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PubMed1981

The veterinary practitioner and diseases exotic to Canada.

Veterinarians, in clinical practice, regulatory field work, laboratory diagnosis or research, must work together as a team, each within his area of expertise in order to protect the livestock industry of Canada from exotic diseases. This freedom from many of the serious animal plagues has allowed the development of intensive animal production units with increased vulnerability to disease and in which the impact of disease outbreaks may be more serious. In differential diagnoses one should think not only of the classical exotic diseases such as vesicular diseases, swine fever and rinderpest in today's world, but one should constantly be on the outlook for any disease outbreak that does not quite fit the picture of the domestic diseases. From this standpoint the large animal practitioner is the very important "first line of defense" since, in all likelihood, he will be the first to see a disease exotic to Canada should that disease gain entry.

African Swine Fever↗
PubMed1995

Morbilliviruses and morbillivirus diseases of marine mammals.

In recent years, serious disease outbreaks among seals and dolphins were attributed to infection with established or newly recognized morbilliviruses. The first identification of a morbillivirus as causative agent of mass mortality among marine mammals was in 1988, when the previously unrecognized phocine distemper virus (PDV) caused the death of 20,000 harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in northwestern Europe. A similar epizootic among Baikal seals (Phoca sibirica) in Siberia in 1987 was later attributed to infection with canine distemper virus (CDV). A morbillivirus isolated from stranded harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) between 1988 and 1990 proved to be yet another new member of the genus Morbillivirus, distinct from PDV and CDV and more closely related to rinderpest virus and peste-des-petits-ruminants virus: porpoise morbillivirus. A similar virus, dolphin morbillivirus, was the primary cause of mass mortality among striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) in the Mediterranean from 1990 to 1992. In this review, current knowledge of the genetic and antigenic relationships of these viruses is presented, and the origin and epizootiological aspects of the newly discovered morbilliviruses are discussed. In addition, the possible contributory role of environmental contaminant-related immunosuppression in the severity and extent of the different disease outbreaks is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Animal health risks associated with the transportation and utilisation of wildlife products.

The animal health risks associated with the movement of wildlife products are infinitely less than those associated with the movement of live animals. Very few pathogens are sufficiently robust to survive the significant changes in temperature, pH, moisture content and osmolality which occur post mortem, or which are associated with preservation processes such as pickling, smoking or drying. Certain pathogens, however, (e.g. foot and mouth disease, classical swine fever [hog cholera] and African swine fever viruses and the anthrax bacillus) are hardy and resistant to these environmental changes and therefore constitute a finite animal health risk if raw, undercooked or under-preserved products from infected wild animals are imported. Other less robust pathogens, such as rinderpest virus, may remain infectious in animal products if these are obtained from acutely infected animals and frozen immediately. Macroparasitic diseases such as trichinellosis and echinococcosis-hydatidosis, if present in the unprocessed tissues of infected wildlife, are potentially infectious to carnivorous or omnivorous companion animals. The importation of untreated wet hides may result in the introduction of alien ectoparasites and/or the infectious diseases for which they are vectors. The author discusses the more significant pathogens found in free-ranging wildlife which should be taken into consideration when importing wildlife products from endemically or epidemically infected countries.

African Swine Fever↗
PubMed1998

[Primary structure of gene H of cattle plague virus strain K].

Synthesis, cDNA cloning, and identification of H gene nucleotide sequence of rinderpest virus (RPV) K strain are carried out. Analysis of the identified nucleotide sequence has revealed the single open reading frame encoding a protein consisting of 609 amino acids with molecular weight of 68 kDa. The mean nucleotide homology between H genes of K, Kabete O and L strains in 88.0%, the mean amino acid homology of the corresponding proteins is 88.2%. RPV K strain hemagglutinin contains 5 potential glycosylation sites. The position of all 13 cystein bases is identical to positions in H proteins of RPV Kabete O and L strains. Studies of the hydrophobic profile of the compared proteins have shown 2 potential transmembrane fragments.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Cost analysis of an official campaign for animal disease control: the example of Senegal in 1996].

A realistic estimation of the cost of government campaigns to control rinderpest and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia is essential in order to determine profitable fees for private veterinarians with a health mandate in Senegal. A cost analysis of a vaccination campaign, organised by the Veterinary Services in Senegal between 1995 and 1996, involving 547,735 cattle, was conducted. Revenue and total costs were 50 CFA francs and 110 +/- 37 CFA francs per head, respectively. Staff-related costs accounted for 39.41% +/- 7.62% of the total cost. The gross and net margins corresponded to the average subsidies of 42 +/- 27 CFA francs and 60 +/- 37 CFA francs, respectively. Simulations showed better relative efficiency for private veterinarians who vaccinate at a price of between 97 and 84 CFA francs per head. Economies of scale varied from 8 to 13 CFA francs per head when the vaccination team increased the number of animals initially vaccinated (16,000 head) by 25% and 44%, respectively. This indicates that a fee of 125 CFA francs per head should guarantee the profitability of compulsory vaccination for private veterinarians.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Morbilliviruses and human disease.

Morbilliviruses are a group of viruses that belong to the family Paramyxoviridae. The most instantly recognizable member is measles virus (MV) and individuals acutely infected with the virus exhibit a wide range of clinical symptoms ranging from a characteristic mild self-limiting infection to death. Canine distemper virus (CDV) and rinderpest virus (RPV) cause a similar but distinctive pathology in dogs and cattle, respectively, and these, alongside experimental MV infection of primates, have been useful models for MV pathogenesis. Traditionally, viruses were identified because a distinctive disease was observed in man or animals; an infectious agent was subsequently isolated, cultured, and this could be used to recapitulate the disease in an experimentally infected host. Thus, satisfying Koch's postulates has been the norm. More recently, particularly due to the advent of exceedingly sensitive molecular biological assays, many researchers have looked for infectious agents in disease conditions for which a viral aetiology has not been previously established. For these cases, the modified Koch's postulates of Bradford Hill have been developed as criteria to link a virus to a specific disease. Only in a few cases have these conditions been fulfilled. Therefore, many viruses have over the years been definitely and tentatively linked to human diseases and in this respect the morbilliviruses are no different. In this review, human diseases associated with morbillivirus infection have been grouped into three broad categories: (1) those which are definitely caused by the infection; (2) those which may be exacerbated or facilitated by an infection; and (3) those which currently have limited, weak, unsubstantiated or no credible scientific evidence to support any link to a morbillivirus. Thus, an attempt has been made to clarify the published data and separate human diseases actually linked to morbilliviruses from those that are merely anecdotally associated.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Molecular evolution of viral fusion and matrix protein genes and phylogenetic relationships among the Paramyxoviridae.

Phylogenetic relationships among the Paramyxoviridae, a broad family of viruses whose members cause devastating diseases of wildlife, livestock, and humans, were examined with both fusion (F) and matrix (M) protein-coding sequences. Neighbor-joining trees of F and M protein sequences showed that the Paramyxoviridae was divided into the two traditionally recognized subfamilies, the Paramyxovirinae and the Pneumovirinae. Within the Paramyxovirinae, the results also showed groups corresponding to three currently recognized genera: Respirovirus, Morbillivirus, and Rubulavirus. The relationships among the three genera of the Paramyxovirinae were resolved with M protein sequences and there was significant bootstrap support (100%) showing that members of the genus Respirovirus and the genus Morbillivirus were more closely related to each other than to members of the genus Rubulavirus. Both F and M phylogenies showed that Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was more closely related to the genus Rubulavirus than to the other two genera but were consistent with the proposal (B. S. Seal et al., 2000, Virus Res. 66, 1-11) that NDV be classified as a separate genus within the Paramyxovirinae. Both F and M phylogenies were also consistent with the proposal (L. Wang et al., 2000, J. Virol 74, 9972-9979) that Hendra virus be classified as a new genus closely related and basal to the genus Morbillivirus. Rinderpest was most closely related to measles and a more derived virus than to canine distemper virus, phocine distemper virus, or dolphin morbillivirus.

Databases, Nucleic Acid↗
PubMed1999

Structural and functional studies of the measles virus hemagglutinin: identification of a novel site required for CD46 interaction.

The entry of measles virus (MV) into human cells is mediated by the initial attachment of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) to the complement regulatory protein CD46. Two subdomains, one each within CD46 short consensus repeats (SCRs) 1 and 2, are responsible for this interaction. However, little is known about the regions within MV HA needed for a high-affinity CD46 interaction. To better define the HA-CD46 interaction, we took three approaches: chimeric domain swapping, peptide scanning, and alanine scanning mutagenesis. Chimeras of MV HA and the closely related rinderpest virus (RPV) HA were generated and tested for cell surface expression and the ability to hemadsorb CD46+ red blood cells (RBC). Exchanges with the N terminus of RPV were tolerated as MV HA could be replaced with RPV HA up to amino-acid position 154. However, both larger swaps with RPV and a small RPV HA replacement at the C terminus aborted cell-surface expression. Peptide scanning with 51 overlapping peptides derived from three MV HA regions showed one peptide, corresponding to MV HA amino acids 468-487, blocked hemagglutination of African green monkey (AGM) RBCs and inhibited MV infection of Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) expressing human CD46. Alanine scanning mutants mapped sites on the MV HA that were not required for trafficking to the cell surface or function in hemagglutination as well as a novel site required for CD46 interaction, amino acids 473-477.

Alanine↗
PubMed2001

The fusion protein of Peste des petits ruminants virus mediates biological fusion in the absence of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein.

To study the process of membrane fusion in Morbilliviruses, the fusion (F) glycoproteins of Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and Rinderpest virus (RPV) were expressed transiently in mammalian cells. The recombinant F proteins were found to be localized at the surface of transfected cells. The fusion activity, as evident from cell fusion assays and lysis of chicken erythrocytes, documented that transiently expressed PPRV F glycoprotein induces cell fusion in the absence of homotypic hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) attachment glycoprotein. The coexpression of homotypic HN increased the extent of fusion by twofold, while the efficiency of fusion was found to be substantially enhanced. In contrast, in RPV F-expressing cells, fusion was detected only when homotypic hemagglutinin (H) or heterotypic HN protein was coexpressed. This differs from the strict type-specific requirement for the attachment protein as in the fusion process of most of the paramyxoviruses. Further, we demonstrate by fluorescence transfer experiments that while PPRV F brings about both hemifusion and complete fusion on its own, RPV F induces only hemifusion while it brings about complete fusion in the presence of homotypic or heterotypic attachment protein.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Tick-borne diseases of domestic animals in northern Nigeria. I. Historical review, 1923-1969.

Information on the occurrence of tick-borne diseases of domestic animals in northern Nigeria for the period 1923 to 1966 is summarised. Due to lack of obvious outbreaks and diverse interest of the veterinary staff, the published information is very scanty. Significant for the period under review was the complicating factor of Babesia bigemina infections in cattle undergoing rinderpest immunisation procedures or suffering from trypanosomiasis. Tick-borne diseases were also considered important in imported breeds of livestock and in those kept under intensive systems of management.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Theileria annulata schizonts found in calf kidney cell culture.

Mononuclear cells infected with Theileria annulata schizonts were isolated at 4 different times from monolayer cultures of primary kidney cells derived from apparently healthy, 2 to 6 weeks old zebu calves. The presence of such an organism could interfere with the manufacturing procedure of rinderpest tissue culture vaccine if it is to be carried out in calf kidney cell culture.

Acridine Orange↗
PubMed1988

Prevalence of antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea-mucosal disease virus in Tanzanian cattle.

A serological survey to determine the prevalence of antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea-mucosal disease (BVD-MD) virus was conducted on 419 bovine serum samples originating from 18 of 20 regions (except Mwanza and Shinyanga) of the Tanzania mainland. The sera were a small proportion of samples collected for the appraisal of immune response to rinderpest vaccination. The survey indicated that the virus is prevalent in cattle populations and approximately 12% of sera tested contained demonstrable neutralising antibodies against BVD-MD virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Productivity of White Fulani cattle on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria. III. Disease and management factors.

The importance of disease and management factors in relation to the productivity of traditionally managed White Fulani cattle herds on the Jos plateau is described. Disease per se was not considered to be a major factor limiting productivity with the reduction in importance of the major epizootic diseases of rinderpest and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. Diseases which were considered of some importance were streptothricosis and liver fluke in adult cattle and coccidiosis and possibly parasitic gastro-enteritis in younger animals. One of the management factors limiting productivity was the keeping of older castrates mostly in the Fulani-owned herds. The most important management practice affecting the productivity of the herds was the provision of dry season supplementation. Only one herd received substantial amounts and its productivity was much greater than that of the other study herds.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2004

What limits the Serengeti zebra population?

The populations of the ecologically dominant ungulates in the Serengeti ecosystem (zebra, wildebeest and buffalo) have shown markedly different trends since the 1960s: the two ruminants both irrupted after the elimination of rinderpest in 1960, while the zebras have remained stable. The ruminants are resource limited (though parts of the buffalo population have been limited by poaching since the 1980s). The zebras' resource acquisition tactics should allow them to outcompete the ruminants, but their greater spatial dispersion makes them more available to predators, and it has been suggested that this population is limited by predation. To investigate the mechanisms involved in the population dynamics of Serengeti zebra, we compared population dynamics among the three species using demographic models based on age-class-specific survival and fecundity. The only major difference between zebra and the two ruminants occurred in the first-year survival. We show that wildebeest have a higher reproductive potential than zebra (younger age at first breeding and shorter generation time). Nevertheless, these differences in reproduction cannot account for the observed differences in the population trends between the zebra and the ruminants. On the other hand, among-species differences in first-year survival are great enough to account for the constancy of zebra population size. We conclude that the very low first-year survival of zebra limits this population. We provide new data on predation in the Serengeti and show that, as in other ecosystems, predation rates on zebras are high, so predation could hold the population in a "predator pit". However, lion and hyena feed principally on adult zebras, and further work is required to discover the process involved in the high mortality of foals.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

A sandwich-ELISA for the diagnosis of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) infection in small ruminants using anti-nucleocapsid protein monoclonal antibody.

A sandwich ELISA test using PPR specific monoclonal antibody (clone 4G6) to an epitope of nucleocapsid protein has been developed. The test uses polyclonal sera to capture the antigen from clinical samples (swabs and tissues). Captured antigens from clinical samples are detected using PPR specific monoclonal antibody. The test is specific to PPR as it failed to detect rinderpest vaccine virus (RBOK strain). Varieties of clinical samples originating from laboratory experiments (n = 231) and from field (n = 259) were employed to test the efficacy of sandwich-ELISA test. The test compared very well with an internationally accepted commercial Immune-capture ELISA kit, which uses biotinylated monoclonal antibody against the nucleocapsid protein. On a parallel testing using 490 clinical samples, 4G6 MAb based sandwich ELISA had an overall relative diagnostic specificity of 92.8% and diagnostic sensitivity of 88.9% compared to the commercial kit. The newly developed test is free from prozone phenomenon. PPR outbreaks from various parts of India have been confirmed using the test. Findings suggested that the newly developed ELISA is suitable for PPR diagnosis under field conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Development of a competitive ELISA for detecting antibodies to the peste des petits ruminants virus using a recombinant nucleoprotein.

A competitive ELISA based on the reaction between a monoclonal antibody (mAb) and a recombinant nucleoprotein of the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) was developed. This protein was obtained in large quantities from insect cells infected with a PPR nucleoprotein recombinant baculovirus (N-B). The competitive ELISA was compared with the virus neutralisation test (VNT) for detecting specific antibodies to PPRV in sheep and goats. The time consuming VNT is the only prescribed test that is capable of distinguishing between PPRV and the cross-reactive rinderpest virus (RPV). The competitive ELISA involves the simultaneous addition of the mAb and antibodies present in a positive serum, leading to competition for a specific epitope on the N-B. Optimum conditions were obtained by using serum samples which had positive or negative neutralising activity against PPRV or RPV. A negative cut-off point was determined on PPRV-negative sera from RPV-vaccinated cattle. A threshold value of 48 per cent inhibition, calculated from the mean for this population plus 2.7 standard deviations, was used in routine testing. A total of 683 sera were analysed by the competitive ELISA and the VNT. A good correlation (r = 0.94) was observed between the titres obtained in the two tests, with 80 sera that were from laboratory sources. The agreement between the two tests was determined on 271 field sera (kappa = 0.825). Their relative sensitivity (94.5 per cent) and specificity (99.4 per cent) were assessed on the 148 laboratory sera plus the 271 sera used for the determination of kappa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Phocine distemper virus, the agent responsible for the 1988 mass mortality of seals.

The biochemical characterisation of phocine distemper virus (PDV) has shown that PDV is related to but clearly distinct from canine distemper virus (CDV) and relative to its relationship with CDV is only remotely related to the other morbilliviruses, namely measles virus (MV) or rinderpest virus (RPV) and peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV). Comparative studies with monoclonal antibodies indicate that the virus is serologically closely related to CDV with many conserved epitopes, particularly on the internal proteins of the virus, while the external attachment (H) protein shows the greatest level of variability among the distemper virus isolates. The analysis of the viral proteins by electrophoresis indicates molecular weight differences between CDV and PDV in the fusion (F), phosphoprotein (P), H, nucleocapsid (N) and matrix (M) proteins. The RNA profiles of CDV and PDV are indistinguishable and different from those for RPV and MV. Nucleotide sequence analysis of cDNA clones of the virus show approximately 70% homology between CDV and PDV and approximately 48% with MV. These data prove that PDV is a different virus from CDV and co-circulates with it probably primarily in sea mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of the M gene of phocid distemper virus (PDV). The most conserved protein of morbilliviruses shows a uniquely close relationship between PDV and canine distemper virus.

The nucleotide sequence of the matrix gene (M) of a recently identified morbillivirus, phocid distemper virus (PDV), was determined and the amino acid composition deduced. The M gene of PDV shared many characteristics with the corresponding gene in other morbilliviruses. The nucleotide homology with the closely related canine distemper virus (CDV) was maximum at 67% followed by measles virus (MV) (58%) and rinderpest virus (RPV) (56%). The length of the 5' long untranslated region of PDV (408) was similar to that of CDV (406) but was somewhat shorter than that of MV (425) and RPV (437). The deduced matrix protein of PDV showed structural characteristics similar to the corresponding proteins of other morbilliviruses. PDV and CDV M proteins showed a remarkably high amino acid homology of 90%. The percent amino acid homology among other morbilliviruses was between 73-77%. The M protein was the most highly conserved protein among all morbilliviruses viral components.

Amino Acid Sequence↗