Escape from social suppression of sexual behavior and of ovulation in female common marmosets.
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Animals↗
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[Analysis of the concept of parent-child attachment].
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Affect↗
Paternal effects on the development of social behavior in Mus musculus.
In order to extend the determination and description of effects of the father's phenotype on the development of social behavior in male mice, we tested 24 males from each of 2 highly inbred strains of Mus musculus, A/J and C57BL/6J. Approximately 1 week before the birth of the subjects, we replaced natural fathers with a foster parent such that, within each strain, 8 subjects had preweaning experience with same-strain males, 8 with other-strain males, and 8 with same-strain females, in addition to their natural mothers. Observations of social behavior were conducted at 21, 50, and 60 days of age. The results showed effects of the foster parent's phenotype on the development of social exploration in both strains and, possibly, on agonistic behavior in C57BL/6J mice. The different effects in the 2 strains indicate mechanisms dependent on genotype.
Aggression↗
Hormonal correlates of parental behavior in male rats.
Groups of seven intact male Long-Evans hooded rats were housed with pups for 1, 7, 14, or 22 days and their parental behavior was recorded each day. All but one male showed parental behavior. Twenty-eight control males were housed without pups. At the end of each observation period the males were decapitated and their trunk blood was collected for hormone analysis by radioimmunoassay. Males with pups had lower prolactin levels than control males on all 4 days but did not differ in luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, or testosterone levels from males without pups. Both prolactin and testosterone levels were correlated positively with the frequency of parental behavior, suggesting that the males which are behaviorally the most responsive to infants are also hormonally the most responsive.
Animals↗
Early determinants of smoking in adolescence: a prospective birth cohort study.
In a prospective birth cohort study in Brazil, the prevalence and early risk factors for smoking in adolescence were investigated. All 1982 hospital-born children in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were enrolled in a birth cohort study (N = 5,914; boys: 3,037; girls: 2,877). All male participants were searched in 2000 when enrolling in the national army, and 78.8% were traced. In 2001, a systematic sample of 473 girls was interviewed, representing a follow-up rate of 69.1%. Among males, 48.6% (95%CI: 46.6-50.7) had ever tried smoking and 15.8% (95%CI: 14.3-17.3) were daily smokers. Among females, 53.1% (95%CI: 48.6-57.6) had ever tried smoking and 15.4% (95%CI: 12.1-18.7) were daily smokers. Boys born to single mothers and those with fathers with low schooling were more likely to smoke in adolescence. Girls from low-income families, with mothers who smoked during pregnancy, and fathers with alcohol-related problems were more likely to smoke. Although the smoking prevalence was similar in boys and girls, risk factors for smoking were different between the sexes. Social environment appears to be the strongest predictor of tobacco use in adolescence.
Adolescent↗
Cessation of patterned behavior: withdrawal from smoking.
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Adolescent↗
Microsatellite instability generates diversity in brain and sociobehavioral traits.
Repetitive microsatellites mutate at relatively high rates and may contribute to the rapid evolution of species-typical traits. We show that individual alleles of a repetitive polymorphic microsatellite in the 5' region of the prairie vole vasopressin 1a receptor (avpr1a) gene modify gene expression in vitro. In vivo, we observe that this regulatory polymorphism predicts both individual differences in receptor distribution patterns and socio-behavioral traits. These data suggest that individual differences in gene expression patterns may be conferred via polymorphic microsatellites in the cis-regulatory regions of genes and may contribute to normal variation in behavioral traits.
Alleles↗
Neurological effects of aromatase deficiency in the mouse.
In the brain, the conversion from androgen into estrogen is an important process for the differentiation of the brain function in male rodents. The aromatase is expressed in some nucleus of the brain. To assess the functional significance of the aromatase gene in development and activation of sex-specific behavior, we analyzed behavioral phenotypes of the aromatase knockout (ArKO) male mice. ArKO males obviously decreased their fertility and showed deficits in male sexual behavior including mount, intromission and ejaculation. Noncontact penile erection was not significantly affected by defect of the aromatase gene. A reduction of aggressive behavior against male intruders was also observed in ArKO males, while they tend to exhibit aggression toward estrous females during male copulatory tests. Moreover, the infanticide toward the pups was observed in the ArKO males, whereas characteristic parental behavior, but not infanticide was observed in wild-type males. These results indicate that aromatase gene expression is a critical step not only for motivational and consummatory aspects of male sexual behavior, but also for aggressive and parental behaviors in male mice.
Aggression↗
Factors affecting incidence of infanticide and discrimination of related and unrelated neonates in male Mus musculus.
Infanticide by males was examined in two strains (C57B1 and DBA) of the house mouse (Mus musculus). Males that had contact with a female within the previous 2-3 weeks rarely committed infanticide when introduced to the home cage of a female and her 1-day-old neonates, even when the female and neonates were of a different strain and from a different colony. In contrast, 90% of C57B1 males that had no contact with a female for more than 7 weeks killed pups when placed in the female's home cage, and 60% killed when a 1-day-old pup was introduced to the male's home cage. No difference in levels of infanticide occurred when grouped males were compared to isolated males. These results indicate that infanticide is not dependent upon recognition of the pups or the female, but depends on the male's previous exposure to females. Infanticidal behavior is not directly determined by genetic relationship, but the factors that inhibit this behavior reduce the probability that a male will kill his own offspring.
Animals↗
Paternal alcohol exposure affects offspring behavior but not body or organ weights in mice.
Male mice consumed liquid alcohol diets containing 20, 10, or 0% ethanol-derived calories (EDC) for 56-61 days. Animals fed the 10 and 0% EDC diets were pair-fed to 20% EDC animals. A nontreated ad libitum group was included to assess the effects of pair-feeding. After treatment, males were bred to nontreated females. Litter size, birthweight, bodyweight at 21 or 55 days of age, and organ weights except for thymus were not affected by paternal alcohol ingestion. There was a dose-related decrease in activity at 20 and 24 days of age in an activity chamber and a dose-related decrease in serum testosterone levels at 55 days of age in male offspring sired by alcohol-consuming males. Offspring sired by males consuming the 20% EDC diet also required fewer trials to learn a passive avoidance task and had longer latencies to reach the choice point in a T maze.
Alcohol Drinking↗
[Parent's imperceptible violence: psychoanalytic reflexions].
Within the context of a country with high levels of violence, as is Colombia, this paper intends to show how--besides all forms of open violence against children (battering, compulsory work, tortures) more frequently detected in specific social milieus--there exist other forms of violence--more insidiously widespread--which supply a basis for extreme types of violent behavior. Starting from the assumption that every physical or psychological way of pressure on children is a demonstration of violence, the article aims at clarifying how the violent elements to be found in parental behaviors intend hindering both the development and independence of children. Seductive behaviors are also seen as a form of violence, as well as all mechanisms aiming at turning children into an instrument in conflicts between adults.
Adolescent↗
Timing of paternal substance use disorder cessation and effects on problem behaviors in sons.
The developmental timing of paternal substance use disorder (SUD) offset on internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors was examined in prepubertal sons. Analyses revealed a significant main effect of the developmental timing of SUD offset on both internalizing and externalizing problems. No differences were found between sons of control-subject fathers and SUD+ fathers whose offsets occurred before the son's sixth birthday. However, when paternal SUD extended beyond the boys' sixth year, significant increases in internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors were found. The results suggest the importance of early parental SUD intervention in prevention of the intergenerational transmission of behavioral problems.
Age Factors↗
Testosterone, antiandrogen, and alloparental behavior in bobwhite quail foster fathers.
Vasectomized male Texas bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus texanus) are used as foster fathers in a program to reintroduce the endangered masked bobwhite quail to its native habitat. Less than half of the Texas bobwhite, however, show appropriate alloparental behavior toward the chicks. They also undergo a significant decline in testosterone (T) after 3 to 4 days exposure to the chicks. Males that do not show alloparental behavior undergo a significant increase in T during the same exposure to chicks. Implants containing the antiandrogen flutamide do not affect the courtship and copulation behavior of mated bobwhite males, but flutamide implants do decrease the tendency of these males to act aggressively in the presence of an intruder into the pen of the pair. Flutamide implants do not, however, increase the probability that the males will exhibit alloparental behavior toward chicks that are not their own. Implants containing a mixture of flutamide and ATD (an aromatization inhibitor) also do not increase alloparental behavior. We conclude that while blocking the behavioral effects of T may be necessary for the expression of parental or alloparental behavior, it is not sufficient, suggesting that some other hormonal change may also be necessary to stimulate parental care of precocial chicks.
Aggression↗
Variation in infanticide and parental behavior in male mice due to prior intrauterine proximity to female fetuses: elimination by prenatal stress.
When sexually-naive male mice are placed together with newborn young, some males will commit infanticide (kill the young) while others will behave parentally (retrieve the young to a nest and keep them warm). The intrauterine position of male mouse fetuses, which is recorded at Cesarean delivery, has previously been found to influence the titers of estradiol that male fetuses are exposed to in utero. In adulthood, most male mice that developed in utero between male fetuses (2 M males) behaved parentally toward young, while most males that developed in utero between female fetuses (0 M males) committed infanticide. When 0 M and 2 M males were castrated at birth and tested with young in adulthood, few males committed infanticide. But, when these same males were tested with young after 25 days of treatment with testosterone, more 0 M than 2 M males committed infanticide and more 2 M than 0 M males behaved parentally. In contrast to the above findings, more 2 M than 0 M males that were castrated when 28 days old behaved parentally without treatment with testosterone; few of the non-parental males committed infanticide, but, instead, ignored the young. Finally, stressing pregnant mice by placing them under bright lights during the last third of pregnancy eliminated the effect of developing next to female fetuses in the male offspring, and all prenatally-stressed males resembled 2 M males in their behavior toward young: most prenatally-stressed males were parental rather than infanticidal when tested with young. The significance of these findings to models of hormonal effects on sexual differentiation is discussed.
Animals↗
The father's contribution to child care: effects on children's perceptions of parental roles.
Adult role behavior and its effects on children were explored in a study of dual-career and traditional families. Fathers who were active in child care were found to be more nurturant and to partake in more housework. Fewer stereotypes about the maternal role were held by girls than by boys; and boys whose parents shared responsibility for child care held fewer stereotypes about the paternal role than did boys from traditional families.
Adult↗
Infanticide in the male rat: the role of the vomeronasal organ.
The present study constitutes the first demonstration that vomeronasal chemoreception plays a role in the response of the virgin male rat to conspecific newborn. Specifically, it shows that virgin males, after removal of the vomeronasal organ, exhibit a decrease in the incidence of infanticidal behavior. This finding is discussed in terms of how responsiveness to young can be affected by changes in the accessory olfactory system.
Aggression↗
Modifications of testosterone-dependent behaviors by estrogen receptor-alpha gene disruption in male mice.
The role of the a form of estrogen receptor (ER alpha) gene expression in the regulation of testosterone-dependent male reproductive behaviors was investigated using ER knockout mice (ERKO), which are specifically deficient in functional ER alpha, but not ER beta, gene expression. Previous studies in gonadally intact ERKO mice revealed that male aggressive behavior was greatly reduced by the lack of a functional ER alpha gene. In the present study the almost complete suppression of male-typical offensive attacks was further confirmed in ERKO mice that had been singly housed since weaning. Regarding aggression, it was also found that ER alpha gene disruption virtually abolished the propensity to initiate offensive attacks, even though ERKO mice could elicit attacks from resident C57BL/6J mice as wild-type (WT) and heterozygous littermates. Daily injection of testosterone propionate (TP) was completely ineffective in inducing aggressive behavior in gonadectomized ERKO mice, whereas it successfully restored aggression in WT mice. In contrast, male sexual behaviors, mounts and intromissions, were induced by daily injection of TP in both gonadectomized ERKO and WT mice. In addition to TP, dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP) was also effective in restoring mounts in ERKO mice, although DHTP was much more potent in WT mice than in ERKO mice. Neither TP nor DHTP, however, ever induced ejaculation in ERKO mice. These results together with previous findings in gonadally intact ERKO mice suggest that ER alpha may be responsible for the regulation by testosterone of consummatory, but not motivational, aspects of male sexual behavior. Finally, ERKO male mice retrieved newborn pups placed in their home cage with similar latencies to males of the two other genotypes. During parental behavior tests, however, a higher percentage of ERKO mice (70%) showed infanticide compared with WT mice (35%). The latter result was interpreted as showing that ER alpha activation by testosterone during the perinatal period may exert a suppressive effect on testosterone-inducible infanticide in adulthood. With respect to three major testosterone-dependent behavioral systems reflecting masculinization, these findings demonstrate three different types of effects due to ER alpha gene disruption.
Aggression↗
Presence of the father and parental experience have differentiated effects on pup development in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus).
Conflicting data exist on the importance of the father and parental experience during development in rodents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of these two variables on development in Mongolian gerbils. Forty pairs of males and females with a litter size of between 4 and 7 pups were used as subjects. Twenty couples had no experience in raising young. After the birth of their pups, four experimental groups were formed: (I) inexperienced mother and father; (II) inexperienced mother; (III) experienced mother and father and (IV) experienced mother. When the pups reached 10 days of age, pup and parental behavior was recorded in experimental sessions of 15 min on 11 consecutive days. Through the statistical analysis it was found that the presence of the father significantly increased the physical contact between pups and parents and that pups opened their eyes earlier in comparison to the groups without the father. On the other hand, parental experience had a significant influence on the behavior of the pups (locomotion inside and outside the nest, and self-grooming). The results of this study suggest that parental experience and the presence of the father have differentiated effects on development in Mongolian gerbils.
Animals↗