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At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Sport-related concussion: factors associated with prolonged return to play.

OBJECTIVE: To assess predictive value of concussion signs and symptoms based on return-to-play timelines. DESIGN: Physician practice study without diagnosis that includes presentation, initial and subsequent treatment, and management of concussion. SETTING: National multisite primary care sports medicine provider locations. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-two providers at 18 sites; 101 athletes (91 men, 10 women in the following sports: 73 football, 8 basketball, 8 soccer, 3 wrestling, 2 lacrosse, 2 skiing, 5 others; 51 college, 44 high school, 4 professional, and 2 recreational). MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Duration of symptoms, presence of clinical signs, and time to return to play following concussion. RESULTS: One hundred one concussions were analyzed. Pearson chi2 analysis of common early and late concussion symptoms revealed statistical significance (P < 0.05) of headache >3 hours, difficulty concentrating >3 hours, any retrograde amnesia or loss of consciousness, and return to play >7 days. There appeared to be a trend in patients with posttraumatic amnesia toward poor outcome, but this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: When evaluating concussion, symptoms of headache >3 hours, difficulty concentrating >3 hours, retrograde amnesia, or loss of consciousness may indicate a more severe injury or prolonged recovery; great caution should be exercised before returning these athletes to play.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Effect of wind instrument playing on intraocular pressure.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of wind instrument playing on intraocular pressure. METHODS: In a prospective, nonrandomized clinical trial, 24 eyes of 24 wind instrument players with no history of any ocular or systemic disease were evaluated. The musicians were members of Bilkent Academic Symphony Orchestra of Bilkent University in Ankara. A complete eye examination, including best-corrected visual acuity, slit-lamp examination, and fundus examination, was performed. The intraocular pressure was measured before and after a 90-minute rehearsal of a piece by Wagner. All intraocular pressure measurements were carried out by the same researcher using Goldmann applanation tonometry. The difference in intraocular pressure measurements before and after the 90-minute wind instrument-playing performance was analyzed. RESULTS: The mean intraocular pressure was 13.79 +/- 1.93 mm Hg before and 15.12 +/- 2.44 mm Hg after the performance. Wind instrument playing significantly increased the mean intraocular pressure by 9.6% (P = 0.0149). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that wind instrument playing may significantly increase intraocular pressure in healthy patients. The significance of this finding for patients with suspected normal-tension or high-tension glaucoma needs further evaluation.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

A review of spine injuries and return to play.

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature for evidence that pertains to return to play and spine injuries, including cervical spinal stenosis, congenital and developmental abnormalities of the cervical spine, stingers, herniated nucleus pulposus, and spondylolysis/spondylolisthesis. DATA SOURCES: Electronic databases, Pubmed (1966-2005) and Sport Discus (1975-2005), were searched for pertinent literature. Also, additional articles were reviewed from bibliographies. DATA SYNTHESIS/METHODS: Summation of literature is given. No formal statistical analysis is presented. RESULTS: Even though the problems addressed in this paper can be serious, the literature is lacking evidence for guidance in return to play. The majority of the literature presented is expert opinion. CONCLUSIONS: Cervical spinal stenosis continues to be controversial, with different experts giving different definitions and return to play recommendations. Authors discuss functional cervical spinal stenosis seen on MRI and how this can lead to permanent sequelae. In regard to stingers, herniated nucleus pulposus, and spondylolysis/spondylolisthesis, there are differing opinions on evaluation and treatment. These conditions have less disagreement with regard to return to play. Most experts agree that with these problems or any other problem in sports medicine, an athlete needs to be symptom-free and have full active range of motion with near to full strength, even though there is a lack of research evidence in the literature.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed2003

Relationships of equipment use and play positions to motor development at eight months corrected age of infants born preterm.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between both use of infant equipment and play positions and motor development of infants born preterm who were classified as high risk. Subjects were 60 parent-infant dyads attending a developmental follow-up clinic. METHODS: Parents reported the duration of infant equipment use and the predominant positions in which their infants played in the previous month. Infants were assessed using the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS). RESULTS: Equipment use was not related to motor development; however, the duration of carrying was negatively related to the sit subscale of the AIMS (r = -0.31, p < 0.05). As a group, the infants in this sample spent more time in the relatively less active play positions of sitting and supine than in the positions of prone and standing. CONCLUSIONS: Therapists should consider the use of equipment and specific play positions to enhance motor development of infants born preterm and work with parents to promote an understanding of the importance of providing their infants with opportunities to develop early motor competencies.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Self-organization in a simple model of adaptive agents playing 2 x 2 games with arbitrary payoff matrices.

We analyze, both analytically and numerically, the self-organization of a system of "selfish" adaptive agents playing an arbitrary iterated pairwise game (defined by a 2 x 2 payoff matrix). Examples of possible games to play are the prisoner's dilemma (PD) game, the chicken game, the hero game, etc. The agents have no memory, use strategies not based on direct reciprocity nor "tags" and are chosen at random, i.e., geographical vicinity is neglected. They can play two possible strategies: cooperate (C) or defect (D). The players measure their success by comparing their utilities with an estimate for the expected benefits and update their strategy following a simple rule. Two versions of the model are studied: (1) the deterministic version (the agents are either in definite states C or D) and (2) the stochastic version (the agents have a probability c of playing C). Using a general master equation we compute the equilibrium states into which the system self-organizes, characterized by their average probability of cooperation c(eq). Depending on the payoff matrix, we show that c(eq) can take five different values. We also consider the mixing of agents using two different payoff matrices and show that any value of c(eq) can be reached by tuning the proportions of agents using each payoff matrix. In particular, this can be used as a way to simulate the effect of a fraction d of "antisocial" individuals--incapable of realizing any value to cooperation--on the cooperative regime hold by a population of neutral or "normal" agents.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

A comparison of the autonomic arousal of frequent, infrequent and non-gamblers while playing fruit machines.

AIMS: The purpose of the present study was to examine differences between frequent, infrequent and non-gamblers in autonomic arousal, as indexed by heart rate, while playing a fruit machine and controlling for the confounding effect of movement. DESIGN: The experiment employed a between-subjects design, with a total of three groups being investigated-two experimental groups (frequent and infrequent gamblers) and a control group (non-gamblers). SETTING: To enhance ecological validity the study took place within an actual gambling setting, in Glasgow city centre. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 63 participants, 21 for each of the three groups, who were matched for age and gender, took part in the study. MEASUREMENTS: In terms of autonomic arousal, measurements were taken using a Pulse Oximeter (Pulsox-3I-Minolta Company Limited Milton Keynes, UK). In addition, a questionnaire was employed to measure levels of gambling severity (SOGS). FINDINGS: Frequent gamblers were found to have significantly higher levels of autonomic arousal than infrequent and non-gamblers, with the frequent gamblers arousal levels continuing to rise after play, unlike the other two groups. Interestingly, novel findings to arise from this research involved the fact that the specialist play characteristics of the fruit machine, such as bonuses, nudges and features, were found to be as arousing as wins. CONCLUSIONS: The main hypothesis was supported, suggesting that arousal is indeed a key factor in fruit machine gambling. The research has value, as few studies have examined specifically the differences between frequent, infrequent and non-gamblers, and no studies have investigated the arousal associated with the actual dynamics of fruit machine play (i.e. bonuses, nudges, features, wins). The arousal associated with modern British fruit machines suggests a high potential for addiction.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Play-Doh and water-soaked gauze sponges as alternative bolus material for cobalt-60 teletherapy.

A study was performed to determine if carefully made boluses of either Play-Doh, or water-soaked cotton gauze sponges differed from the commercial bolus material, Superflab, in producing maximum radiation dose when irradiated with cobalt-60 photons. The radiation doses were measured with thermoluminescent dosimeters calibrated to be accurate for cobalt-60 photon energies at doses less than 10.0 cGy. The resulting radiation doses were similar when using Play-Doh, water-soaked sponges, or Superlab. Doses resulting from Play-Doh boluses more consistently approximated those of Superflab. The results of this study suggest that either Play-Doh or water-soaked cotton gauze sponges can suffice as material for carefully made bolus for cobalt-60 teletherapy.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Impact of Promoting Lifestyle Activity for Youth (PLAY) on children's physical activity.

This study examined effects of a school-based intervention called PLAY (Promoting Lifestyle Activity for Youth) on physical activity levels and body mass index (BMI) of students. Participants included 606 fourth-grade students selected from a stratified sample of 35 schools in Arizona and placed into four groups: PLAY & PE, PLAY Only, PE Only, and No Treatment. A treatment-control, post-measurement design assessed physical activity using the YAMAX pedometer, and height and weight data were collected following the intervention. One-way ANOVAs were used to analyze the data. Results indicated the treatment was effective at increasing the physical activity level of children, especially girls. No significant differences between groups were found for BMI. Programs such as PLAY, which can increase the activity level of children, may have significant health implications for youth.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Two class A high-molecular-weight penicillin-binding proteins of Bacillus subtilis play redundant roles in sporulation.

The four class A penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) of Bacillus subtilis appear to play functionally redundant roles in polymerizing the peptidoglycan (PG) strands of the vegetative-cell and spore walls. The ywhE product was shown to bind penicillin, so the gene and gene product were renamed pbpG and PBP2d, respectively. Construction of mutant strains lacking multiple class A PBPs revealed that, while PBP2d plays no obvious role in vegetative-wall synthesis, it does play a role in spore PG synthesis. A pbpG null mutant produced spore PG structurally similar to that of the wild type; however, electron microscopy revealed that in a significant number of these spores the PG did not completely surround the spore core. In a pbpF pbpG double mutant this spore PG defect was apparent in every spore produced, indicating that these two gene products play partially redundant roles. A normal amount of spore PG was produced in the double mutant, but it was frequently produced in large masses on either side of the forespore. The double-mutant spore PG had structural alterations indicative of improper cortex PG synthesis, including twofold decreases in production of muramic delta-lactam and L-alanine side chains and a slight increase in cross-linking. Sporulation gene expression in the pbpF pbpG double mutant was normal, but the double-mutant spores failed to reach dormancy and subsequently degraded their spore PG. We suggest that these two forespore-synthesized PBPs are required for synthesis of the spore germ cell wall, the first layer of spore PG synthesized on the surface of the inner forespore membrane, and that in the absence of the germ cell wall the cells lack a template needed for proper synthesis of the spore cortex, the outer layers of spore PG, by proteins on the outer forespore membrane.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Injury rates in rugby league football: impact of change in playing season.

BACKGROUND: In 1996, the professional rugby league moved its playing season from the autumn and winter months to the spring and summer. PURPOSE: To determine whether the change in playing season altered the risk of player injury. STUDY DESIGN: Prospectively collected data comparing two cohorts. METHODS: Injuries incurred by all players in one club during match play were recorded over 9 seasons: 4 winter (138 games) and 5 summer (144 games). Each injury was classified according to site, type, player position, activity at the time of injury, and number of games missed as a result of injury. RESULTS: The total exposure time during this study was 4876 player-hours (winter, 2386, summer, 2490). The relative risk of injury doubled after the move from winter to summer. Winter rugby accounted for 72 injuries, and summer rugby, for 150 injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Risk of injury to players in a professional rugby league club greatly increased as a result of changing the playing calendar, possibly as a result of environmental factors. However, other factors, such as increased conditioning levels, which have been a direct consequence of players moving to full-time professionalism, may have increased injury potential.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Selective play: choosing partners in an uncertain world.

The theoretical implications of introducing the "selective play " paradigm to experimental gaming research are discussed. In the traditional "forced play" environment, players are locked in a particular relationship and do not have options of leaving the current relationship and joining another. In the selective play environment players are given the options of leaving the current relationship and forming a new relationship. A previous computer tournament of prisoner's dilemma network (Hayashi, 1993) showed that out-for-tat (OFT) strategy performed very well in the selective play environment. OFT keeps cooperating with a partner until the partner defects; it deserts the partner and turns to someone else as soon as the partner defects. Results of a new computer tournament that introduced opportunity costs, however, point to the limits of the OFT'S strength. OFT prematurely forms a commitment relationship with a cooperative partner and fails to utilize better opportunities. The best performer in the second tournament was the only one who was "trustful" and had a positive bias in calculating the expected payoff of interactions with a "stranger."

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

DNA-dependent protein kinase does not play a role in adaptive survival responses to ionizing radiation.

We previously demonstrated that exposure of certain human tumor cells to very low chronic doses of ionizing radiation led to their enhanced survival following exposure to subsequent high doses of radiation. Survival enhancement due to these adaptive survival responses (ASRs) ranged from 1.5-fold to 2.2-fold in many human tumor cells. Furthermore, we showed that ASRs result from altered G1 checkpoint regulation, possibly mediated by overexpression of cyclin D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and the X-ray induction of cyclin A. Because cyclin D1 and PCNA proteins are components of many DNA synthetic and repair processes in the cell, we tested the hypothesis that preexposure of cells to low doses of ionizing radiation enabled activation of the DNA repair machinery needed for survival recovery after high-dose radiation. We examined the role of DNA break repair in ASRs using murine cells deficient (i.e., severe combined immunodeficiency [SCID] cells) or proficient (i.e., parental mouse strain [CB-17] cells) in DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) expression and DNA double-strand break repair, DNA-PKcs is a nuclear serine/threonine protein kinase that is activated by DNA breaks and plays a key role in double-strand break repair. DNA-PKcs also phosphorylates several nuclear DNA-binding regulatory transcription factor proteins (e.g., Sp1 and p53), which suggests that DNA-PKcs may play a role in regulating transcription, replication, and recombination as well as DNA repair, after radiation. Therefore, we exposed confluent SCID or CB-17 cells to low priming doses of ionizing radiation (i.e., 5 cGy) and compared the survival responses of primed cells to those of unprimed cells after an equitoxic high-dose challenge. Low-dose-primed SCID or CB-17 cells demonstrated 2-fold enhanced survival after a high-dose challenge compared to that of unprimed control cells. These data suggest that expression of the catalytic subunit of DNA-PKcs (expressed in CB-17 not SCID cells) and the presence of active double-strand break repair processes (active in CB-17, deficient in SCID cells) do not play a major role in ASRs in mammalian cells. Furthermore, we present data that suggest that DNA-PKcs plays a role in the regulation of the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint following extremely high doses of ionizing radiation.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2004

Caenorhabditis elegans WASP and Ena/VASP proteins play compensatory roles in morphogenesis and neuronal cell migration.

We report here that WASP and Ena/VASP family proteins play overlapping roles in C. elegans morphogenesis and neuronal cell migration. Specifically, these studies demonstrate that UNC-34/Ena plays a role in morphogenesis that is revealed only in the absence of WSP-1 function and that WSP-1 has a role in neuronal cell migration that is revealed only in the absence of UNC-34/Ena activity. To identify additional genes that act in parallel to unc-34/ena during morphogenesis, we performed a screen for synthetic lethals in an unc-34 null mutant background utilizing an RNAi feeding approach. To our knowledge, this is the first reported RNAi-based screen for genetic interactors. As a result of this screen, we identified a second C. elegans WASP family protein, wve-1, that is most homologous to SCAR/WAVE proteins. Animals with impaired wve-1 function display defects in gastrulation, fail to undergo proper morphogenesis, and exhibit defects in neuronal cell migrations and axon outgrowth. Reducing wve-1 levels in either unc-34/ena or wsp-1 mutant backgrounds also leads to a significant enhancement of the gastrulation and morphogenesis defects. Thus, unc-34/ena, wsp-1, and wve-1 play overlapping roles during embryogenesis and unc-34/ena and wsp-1 play overlapping roles in neuronal cell migration. These observations show that WASP and Ena/VASP proteins can compensate for each other in vivo and provide the first demonstration of a role for Ena/VASP proteins in gastrulation and morphogenesis. In addition, our results provide the first example of an in vivo role for WASP family proteins in neuronal cell migrations and cytokinesis in metazoans.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

A behavioral approach to coaching football: improving the play execution of the offensive backfield on a youth football team.

Because of the emphasis on winning, the difficulties involved in assessing performance, and the lack of frequent and contingent reinforcement, a behavioral approach to coaching football was used. The players, all nine- or ten-year-old males, were members of an offensive backfield on a Pop Warner football team. Three frequently-run offensive plays were broken down into a series of five behaviorally defined stages, permitting construction of checklists suitable for observing the players during both game and scrimmage sessions. The intervention consisted of the presentation and explanation of the appropriate checklist, and frequent contingent reinforcement in the form of feedback and recognition for instances of desired play execution. Performance gains averaging 20% occurred for each of the three plays after, and not before, the staggered introduction of each intervention. The results suggest that behavioral specification and positive reinforcement of desired play execution is a viable approach to the coaching of football.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Playing God? Moral agency in an emerging world.

Arguments against intervening in nature's ways have been used against many new technologies in the last century. Many of these arguments have employed the metaphor of "playing God." In this essay I briefly review the use of the term "playing God" in recent decades. I then examine the cosmology that lies implicit in this language. My thesis is that the language of "playing God" (or not) overlooks the dynamic, evolutionary nature of world process--the role played by the interdeterminacy of statistical probabilities. I review the notion of "emergent probability" (Lonergan) in order, in the end, to advocate an ethic of risk that both recognizes the dangers of hubris and includes an open and emergent view of creation.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed2006

Play Across Boston: a community initiative to reduce disparities in access to after-school physical activity programs for inner-city youths.

BACKGROUND: In 1999, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) funded Play Across Boston to address disparities in access to physical activity facilities and programs for Boston, Mass, inner-city youths. CONTEXT: Local stakeholders worked with the Harvard School of Public Health Prevention Research Center and Northeastern University's Center for the Study of Sport in Society to improve opportunities for youth physical activity through censuses of facilities and programs and dissemination of results. METHODS: Play Across Boston staff conducted a facility census among 230 public recreational complexes and a program census of 86% of 274 physical activity programs for Boston inner-city youths aged 5 to 18 years during nonschool hours for the 1999 to 2000 school year and summer of 2000. Comparison data were collected from three suburban communities: one low income, one medium income, and one high income. CONSEQUENCES: Although Boston has a substantial sports and recreational infrastructure, the ratio of youths to facilities in inner-city Boston was twice the ratio found in the medium- and high-income suburban comparison communities. The low-income suburban comparison community had the highest number of youths per recreational facility with 137 youths per facility, followed by Boston with 117 youths per facility. The ratio of youths to facilities differed among Boston neighborhoods. Boston youths participated less in school-year physical activities than youths in medium- and high-income communities, and less advantaged Boston neighborhoods had lower levels of participation than more advantaged Boston neighborhoods. Girls participated less than boys. INTERPRETATION: Play Across Boston successfully developed and implemented a rigorous needs assessment with local relevance and important implications for public health research on physical activity and the environment. Boston Mayor Thomas M. Menino called the Play Across Boston report a "playbook" for future sports and recreation planning by the city of Boston and its community partners.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Video-endoscopic findings in playing various wind instruments].

The function of the larynx and tongue of 15 subjects playing different wind instruments was examined. Whichever instrument was played, no variations of the vocal cord positions were found. A sustained note produced by the singing voice, or by playing an instrument, or by singing synchronously was observed by stroposcopy. Laryngeal functions did not change between these three types of use of the larynx. Vibrato was indirectly produced by the vocal cords. Laryngeal disorders influence the playing of wind instruments and the use of the singing voice.

Diaphragm↗
PubMed1975

Torques developed by different types of shoes on various playing surfaces.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of shoe type, playing surface, weight supported and stance position upon the torques developed at the shoe-turf interface. The study was predicated upon the assumption that many knee injuries are torque-related and due to foot fixation, either by rigid cleating or by excessive traction between the shoe and playing surface. A laboratory apparatus was designed to measure the torque developed by various shoe-surface combinations. Under investigation were 11 shoe types, three artificial surfaces and natural grass, two player weights, and two player foot-stance positions. Torque data were gathered using impact loading, with an impact energy that is probably often experienced under competitive playing conditions. Resulting data indexed the shoes according to the mean torques developed on each of the playing surfaces, and comparisons of torque data with field studies by other researchers suggested which shoe-surface combinations might be the most potentially hazardous.

Ankle Injuries↗