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At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Unintentional injury depictions in popular children's television programs.

OBJECTIVES: The frequency and magnitude of depictions of risky events and unintentional injuries in top ranked children's animated and live action television programs was assessed. METHODS: Qualitative and quantitative media content analysis were used. Scenes from television episodes were examined for the depiction of risky events and unintentional injuries. RESULTS: A total of 201 actual and potential injury related events were tabulated in 99 episodes aired in 2003 and 2004. Only 26% of the risky events depicted led to an injury or physical consequence. More than 80% of the events involved behavioral or environmental risk factors. Safety factors were not present in over 90% of risky events depicted. The general tone and context of events was humor or indifference rather than concern or action, with little or no relevance to the plot. CONCLUSION: Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death and disability for children, yet animated and live action television programs marketed to children continue to portray injury risk inaccurately. Working with the children's television production industry to improve injury depiction is a much needed advocacy activity.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging for acute stroke: practical and popular.

AIM: To evaluate the feasibility and impact of diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW MRI) as the first line neuroimaging of stroke at a district general hospital. METHODS: Prospective audit of all in-patients admitted with clinically suspected acute stroke and referred for imaging over a consecutive 17 week period. The data collected included scan type, time from cerebral event to imaging request, and time from formal radiological request to neuroimaging. Clinicians' (general physicians, neurologists, and radiologists) perceptions were assessed by a questionnaire. RESULTS: 148 patients had neuroimaging for clinically suspected stroke during this period. Eighty one per cent of patients (120 of 148) had DW MRI as first line. Ninety two per cent of these patients had DW MRI within 24 hours of the formal radiological request. Twenty eight patients did not undergo DW MRI because lack of MRI safety, clinical state, unavailability because of maintenance service or lack of trained staff. Clinicians found the introduction of the DW MRI based service a significant improvement on computed tomography, especially for equivocal cases. CONCLUSION: DW based MRI service is both feasible and sustainable in the setting of a district general hospital and most clinicians feel that this is a significant improvement to stroke services.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

Leaders and elites: portrayals of smoking in popular films.

OBJECTIVE: To study frequency and traits of characters that smoke in films and to document on-screen consequences of tobacco use. DESIGN: This study conducted a content analysis of the top 100 grossing films in 2002, with a total global gross of 12.4 billion US dollars. OUTCOME MEASURES: Three outcome measures were frequency of smoking incidents, traits of characters who smoke, and consequences of tobacco use. RESULTS: 6% of characters smoked in 453 incidents, including 3% of children. In 92% of incidences, smoking had no consequences. The most frequent consequence was a verbal reprimand. Although tobacco is a leading cause of preventable deaths globally, only 0.4% of tobacco incidences resulted in death. No deaths were caused by disease. Characters who smoked tended to be major characters playing leadership roles. They tended to be from privileged elites: male, white, and mature. CONCLUSIONS: Films portray characters that smoke as leaders from privileged elites, making smoking more attractive to audience members. Because 99.6% of characters suffer no life threatening consequences from smoking on screen, smokers seem invincible, belying tobacco's role as a leading cause of preventable deaths.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Tobacco use in popular movies during the past decade.

OBJECTIVE: The top 50 commercially successful films released per year from 1991 to 2000 were content coded to assess trends in tobacco use over time and attributes of films predictive of higher smoking rates. DESIGN: This observational study used media content analysis methods to generate data about tobacco use depictions in films studied (n = 497). Films are the basic unit of analysis. Once films were coded and preliminary analysis completed, outcome data were transformed to approximate multivariate normality before being analysed with general linear models and longitudinal mixed method regression methods. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Tobacco use per minute of film was the main outcome measure used. Predictor variables include attributes of films and actors. Tobacco use was defined as any cigarette, cigar, and chewing tobacco use as well as the display of smoke and cigarette paraphernalia such as ashtrays, brand names, or logos within frames of films reviewed. RESULTS: Smoking rates in the top films fluctuated yearly over the decade with an overall modest downward trend (p < 0.005), with the exception of R rated films where rates went up. CONCLUSIONS: The decrease in smoking rates found in films in the past decade is modest given extensive efforts to educate the entertainment industry on this issue over the past decade. Monitoring, education, advocacy, and policy change to bring tobacco depiction rates down further should continue.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Tobacco use is increasing in popular films.

OBJECTIVE: To study the presentation of smoking in motion pictures. DESIGN: This study examined tobacco use in a random sample of five of the top 20 grossing films each year from 1990-1996 and combined these data with our earlier study of tobacco use in films that covered 1960-1990. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rate of tobacco use per minute of film, characters who are smoking, motivation to smoke. RESULTS: The overall rate of tobacco use appears to have "bottomed out" in the 1980s and is now increasing back to levels observed in the 1960s. The presentation of tobacco use in films is increasingly discordant with reality, because tobacco use in the population continues to drop. Films continue to portray smokers as successful white males, although portrayal of smoking among women is increasing. CONCLUSIONS: The gap between the representation of tobacco use in films and the reality of tobacco continues to widen, with the prevalence of smoking among lead characters four times the smoking prevalence among comparable individuals in society at large.

Female↗
PubMed1997

Comparison between ethnopharmacology in traditional Chinese medicine and Brazilian popular phytotherapy.

850 Chinese medicinal plants contained in various publications were compared with plants existing in Brazil. The species were classified according to Chinese ethnopharmacological groups, and these were compared to Brazilian ones. According to the principles proposed by the author, 122 species existing in Brazil could be related to the Chinese species (14.35% of the samples). In this comparison, 62.27% of the plants had similar ethnopharmacological use. Comparison between the ethnopharmacological groups showed some similarity in 91.60%. Pharmacological actions disclosed by research also showed concordance with ethnopharmacological uses.

Brazil↗