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[Features of diagnosis and clinical course of penetrating injuries of the posterior pole of the eye].

Seventeen patients with penetrating injuries in the posterior pole caused by mechanical trauma of the eye were analyzed clinically; such injuries were characterized by the development of the most severe complications, which led to eye loss. An incomplete sealing of the penetrating trauma of the eye fibrous capsule localized in the posterior sclera section was the main reason that predetermined a trauma outcome; it can be rarely diagnosed and is difficult for surgical treatment. Computer tomography, which makes it possible to detect and localize the discussed pathology, is the most informative method in diagnosing the posterior pole. The organ-saving effect and process stabilization were ensured in 98.5% of patients owing to the use of a set of diagnostic pre- and intraoperative techniques.

Diagnosis, Differential↗

PubMed2005

[Differential diagnosis of exudative age-related macular degeneration with posterior pole choroidal tumours].

Many various lesions located in macular region can mimic exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD), making serious problems in establishing the proper diagnosis. From a practical point of view the most important significance has a differential diagnosis of AMD with posterior pole tumours: choroidal melanoma, choroidal naevus, choroidal hemangioma and metastatic tumors. The aim of this study is to present, based on literature and our experience, the role of fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography, standard A- and B-scan ultrasonography and colour Doppler ultrasonography in differential diagnosis of exudative AMD and posterior pole choroidal tumours.

Choroid Neoplasms↗

PubMed1991

Retinal pigment epithelial cells of the posterior pole have fewer Na/K adenosine triphosphatase pumps than peripheral cells.

The density of Na/K adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) pumps in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in different retinal regions was quantified by measuring the binding of 3H-ouabain to RPE in cow and human eyecups. In bovine eyes, pump density was estimated in RPE samples isolated from three retinal regions outlined with a 7-mm trephine: one from the posterior pole in the area centralis and two from the superior, equatorial retina representing unpigmented (in the tapetum) and pigmented zones. In human eyes, RPE samples were isolated from a posterior region centered around the macula and one superior region. Ouabain binding to RPE of the posterior pole of both species was approximately 40-60% lower than binding to RPE of more peripheral regions in the same eyes. For bovine eyes, ouabain binding did not differ between pigmented and unpigmented cells of the superior retina, suggesting that reduced binding in the relatively amelanotic posterior cells was not related to levels of pigmentation. For human RPE, binding to posterior cells was lower in eyes from donors of all ages (range, 17-90 yr). The data suggest that Na/K ATPase pump site density is lower in posterior RPE cells of both bovine and human eyes, perhaps due to a regional difference in requirements for ionic regulation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Identification of a minus end-specific microtubule-associated protein located at the mitotic poles in cultured mammalian cells.

A mitosis-specific centrosomal component was studied with a human autoantibody, SP-H, which immunostained mitotic poles and interphase nuclei, and a single polypeptide with an apparent molecular mass of 200 to 230 kDa in various lines of cultured cells. Early mitotic PtK1 cells treated with 10 micrograms/ml taxol contained short bundles of parallel microtubules around the nuclei and cell periphery. At the time of nuclear envelope breakdown, the nuclear staining by SP-H disappeared, and the antigen relocated at one end of the parallel microtubules. Determination of the microtubule polarity demonstrated that the peripheral bundles of microtubules were arranged with their minus ends directed to the cell periphery, and the SP-H antigen was specifically localized at this end. Parallel microtubules were further rearranged first into a fan-like shape, and then into completely radial structures as observed by De Brabander et al. (Int. Rev. Cytol. 101, 215-274 (1986)). The SP-H antigen was always detected at the minus end domain of such microtubule-containing structures during the transformation process. When microtubules were depolymerized by nocodazole treatment, the SP-H antigen appeared as discrete cytoplasmic foci, suggesting that the antigen may self-associate, forming multimeric structures. The antigen in mitotic HeLa cell extracts co-sedimented in vitro with exogenous brain microtubules. The microtubule-associated SP-H antigen was insensitive to ATP extraction, but was removed from microtubules by treatment with 0.5 M NaCl. Thus the 200 to 230 kDa centrosomal component could be a novel microtubule-associated protein with affinity for the minus end of microtubules, and it might play an essential role in the organization of spindle poles during mitosis.

Alkaloids↗

PubMed1977

[Partial disorganization of the anaphasic segregation of chromosomes in plant cells: combined actions of griseofulvin, producer of pluripolar anaphases and 2 ipecac alkaloids, producers of floating pole anaphases].

Anaphasis may be slightly checked by various treatments which however result in a normal chromosomic separation. Griseofulvin exerts a direct though partial influence on the mitotic apparatus, which entails "pluripolar anaphasis"; on the other hand Ipecac alkaloïds act indirectly and produce "floating poles anaphases". Treatments combining griseofulvin with cepheline or tubulosine show that there is never any synergy between the two processes. These results support our hypothesis that floating poles anaphases are not a sign of slight C-mitotic action but only come from a lag between the appearance/disappearance of microtubules and that of chromosomes during anaphasis.

Anaphase↗

PubMed1989

[Comparative evaluation of morphometric and intravital measurements of the intraorbital portion of the optic nerve and of the distance from the posterior pole of the eyeball to the common tendinous ring].

The paper describes results of comparative assessment of morphometric and in vivo measurements of the intraorbital part of the optic nerve and the distance from the posterior pole of the eye ball to the muscular tendon ring. It is shown that the method of ultrasound scanning is accurate enough and may be used for measuring the length of the intraorbital part of the optic nerve and the distance from the posterior pole of the eye ball to the muscular tendon ring in each concrete case.

Aged↗

PubMed1987

[Arterial blood supply of the upper pole of the spleen in main artery occlusion].

Vascular dissections of the splenic-, gastric- and pancreatic region, corrosion specimens of the upper splenic pole and arteriographies of the superior polar artery after trunc lienal artery occlusion in human served as an answer to the question of the arterial supply of the upper lienal pole. The present results point out the importance of the upper polar artery and the existence of intersegmental anastomosis. The latter gain importance in case of trunc splenic artery occlusion. The short gastric vessels are of subordinate value.

Collateral Circulation↗

PubMed1986

Filamin and myosin are present in the secretory pole of amphibian oxyntic cells. An immunofluorescence study.

The presence of a filamin-like protein in oxyntic cells was established by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. The location of this protein and myosin was studied, using specific antibodies, on frozen sections and isolated cells. Antifilamin and antimyosin reacted strongly with the luminal cytoplasm of the cells. In resting oxyntic cells, filamin appeared organized as a reticular sheet in the apical border. In stimulated cells, the apical concentration of filamin decreased, and its distribution appeared rather diffuse. This immunoreactive band seems to correspond to the cytoplasmic region where actin microfilaments have been described previously. The changes in the apical concentration of filamin, induced by the onset of HCl secretion, correlate with the ultrastructural reorganization of the actin network that occurs during the secretory cycle. The use of antimyosin antibodies showed that this protein forms an apical peripheral ring in both resting and stimulated cells. No clear changes in the distribution of myosin, in relation to secretion, could be established by immunofluorescence. These findings, taken together with published morphological and biochemical evidence, suggest that a three-dimensional network composed of actin and filamin is present in the secretory pole of resting amphibian oxyntic cells. The hypothesis that gel-sol transitions play a role in the structural reorganization of the secretory pole of these cells is supported by the present results.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

[The vascular pole of hepatocytes: structure, function and pathology].

Structural and functional subdivision of the hepatocyte into a sinusoidal (vascular) zone, a lateral zone and a peri-canicular zone (adjacent to the bile canaliculi) highlights certain peculiarities of the vascular hepatocyte pole. In contrast to the total cytoplasm, this area is characterized by a high volume of mitochondria, altered peroxisome content, a high concentration of lipids and the absence of Golgi-apparatus. Of critical importance is the sinusoidal cell membrane: at birth, the hepatocyte of the rat bears some 1,000 microvilli, rising to 4,600 in the mature animal. The surface to volume ratio of this part of the cell is more than 250% of the overall cell ratio. The ectoplasmic area beneath it is of importance to the structural integrity and function of the cell membrane itself. Pathological changes such as formation of blebs, shedding of cytoplasm, detachment of portions of the vascular pole, emergence of phagocytic processes, production of atypical substances (i.e. amyloid precursors), are closely and interactively related to pathologic processes of other elements of this region (non-hepatocyte, space of Disse). The peri-sinusoidal functional complex, may have an importance for the pathology of the liver which has not been fully appreciated to date.

Aging↗

PubMed1984

Hypertension from ipsilateral renin hypersecretion following kidney upper pole compression by the spleen.

A unique case of renovascular hypertension in an asymptomatic, microhematuric 61/2-year-old girl is presented. Abdominal ultrasonographic (UT) and computed tomographic (CT) studies, splenic and renal radionuclide evaluations revealed that a 'boomerang'-shaped spleen, anterior and medial to the left kidney, compressed and flattened its upper pole. Arteriography excluded stenosis of the renal arterial vessels. Renal vein renin ratio of 1.78 and contralateral/caval ratio of 1.13 eventually demonstrated that hypertension was caused by a lateralized renin hypersecretion from the compressed upper pole through left superior and central renal veins. Overactivity of the renin/angiotensin system was presumably due to ischemia of the renal parenchyma extrinsically compressed by the spleen.

Child↗

PubMed1984

Decidual cast mimicking an intrauterine gestational sac and fetal pole in a patient with ectopic pregnancy. A case report.

In a case of ectopic pregnancy, ultrasound findings showed a pseudogestational sac in the uterus containing debris that mimicked a fetal pole. Ultrasonography done one week before had revealed no intrauterine gestational sac. The progression in one week of an "empty" uterus to a seven-week-sized intrauterine gestational sac with the appearance of a fetal pole without a heartbeat should suggest to the sonographer the possibility of a pseudosac and ectopic pregnancy.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

[Modified duodenal diversion in the treatment of esophagitis from bile reflux complicating an upper-pole gastrectomy].

A surgical technique is described which has been adapted from the operation known as "total duodenal diversion", but which is suitable for the anatomical conditions resulting from an upper pole gastrectomy. The method was used successfully in two patients with severe esophagitis from bile reflux resistant to all medical treatment and resulting from upper pole gastrectomies.

Bile Reflux↗

PubMed1982

[Scleral pocket on the posterior pole and treatment of retinal detachment induced by a macular hole].

Microsurgery has enabled modifications in initial surgical technique for lamellar scleral pocket and patch pocket on the posterior pole in the treatment of retinal detachments associated with macular holes occurring in high myopic eyes. The new microsurgical technique, employing suitable surgical instruments, was employed in 17 retinal detachments associated with macular holes. Surgical success was achieved in 14 cases (82 p. cent). The advantages and the disadvantages of lamellar scleral pocket and patch pocket on the posterior pole are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

The relations of the superior pole of the stellate ganglion to the vertebral artery.

The relations of the superior pole of the stellate ganglion to the vertebral artery and to the transverse processes of the last cervical and the first thoracic vertebrae were studied in 440 specimens (220 adult human embalmed cadavers). The superior pole of the ganglion was found, most commonly, within an "arterial triangle" bordered by the subclavian, the common carotid and the vertebral arteries (75.8%), at the level of the inferior third of the vertebral artery (79.8%) and anterior to the interval between the transverse process of the seventh cervical and the first thoracic vertebrae (48.6%). The variations of these locations of the stellate ganglion, found in this study, may be of significant surgical anatomical importance.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Cell adhesion to the apical pole of epithelium: a function of cell polarity.

Human uterine epithelium displays a distinct polarized organization with apical, lateral, and basal plasma membrane domains. Although non-adhesive throughout most of the menstrual cycle, epithelial cells allow attachment of trophoblast cells to their apical pole during embryo implantation. A recent hypothesis postulates that epithelial cells turn off genes for apical-basal polarity and turn on genes for a more mesenchyme-like phenotype allowing cell-cell interaction with trophoblast. Using an in vitro assay human uterine cell lines (RL95-2, HEC-1-A, AN3-CA) were selected on the basis of adhesiveness for trophoblast-type cells (JAR). Subsequently, uterine cells were examined for epithelium-specific ultrastructure using transmission electron microscopy, and for the expression of E-cadherin, alpha 6-, beta 1-, beta 4-integrin subunits and cytokeratin using immunocytochemistry, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and surface replication technique. HEC-1-A monolayers are non-adhesive for JAR cells and appear highly polarized expressing E-cadherin, alpha 6-, beta 1-, beta 4-integrin subunits, and cytokeratin. Both, integrins and E-cadherin, are present at the lateral membrane. RL95-2 monolayers which are adhesive for JAR cells appear non-polarized. Like HEC-1-A cells, RL95-2 cells express E-cadherin, alpha 6-, beta 1-, and beta 4-integrin subunits, and cytokeratin. In contrast to HEC-1-A cells, integrins and E-cadherin are distributed at the entire cell surface. AN3-CA monolayers are non-adhesive for JAR cells and appear non-polarized. Cells lack epithelial-specific markers such as keratin and E-cadherin. They show only low expression of alpha 6-, beta 1-integrin subunits and lack beta 4-integrin subunit. Conversely, they express vimentin. Thus, modulation of the epithelial phenotype of uterine cells, i.e. loss of apical-basal polarity, might prepare the apical cell pole for cell-cell interaction with trophoblast. However, loss of cell polarity would not lead to enhancement of adhesiveness for trophoblast if accompanied by a loss of epithelium-specific adhesion molecules.

Cadherins↗

PubMed1996

Metabolic and ventilatory response to cross-country skiing classical and double arm poling exercise.

Nordic skiers place great emphasis on upper body endurance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare oxygen uptake (VO2), minute ventilation (VE), tidal volume (VT), breath frequency (fB), heart rate (HR), and ventilatory anaerobic threshold (Tvan) responses to upper body classical poling (CP) and double poling (DP). Sixteen male master class cross-country ski racers performed DP and CP at similar incremental power outputs at 45 strokes/min on a modified Biokinetic swim bench variable-resistance arm ergometer. Leg VO2peak was measured during a Monark bicycle ergometer graded exercise test. Mean CP VO2peak was 34.8 +/- 9.0 ml kg-1 min-1 compared to 40.3 +/- 10.5 ml.kg-1 for DP (p < 0.05). CP and DP VO2peak was 70 +/- 3.4% and 81 +/- 3.8% respectively of the bicycle test VO2peak. DP VO2peak, and HR peak were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than for CP. CP Tvan appeared at 30.1 +/- 6.9 ml.kg-1.min-1 or 86 +/- 3.2% of CP VO2peak and DP Tvan occurred at 36.6 +/- 9.0 ml.kg-1.min-1 or 92 +/- 3.6% of DP VO2peak (p < 0.01). HR at Tvan was significantly higher for DP than for CP (< 0.05). Values for VT, fB, and VE measured at Tvan for both arm exercise modes were not significantly (p > 0.05) different. At submaximal exercise values for VO2, and HR were significantly different between the arm exercise modes. It is concluded that the mechanisms responsible for these observations may be increased active upper body muscle mass involvement for DP and that Tvan adaptations occur specifically to the exercise mode and recruited muscle groups.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Comminuted avulsion fractures of the inferior pole of the patella.

Treatment of comminuted avulsion fractures of the inferior pole of the patella is still an unsolved problem. Different methods of treatment have been introduced, some quite controversial, including immediate total patellectomy; a variety of partial patellectomies, and fixation by tension band wiring. Yet the problem of early development of arthrosis and a certain degree of limitation of motion due to the changed biomechanics, retropatellar incongruity and postoperative immobilization must still be resolved. We report two cases with comminuted avulsion fractures of the inferior pole of the patella, treated by fixation with a basket plate. The method allows for immediate postoperative mobilization of the knee joint and early weight bearing.

Aged↗

PubMed1977

[Operation for retinal detachment caused by holes in the posterior pole area, simple, long-tolerated silver span and cerclage (author's transl)].

A method for treatment of retinal detachments caused by macular holes or by holes at the posterior pole of the eye is presented. A simple silver clasp is sutured on the sclera. The silver clasp usually is well tolerated for many month and has remained on several eyes for more than 4 years, nevertheless removal of the instrument 6 months after the primary operation is advised. Lasting indentation by the clasp is provided by an additional encircling silicon band. In 10 out of 11 cases of a total or subtotal retinal detachment caused by a hole at the posterior pole, the retina could be reattached; in one case of massive pre-retinal retraction the puckering focus was successfully tamponed. The method is especially suited for the treatment of detachments in globes with posterior staphylomas.

Adult↗