use panel estimation methods to see what lies behind the level of donor contributions and the sharing of burdens across the various categories of population and HIV/AIDS assistance in 21 donor countries for the years 1996-2002. Contributions by donors depend heavily on the economic wealth and subjective preferences of donor countries. The sharing of the ICPD burden within the group of OECD/DAC countries is in line with the countries' ability to pay, although within the aggregate we observe a specialization in channels for aid: small countries predominantly use multilateral aid agencies, whereas large countries rely more on bilateral aid channels. Catholic countries are averse to donating unrestricted funds (flowing primarily to multilateral agencies) or restricted funds targeted at family planning programs.

Developed Countries↗
PubMed2003

The psychosocial context of young adult sexual behavior in Nicaragua: looking through the gender lens.

CONTEXT: Understanding the nature and magnitude of gender differences in sexual norms among young adults in Nicaragua, and how these differences affect sexual behavior, is important for the design of reproductive health programs. METHODS: A representative cross-sectional survey was conducted in six departments in the Pacific region of Nicaragua in 1998. A total of 552 never-married women and 289 never-married men aged 15-24 were interviewed about their perceptions of social pressure to engage in premarital sex; perceived social approval of and attitudes toward premarital sex and premarital pregnancy; perceived sexual activity among peers and siblings; communication with parents on sexuality issues; the psychosocial context of sexual debut; and preferred sources of information on sexuality issues. RESULTS: Most young men (83%) reported that they had received direct encouragement from at least one person in the last year to engage in premarital sex, and at least half perceived that their father, siblings, other relatives and friends approved of premarital intercourse. A significantly greater proportion of men than of women reported that curiosity or gaining experience motivated their sexual debut (61% vs. 21%). Men perceived themselves to have a higher risk of unplanned and unprotected sex than did women. In contrast, women held more negative attitudes toward premarital sex and were more often discouraged by parents or siblings from engaging in sex. CONCLUSIONS: Reproductive health programs for young Nicaraguans need to address gender-based double standards, which raise the risk of unplanned, unprotected sex and unintended pregnancy.

Adolescent↗