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PubMed2002

An overview of three different approaches to the interpretation of qualitative data. Part 1: Theoretical issues.

In this paper, the first of two, Helena Priest, Paula Roberts and Leslie Woods discuss the essential features and methods inherent within three approaches to the interpretation of qualitative data. An overview of three methodologies commonly used in nursing and healthcare research is presented: grounded theory, qualitative content analysis and narrative analysis. The paper considers the philosophical bases of the three methods and the principles inherent within each analytical approach. Key stages and steps are presented and described.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Suicidal behavior in children and adolescents: a clinical and research perspective.

This overview presents the significant findings on suicidal risk in children and adolescents. Specifically, it outlines macroscopic domains of suicidal youth such as psychosocial, sociocultural, and philosophical features. A definition of youth suicidal episodes and descriptions of their component features are offered. Risk factors involving psychopathology in the suicidal youngster and family as well as other environmental, developmental, and physiological stresses are highlighted. Directions for clinical management and empirical research are offered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The phenomenology of life phenomena--in a nursing context.

The purpose of this article is to describe and develop knowledge about life phenomena in a life-philosophical and nursing context. Knowledge about life phenomena is part of a care-ethical understanding with a focus on relations. Life phenomena are to be understood as a generalized label for the various phenomena which are given with human existence. The Danish life philosophical tradition with the perspective of life as experienced has something to say in relation to a further refinement of the phenomenology of life phenomena. The refinement will be described as an ethical and existential understanding of the phenomena of nursing. The first part of the article takes a philosophical approach to the phenomenology of life phenomena. It attempts to locate life phenomena in relation to, respectively, needs, senses, and feelings. In order to maintain an overview, the attempt is made to separate needs, senses, and feelings, although in real life these are closely interwoven. The article also describes philosophy and life phenomena in relation to nursing as an empirical field. In nursing there is a risk that life phenomena become invisible to those whose task is to help the ill person adjust to a new life situation. For the nurse, it will be a continuing task, never completed, to develop a sensory-based, situation-determined attention to the patient. And the nurse must be continually aware of whether mere 'need-oriented' nursing is controlling her professional actions as a nurse. Taking a point of departure in the nurse's sensory, situationally determined attention, the last part of the article focuses on needs, senses, and feelings in connection with the nurse being able to direct her attention to the patient's life phenomena.

Attention↗
PubMed1997

[Dialectic behavioral psychotherapy for patients with borderline personality disorder].

Any therapist working with borderline patients knows that this is a crisis prone population that can be as burdening for the professional clinician as for the individual who experiences these intense relational episodes. Within this context, it is quite surprising that leaders of the behavioral approach waited until the beginning of the nineties before applying their technology to the treatment of patients diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. Linehan put numerous efforts to empirically demonstrate the efficiency of her newly developed dialectical behavior therapy, which makes it a noteworthy model. This article presents some historical and philosophical underpinnings of her approach, followed by the diagnostic criteria, the main clinical tools she advocates, the various dialectal dilemma, the treatment modes as well as an overview of the basic therapeutic strategies used in this approach.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1999

Considerations in educating deaf and hard-of-hearing students in inclusive settings.

This article provides an overview of key issues pertinent to an inclusive approach to the education of deaf students in order to establish a context for interpreting and integrating the articles in this issue. It discusses definitions of inclusion, integration, and mainstreaming from placement-related, philosophical, and pragmatic perspectives. The article provides demographic information pertinent to an inclusive approach. It also compares perspectives on inclusion in the general field of special education with those in the education of deaf and hard-of-hearing students. It considers the challenges of using an inclusive approach to achieve academic and social integration of students, as based on research on the learning and adjustment of deaf and hard-of-hearing students in regular classes. The article concludes with an overview of the topics addressed in the issue.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Health research in Papua New Guinea.

The Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research (PNGIMR) is one of the most respected health research institutions in the developing world, and its studies of the local health problems of PNG have consistently had international relevance. This article examines the structural and philosophical factors that have enabled the success of the PNGIMR, and presents the PNGIMR approach to research as a potential model for other disease-endemic countries. An overview of PNGIMR research into malaria and filariasis is given with selected examples as an introduction to a Trends in Parasitology series on health research in Papua New Guinea.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Science-based assessment of welfare: aquatic animals.

Terrestrial animal welfare has been a matter for exploration for many years. In contrast, approaches towards improving the welfare and humane treatment of aquatic animals are relatively new, as is the thinking behind them. Several issues complicate the process of addressing the welfare of aquatic animals in a consistent manner. These include the following: - the huge diversity among aquatic animals, the majority of which are poikilothermic vertebrates and invertebrates - understanding the practices involved in fisheries, aquaculture and aquatic animal production, and their purpose - the relative paucity of scientific information - understanding the philosophical approaches, policies, guidance and regulations that may influence the provision of optimal welfare and humane practices for aquatic animals. In this paper, the authors attempt to provide an overview of all these elements, relating what is known and understood about these issues for the primary group used in aquaculture and fisheries, finfish, and exploring the factors that may influence the concepts and practices of aquatic animal welfare. These factors seem to be the foundation of all welfare approaches and include: - ethical and moral concepts of animal welfare and humane treatment - whether animals experience suffering from the potentially adverse practices used in their maintenance, management and use - the public and institutional understandings of these issues and their results. These are discussed with the hope that future developments in, and approaches to, aquatic animal welfare will be of use to society, industries and the public.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gently into the light: a call for the critical analysis of end-of-life outcomes.

This article overviews the holistic, hospice, and palliative care models as they relate to end-of-life (EOL) care outcomes. Freire's model of overcoming oppression, which builds on Hegel's philosophical approach, is used as a framework for raising nurses' awareness of end-of-life issues. Concerns that require critical dialogue, as well as questions that warrant discussion, are posited.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1995

Vision comes to mind.

An overview is presented in which visual awareness is regarded as the epitome of the general mind-body problem. An experimental solution of the problem is considered first, followed by a philosophical outlook. It is argued that the scientific approach may eventually discover the neural correlate of visual awareness, but visual perceptions, even simple qualia like 'brightness' or 'color', occur in the mind of a conscious observer and are not reducible to observable activity of a specific set of neurons in the brain.

Awareness↗
PubMed1999

Lessons learned from the Hunter Region Health Promoting Schools Project in New South Wales, Australia.

This paper describes development, over a five-year period, of the Hunter Region Health Promoting Schools Project in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. The project implemented the principles and philosophy of the Health Promoting Schools concept and evaluated its effectiveness using a randomized controlled trial involving 22 public secondary schools. An overview of the preliminary intervention model based on the health promoting schools philosophy and trialed in a pilot study is provided. The authors also outline barriers to, and difficulties in, implementing the philosophically based intervention model in the secondary school setting. The current intervention approach, which evolved over five years, is described in relation to the roles played by project team members and school communities. In addition, the authors outline guiding principles arising from the new approach which facilitated adoption of health promotion strategies in secondary school settings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Statistical quality control methods in infection control and hospital epidemiology, part I: Introduction and basic theory.

This article is the first in a two-part series discussing and illustrating the application of statistical process control (SPC) to processes often examined by hospital epidemiologists. The basic philosophical and theoretical foundations of statistical quality control and their relation to epidemiology are emphasized in order to expand mutual understanding and cross-fertilization between these two disciplines. Part I provides an overview of quality engineering and SPC, illustrates common types of control charts, and provides references for further information or statistical formulae. Part II discusses statistical properties of control charts, issues of chart design and optimal control limit widths, alternate possible SPC approaches to infection control, some common misunderstandings, and more advanced issues. The focus of both articles is mostly non-mathematical, emphasizing important concepts and practical examples rather than academic theory and exhaustive calculations.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

Statistical quality control methods in infection control and hospital epidemiology, Part II: Chart use, statistical properties, and research issues.

This is the second in a two-part series discussing and illustrating the application of statistical process control (SPC) in hospital epidemiology. The basic philosophical and theoretical foundations of statistical quality control and their relation to epidemiology are emphasized in order to expand the mutual understanding and cross-fertilization between these two disciplines. Part I provided an overview of the philosophy and general approach of SPC, illustrated common types of control charts, and provided references for further information or statistical formulae. Part II now discusses alternate possible SPC approaches, statistical properties of control charts, chart-design issues and optimal control limit widths, some common misunderstandings, and more advanced issues. The focus of both articles is mostly nonmathematical, emphasizing important concepts and practical examples rather than academic theory and exhaustive calculations.

Data Display↗
PubMed2001

Neuroscience in the post-genome era: an overview.

Although sequencing of the human genome has been taking place in rapidly accelerating fashion for years, the presentation of the entire sequence (to a first approximation, anyway) has now permitted a global view of its structure. The completion of the sequence has therefore invited all manner of aesthetic, philosophical, societal - as well as biological - discussions of its implications. This global view of the genome will undoubtedly forever change the face of biology. But how? Here are a few perspectives from the point of view of neuroscience.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The Scope of pharmacy ethics-an evaluation of the international research literature, 1990-2002.

This paper attempts to provide a critical overview of international published discourse relating to ethical issues in pharmacy practice from 1990 to 2002. We found that there is little research literature specifically addressing ethics in pharmacy practice and almost none addressing fundamental philosophical issues or values for pharmacy ethics. There is no dedicated journal for pharmacy ethics. Most material relating to pharmacy ethics is articulated as codes or pronouncements from professional bodies, as opinion or reflection in textbooks and in debate such as letters and articles. However, this should not be taken to mean that pharmacy and ethics are strangers; simply that such matters are not frequently analysed in published pharmacy literature. The presumption is usually that most matters of pharmacy ethics are very familiar and require no exploration or explanation. Where the research literature does target ethical issues, the most common method is to employ "the scenario approach". This term describes the technique of using a vignette or scenario from actual pharmacy practice and then exploring a variety of possible options to identify one or more defensible solutions. The vast majority of scenarios related to the delivery of healthcare per se; rather fewer derived from delivery of healthcare in a commercial environment. One notable exception to this approach is the body of work by Latif and colleagues on moral reasoning and community pharmacy practice. Our review suggests there is a need for the knowledge base in pharmacy ethics to be systematised and integrated into the wider scheme of general healthcare ethics. The principal areas in which research is needed include, how best to teach and assess "ethical competence" before practice; how to develop and update this competence in practising pharmacists; and how the business environment, particularly where there are corporate values and reward systems in operation, affects ethical competence. In addition, general research in pharmacy practice may benefit from a greater awareness and enquiry as to the ethical issues raised by the projects being undertaken.

Ethics, Pharmacy↗
PubMed1991

In search of more complete answers to research questions. Quantitative versus qualitative research methods: is there a way forward?

This paper presents an overview of research methods utilized in nursing to date and traces the origins of the schism in nursing research which has led to the development of the quantitative-qualitative research-methods dichotomy. The philosophical and technical characteristics which distinguish these apparently opposing methodologies are described and critically discussed. The use of triangulation of different methods and types of data is suggested as an alternative research strategy. A study which used triangulation as a research approach which examined newly registered nurses' attitudes and educational preparation to care for patients with cancer, and developed and evaluated an educational intervention for nurses on cancer care, is described. This illustrates how the use of different research methods within a single study can provide a richer and deeper understanding of the area under investigation than would otherwise be possible. This paper also discusses the notion that nursing research has arrived at a watershed in which competing methodologies serve to divide and separate nurse researchers on the grounds of philosophical approach, a division which a neophyte discipline such as nursing can ill afford. Nurse researchers need to gain skills and understanding of different approaches to capitalize on the strengths and benefits of each in order to develop a more complete understanding of nursing practice in all its complexity.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1991

The trajectory of cancer recovery.

In response to the Corbin and Strauss illness trajectory framework, this paper offers a recovery model as a more relevant trajectory for cancer as a specific chronic disease and as a general framework for clinical science. As counterpoint, the course of recovery is considered as a separate but influential continuum vis-à-vis the course of illness. The text presents an overview of the nature and meaning of cancer as a chronic disease, an operational definition of the recovery model, and a comparison and contrast of the illness and recovery trajectory frameworks in terms of their philosophic nature, therapeutic approach and research and educational and health policy-making emphases with regard to the cancer experience. When fully grounded in recovery science, the recovery trajectory model is predicted to be the more therapeutically effective clinical approach for professionals who care for patients diagnosed with cancer and their families.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Ethnomethodology: time for a revisit? A discussion paper.

The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of ethnomethodology and explore its usefulness as a methodology for nursing. Ethnomethodology was conceived through the writings of Harold Garfinkel, an American Sociologist in 1967. The influence of phenomenology, sociology and writings of the linguistic philosopher Wittengenstein is evident in this methodology. In the 1970s, it was both heralded by some as a threat to sociology and by others as a welcome development borne out of the dissatisfaction with positivist paradigm research. It is a methodology that has been utilised not only by sociologists but also by many health care disciplines. However, its utilisation by nurse researchers has not been widespread.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed2003

Psychiatric rehabilitation: an empowerment-based approach to mental health services.

Psychiatric rehabilitation is a framework for providing services to people with mental illness that encourages adaptive community functioning in all life domains. Despite its well-established inclusion in community mental health treatment programs, psychiatric rehabilitation has received little attention in the discipline-specific social work literature. The philosophical base of psychiatric rehabilitation is built around the principles of empowerment, competence, and recovery. Its goal of promoting adaptive community functioning is consistent with social work values and contemporary social work practice models. This article provides an overview of the history, philosophy, and services components of psychiatric rehabilitation and analyzes its compatibility with social work. Further integration of psychiatric rehabilitation and social work services is suggested.

Community Health Planning↗