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PubMed1962

Vaccination against poliomyelitis in Poland with types 1 and 3 attenuated viruses of Koprowski. 1. Virological studies of the vaccine strains and serological studies of the vaccinated population.

Mass vaccination of the juvenile population with live poliovirus vaccine was carried out in Poland in 1959 and 1960. In all, some 7 239 000 children 6 months to 14 years old were given type 1 (CHAT) virus, and nearly 6 818 500 children of the same age-group received type 3 (W-Fox) virus.A serological conversion rate (from <1:4 to >/=1:4) of 91.7% was achieved with type 1 and of 91.0% with type 3-a satisfactory demonstration of the immunogenicity of the strains used. Although type 2 virus was not administered, seroconversion with this type occurred in 65.4%. This may have been caused by antigenic elements common to the three poliovirus types, and previous vaccination with Salk vaccine may also have been a contributory factor.The authors conclude that the mass vaccination described in this paper has created a highly immune population in Poland.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Is the decrease of cardiovascular mortality in Poland associated with the reduction of global cardiovascular risk related to changes in life style?

BACKGROUND: After an ascending trend of cardiovascular mortality, which was observed up to the sixties, there was a declining tendency in western countries thereafter. The decrease in mortality rates in Poland has been noticed since 1991. There is an uncertainty whether this improvement in prognosis was only due to the improvement in health care level or was accomplished, to some extent, by population life style changes. AIM: To assess whether the decrease in cardiovascular mortality in Poland was accompanied by a simultaneous reduction in global cardiovascular risk profile. METHODS: The study was based on screened random samples from the Warsaw population aged 35-64 years, who were examined in the years 1984 (2646 subjects), 1988 (1433 subjects), 1993 (1539 subjects) and 2001 (853 subjects). The group evaluated in 1984 was followed up for 10 years with all fatal events recorded (364 deaths were registered including 166 cardiovascular deaths). The model of 10 years probability of total and cardiovascular death was developed, which was based on 11 risk factors (age, smoking cigarettes, systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, ratio of total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, symptoms of coronary heart disease or heart failure, death of mother before 65 or death of father before 55 years due to myocardial infarction or stroke, energy in daily food intake and percentage of energy derived from saturated fatty acids). This model was applied to assess the probability of deaths between years 1984 and 2001, utilising data from screenings. RESULTS: The probability of death (in %) decreased from 1984 to 2001 by 11% in men. However, it remained stable for women. On the other hand the probability of cardiovascular death decreased by 25% and 33%, respectively. The main role in global risk decrease was played by beneficial trends in mean systolic blood pressure (in both genders) and percentage of smokers in men. CONCLUSIONS: Modification of life style influencing risk factors profile decreased the probability of death in the Warsaw population, correlating with changes in mortality rates.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Investigations on the variability of four genetic serum protein markers in Poland.

198 unrelated male and female Poles from Ostrów Wielkopolski (Central Poland) and 228 unrelated male and female Kashubes from Kościerzyna (Northern Poland) have been typed for four polymorphic serum protein systems: HP, TF, GC, and PI. Phenotype and allele frequencies of all these four polymorphic systems are quite different between Poles and Kashubes. Comparisons with some other Central and East European population samples (Slovaks, Hungarians, Matyos, Gypsies) revealed a considerable genetic heterogeneity among them. Genetic distance analysis showed that Hungarians and Matyos as well as Poles and Slovaks are found in two subclusters, which are linked up to one cluster. Gypsies and especially Kashubes exhibit a distinct position from this cluster. This genetic distance pattern can be explained satisfactorily considering the ethnohistory of the population groups under study.

Blood Proteins↗
PubMed2003

[Health protection of workers occupationally exposed to effects of electromagnetic fields in Poland and in the European Union member states].

Electromagnetic fields, one of potentially harmful physical agents present in the work environment in Poland, are under a constant surveillance regulated by the law. Among others, the surveillance involves periodical measurements of electromagnetic field (EMF) intensities in the work environment and medical prophylactic examination of workers at the employers' expense. The introduction of new MAC values imposes extra responsibilities on occupational health services, resulting from the need to verify the number of workers exposed to EMF at frequency bands corresponding with protection zones, and the need to set an appropriate range of prophylactic examinations, taking account of the current body of knowledge of biological effects of EMF and their hazards to workers' health. The suggestions how to change the range and frequency of medical prophylactic examinations are presented. The differences in occupational health care between Poland and the European Union members states, as well as changes in legal regulations on occupational diseases are discussed.

Electromagnetic Fields↗
PubMed2003

[Assessment of interventions conducted in the program Southern Poland Epidemiological Survey in adults with high hypercholesterolemia].

In 1997 the Southern Poland Epidemiological Survey trial was conducted, the largest primary prevention action in Poland, which comprised 50,111 subjects. In this trial subjects with total cholesterol over 300 mg% were identified. After two years period these subjects were contacted to assess the kind and effectiveness of their action to reduce hypercholesterolemia and other CAD risk factors. The role of general practitioner was also addressed. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of primary prevention on the following parameters: intensity and frequency of risk factors occurrence, rate of individual risk of coronary heart disease in the study group and the assessment of influence of primary care physician action on risk factors reduction in the study population. 1090 persons were invited into the study. 293 (27%) of them came to the hospital for further investigation. After exclusion of patients in whom CAD was already present in 1997, a group of 263 patients was analyzed. The study group was divided in three parts: non-compliant to the primary prophylaxis recommend alians (52 pers.), performing the primary prophylaxis recommendations on their own (113 pers.), and performing the recommendations under supervision of the general practitioner (89 pers.). Blood pressure, smoking, weight reduction, physical activity improvement and lowering of the total cholesterol were analyzed. The risk of CAD in 1997 in 1999 was evaluated according to the risk score. In the group following the recommendations unders medical supervision significant CAD risk reduction, lowest CAD risk in 1999, highest ratio of smoking quitting, tendency to physical activity improvement, highest weight reduction (especially in people with visceral obesity), and the lowering of total cholesterol level were observed. In the group following the recommendations without medical supervision significant level of smoking quitting and weight reduction were observed. In this group total cholesterol level and CAD risk were unchanged. On the basis of these results following conclusions were formed: 1) Prevention action caused smoking quitting, body mass reduction, total cholesterol reduction and tendency to improved physical activity. 2) Prevention action caused only minor personal CAD risk reduction. 3) General practitioner activity lowered CAD incidence risk. 4) Education of people at risk, general practitioners and the entire population on avoiding coronary artery disease is necessary.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[The role of radiophotography in tuberculosis control programs in Poland].

The role of mass radiophotography in Poland in the years 1985-1898 is presented basing on routine data from Antituberculous Centers and Radiophotographic Units. Mass radiophotography detects approximately 30% of new registered pulmonary tuberculosis cases. In the analysed period the number of radiophotographic examinations systematically fell. Also the percentage of the population that was screened using this method decreased, as well as, although to a lesser state, the percentage of new detected cases of pulmonary tuberculosis. A significant decrease in usage of mass radiophotography equipment was also seen. The economical cost of such examination increased. The role and place of mass radiophotography in tuberculosis control programs in Poland is discussed by the authors. It seems that first contact physicians will have the most pronounced role in early diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Also more emphasis should be placed on bacteriological diagnosis of tuberculosis.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Children's cancer registration in Poland].

Yearly, 1300-1400 children fall ill with cancer in Poland. New child cancer cases are registered by two independent registration systems: general National Cancer Register (NCR) in Warsaw and one established in Lublin, concerning only children 0-17 years old. The NCR existing for 50 years, gathers epidemiological data and is functioning very well. Nevertheless, some updates concerning technological platform, norms and standards could be postulated. The Lublin Children's Register has been established only a few years ago. It gathers extended clinical data, unfortunately not fully formalized, but using ICD-O classification. Modern children's cancer register in Poland should evolve from both existing registration systems fulfilling expectations of epidemiologists and physicians.

Child↗
PubMed2003

[Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) injectable contraception--safe, effective but neglected method of family planning in Poland].

As it is known from demographical prognosis for Poland, in the nearest years significant increase of the number of women in the childbearing age is expected (reflecting high, postwar, demographical wave). In spite of that, the prognosis of the number of live births is low, and does not exceed 450 thousands. The reason for this phenomenon is the change of life style among young people. They postpone delivery of the first baby, and use modern contraceptives. It is also expected that the number of women using modern contraceptives (especially combined oral contraceptives: estrogen + progestin) should significantly rise. It is well known, that with the age of a woman, there is an increasing number of contraindications for the estrogen use. It is the sufficient reason to think about alternate methods of contraception. DMPA (DEPO-PROVERA-150) is the very effective and safe method of family planning. It is used in many countries all over the world, since the sixties, but it is almost unknown in Poland. The use of DMPA is not reserved only for special cases. After many years of experience, it is possible to select the best candidates for this injectable contraception (patients with contraindications for estrogens, lactating women, smokers--especially over 35 years of age etc). DMPA appears to be acceptable method of fertility regulation. Clinical evidence after more than 30 years of use shows no additional adverse effects and possibly fewer than in the case of other hormonal methods of contraception. The particular advantages of DMPA, as a highly effective, long-lasting and reversible contraceptive, make it important option for Polish women, desiring a modern method of fertility regulation.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Assessment of nutritional status of prepubertal students in Southeast Poland].

The aim of the investigation was to estimate the prevalence of malnutrition, overweight and obesity in prepubertal schoolchildren from Southeast Poland and to obtain information on obesity risk factors in children. A representative national sample of 480 school children (252 girls and 228 boys) between 8-9 years old was selected from 23 schools from Southeast Poland. Examinations included anthropometric measurements (weight and height) and questionnaires covering familial, socioeconomic and psychosocial factors. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and used as an indicator of overweight. As a statistical method a cross-sectional, three-stage, probability-proportionate-to-size cluster sampling method was used. The prevalence of malnutrition was: 8%, the prevalence of overweight: 6.7% and of obesity 1.9%. A statistical significance between parenteral obesity and obesity of their offspring was found. The mothers obesity represented a higher risk of the condition for girls (p = 0.001), and obesity in fathers represented a higher risk for boys (p = 0.016) than girls. We found the association between obesity in children and physical activity (odds ratio: 2.55; 95% CI: 1.12 5.8). A greater number of obese children skip breakfast as compared with other children (p = 0.058).

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed2002

[Aging of the Polish population and its effect on the health care system in Poland].

The aim of the paper is presentation of the issue of increase in number of older population and the influence of this phenomenon on functioning of health service in Poland. The material comprised statistical data concerning age structure of the Polish population and demographic prognoses for the next decades, elaborated by the Main Statistical Office (GUS). The percentage of children and adolescents will decrease according to prognosis from 28% in 2000 to about 21% in 2030. The population of adults at the age from 20 to 44 years, will diminish by about 3 million and its percentage will decrease to about 29%. Population at the age of 45-65 will reach this level. The highest rise in number and percentage will concern the population over 65 years of age. The extension of the length of life in Poland will be maintained. The life expectancy for women will be 84.3 years, and 78.0 years for men in 2050. Due to this fact in 2030 every fourth women in our society will reach 65 years of age. On the basis of these prognoses it is indispensable to plan restructuring of hospitals in order to increase the number of geriatric, nursing and day-care wards. The increase in number of the elderly citizens will impose changes in structure of employment in order to secure appropriate medical and nursing staff adequately trained for treatment and care of this age group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Prospective health care workers' opinions of effectiveness of anti-tobacco policy in Poland].

Limitation of tobacco use in Poland is one of the goals of state health policy. The effectiveness of anti-nicotine policy is influenced not only by law, but the way it is how introduced and obeyed, too. The aim of the paper is to present of opinions of future health service workers on effectiveness of anti-nicotine law that has been passed in Poland. Two-hundred and ninety-seven students of the Medical University of Lublin participated in the study--145 of the Medical Faculty and 152 of the Nursing Faculty. Standardized interview method using interview questionnaire was applied. Among the analysed students 24% were smokers, 16%--former smokers and 60%--non-smokers. As much as 87% believed that information on harmful effects of tobacco smoking included on cigarette packets had no influence on tobacco smoking habit. At the same time 44% postulates complete prohibition of advertising tobacco products, 32%--considerable limitation, while according to 24% such advertisements do not encourage to take up smoking. According to 32% of the respondents anti-nicotine campaign in media are unconvincing, and in the opinion of 24% there are too few spots on the existing campaigns. The ban of selling tobacco to juveniles is judged effective only by 2% of the students. The improvement in its effectiveness may be due to checking the age of buyers of cigarettes according to 57%, and due to introduction of license for selling cigarettes--30%. Medical faculties students believe that the anti-tobacco policy is ineffective, mainly because the laws are not obeyed, and there are too few actions promoting lifestyle without a cigarette.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Management and treatment of HIV infected pregnant women in Poland.

Currently, in Poland the number of women infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is still increasing. The majority of them are in the reproductive age. It is well known that mother-to-child transmission of HIV can occur during pregnancy, delivery and postnatally through breastfeeding. The risk of transmission is related to maternal health, obstetric factors and infant prematurity. The management of pregnant women infected with HIV in Poland involves: recognizing HIV infection early by promoting HIV testing of all pregnant women; minimizing the risk of vertical transmission of HIV by using maternal antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy and labour, followed by six weeks of neonatal zidovudine therapy and performing elective caesarean section. Adequate care requires also specialized laboratory monitoring and appropriate psychological and social support. Some modifications of standards in routine care of pregnant HIV seropositive women are necessary. For HIV infected women more attention to pre-conception counselling should also be paid.

Anti-HIV Agents↗
PubMed2003

[Legionellosis in Poland in 2001-2002 and epidemiological situation in Europe].

Legionnaires' disease is an infectious disease under the internationally approved surveillance agreed by members of European Working Group on Legionella Infections EWGLI. Data over 12,000 cases of legionnaires' disease from 28 countries are included in European data set for years 1993-2000. The overall incidence rate for Europe in 2000 was evaluated as 5,4 cases per million population. The cases was registered as community-acquired, nosocomial or travel often foreign travel associated. Most 2,799 (70.7%) of the cases in 1999-2001 were confirmed by detection of Legionella antigens in urine of patients or by serological findings 205 (18.1%); in them seroconversion was found in 9.5% and high titer in single serum specimen in 8.6% of cases. Culture proven were only 109 (9.6%) cases, and 1.6% of cases by other methods, PCR included. In Poland in 1997 the laboratory examination of samples for diagnosis of Legionella infections started in National Institute of Hygiene. In 2001-2002 the 290 samples were examined. Five cases were laboratory confirmed, but the results of 16 specimen examined was only presumptive positive and for 8 samples equivocal. In comparison with other european countries the number of examined samples is still much to small to find legionnaires' disease cases. The minimum 220 cases by year may be expected in Poland. To find such number the examination of antigenuria should be performed in patients with pneumonia hospitalised in intensive care units because of acute respiratory insufficiency.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Epidemiology of occupational noise-induced hearing loss (ONIHL) in Poland.

Noise-induced hearing loss is a major health risk worldwide. In Europe about 35 million people are exposed to detrimental noise levels (> 85 dB-A) in industrial plants, and occupational deafness is a leading occupational compensible disease in the all countries; it is an insidious slow process that develops over a period of approximately 10 to 20 years. Accordingly to the latest estimations, more than 650,000 workers (of a total 5 million employed in industry) are put at risk in Poland. Despite progress in engineering approaches for reducing noise in the work environment and in improving hearing conservation programs (both the technical and medical) the ONIHL still remains a common and costly disability. The aim of this study is presentation of the most recent data on the incidence of ONIHL in Poland in the years 1992-2002 considered to be a base for implementing the effective prophylactic activities. The analysed data were derived from the central state register which collects all cases of occupational diseases recognized in the country. The highest incidence was found in such key industrial branches as coal mining, iron and steel, metallurgical and transport equipment; majority of cases were observed in southern and western provinces, mainly in the Silesian district, known from the significant concentration of noisy enterprises. The most affected were those workers aged 50-59 years and exposed to noise for over 20 years. More than 30 new cases of ONIHL were identified in the years 1992-1998 annually per 100,000 employees, and with beginning 1999 the rate was significantly decreased to 10 cases in 2002. One may presume that it results from the set up of national program of hearing preservation introduced in 1999 with obligatory pre-employment and follow-up pure-tone audiometry, as well as with hearing screening by means of the otoacoustic emissions.

Catchment Area, Health↗
PubMed2003

[Biological activity of lipopolysaccharides from clinical Bacteroides fragilis strains isolated in Poland determined in reaction with limulus amoebocyte lysate].

The aim of this study was to determine a biological activity of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from clinical Bacterioides fragilis strains isolated in Poland by means of quantitative, photometric BET (LAL) method with Limulus polyphemus amoebocyte lysate and chromogenic substrate S-2423. Lipopolysaccharides were extracted from nine clinical B. fragilis strains by the procedure of Westphal and Jann (1965). Crude LPS preparations were purified with ultracentrifugation. Biological activities of bacterial endotoxins were determined by quantitative BET method with chromogenic substrate S-2423 (ENDOCHROME kit). Tests were performed according to the recommendations of the producer (Charles River Endosafe Ltd., USA). E. coli O55:B5 LPS and LPS preparations from reference B. fragilis strains were applied to compare the results of examinations. Activities of endotoxins from clinical B. fragilis strains isolated in Poland determined in reaction with Limulus amoebocyte lysate were differentiated. Among endotoxins of clinical B. fragilis strains the most active was the preparation from strain cultured in the case of pancreatic ulcer (B. fragilis 80/81 LPS). Lipopolysaccharides of examined B. fragilis strains were less active in BET test than E. coli O55:B5 LPS.

Bacteroides fragilis↗
PubMed2004

[Occupational exposure to chemical carcinogens in Poland, 2001].

This paper discusses occupational exposure to chemical carcinogens in Poland in 2001 based on data obtained from the Central Register of Carcinogen Agents (CRCA). The data on 3017 enterprises, in which employees were exposed to chemical carcinogens (chemicals, mixtures and technological processes involving carcinogenic agents) were collected by CRCA in 2001. More than 10,000 workers were exposed to crystalline silica. Diesel engine exhausts, formaldehyde and benzo[a]pyrene. The majority of exposed workers were in three southwestern regions (voivodships) of Poland: Slaskie, Doinoslaskie and Malopolskie.

Carcinogens, Environmental↗
PubMed2004

A case of ductal carcinoma in situ of breast with Poland syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: A 51-year-old woman was diagnosed with a rare case of multi-focal ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast associated with Poland syndrome. CLINICAL PICTURE: Physical examination showed mild hypoplasia of the left breast with microcalcifications on mammogram. Intraoperatively, there was complete absence of the pectoralis major, which precluded the insertion of a breast implant. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: She underwent a skin-sparing mastectomy and autologous microsurgical free flap reconstruction with deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap. Postoperative recovery was uneventful with no evidence of recurrence at 6 months. CONCLUSION: This is the first reported case of DCIS of the breast with Poland syndrome. We performed a skin-sparing mastectomy with immediate DIEP flap recontruction. Patient recovered well postoperatively with no evidence of recurrence at 6 months.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2004

Breast cancer in a patient with Poland's syndrome.

Poland's syndrome is a congenital anomaly that occurs in 1 of every 32,000 live births. Only two published cases of breast cancer in patients with this congenital anomaly have been previously reported. We describe a case of breast cancer in a 71 year-old female with a clinical diagnosis of Poland's syndrome. A detailed description of the clinical manifestations is provided.

Aged↗