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PubMed1987

Pulmonary function abnormalities in intentional spray paint inhalation.

To investigate the effects of intentional hydrocarbon inhalation on lung function, a preliminary study involving ten spray paint abusers was conducted. Mean duration of the inhalation was 34.9 months; mean frequency was 3.2 times per week. Pulmonary function testing (PFT) consisted of flow studies, lung volumes, single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (Dsb), airway resistance and airway conductance. An exercise provocation was followed by repetition of the PFT, except for Dsb. Our results revealed an obstructive ventilatory pattern in 90 percent of the subjects. In seven patients, there was a significant increase of airway resistance prior to exercise. In five of the ten patients, exercise provocation produced an increase in residual volume. Five of six subjects receiving a trial of a bronchodilator had significant improvement of obstruction. These findings suggest that intentional inhalation of spray paint may produce abnormalities in pulmonary function. These abnormalities may improve after use of a bronchodilator.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Analysis of toxic gas produced by heating tar epoxy resin paint to assess work atmosphere.

Two male workers were acutely intoxicated with gas produced by heating tar epoxy resin paint, and developed peripheral neuropathy. To assess the work atmosphere, we analyzed the degradation products by GC-MS. The major toxic products emitted by heating tar epoxy resin were hydrogen cyanide, phenol, and benzene, as well as naphthalene. From 1 m2 of the surface of steel plates painted with tar epoxy resin, 2.4 g of hydrogen cyanide, 9.6 g of benzene, and 1.2 g of nephthalene were produced by heating at 1000 degrees C, At 700 degrees C, the amounts of phenol and p-isopropylphenol produced were 3.7 g and 0.57 g, respectively. Based on these results and the area of steel surface burned, the concentration of hydrogen cyanide, benzene, and phenol in the atmosphere of work environment was estimated to be 16, 64 and 24 mg/m3, respectively. Some of the symptoms of the workers including peripheral neuropathy might be related to the sole or cooperative action of the foregoing toxic chemicals mentioned above.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Health and environmental outcomes of traditional and modified practices for abatement of residential lead-based paint.

We evaluated traditional and modified practices for abating lead-based paint in homes of children with blood-lead concentrations (PbB) greater than 1.4 mumol/L (greater than 29 micrograms/dl). Traditional abatement resulted in acute increases in: 1) lead contaminated house dust (generally 3 to 6-fold over pre-abatement levels, but at abated sites typically 10 to 100-fold); and 2) the PbBs of nearly half of the occupant children. Modified practices represented modest short-term improvement compared to traditional practices but were also inadequate. By six months, it was clear that neither form of abatement resulted in long-term reductions of PbB or house dust lead levels, leaving children at continued risk of excessive exposure to lead and permanent adverse neurobehavioral effects. Windows were found to be high sources of lead contaminated house dust. Recommendations are made for improved abatement practices including more complete abatement of window units and more effective clean-up to remove lead-bearing dust. Thirteen million US children live in lead-painted dwellings. Research is needed to identify abatement strategies that will be practical and well suited to the current understanding of low-level lead toxicity.

Child↗

PubMed2003

Generation of chromosome paints: approach for increasing specificity and intensity of signals.

Chromosome painting is a widely used technique, and the two principal means of generating probes for such experiments involve DNA isolation by chromosome flow sorting and by chromosome microdissection. Frequently, chromosome paints are bright and specific; however, on occasion, signals can be weak and nonspecific, particularly for microdissected probes. Reasons for this have been attributed to co-amplification of non-target DNA and the formation of primer concatamers during degenerate oligonucleotide primed (DOP)-PCR. Here we describe a technique of circumventing this problem by sequence enrichment. It involves co-hybridization of DOP-PCR biotinylated microdissected material and linkered genomic DNA. Biotinylated DNA fragments captured on streptavidin-coated paramagnetic beads are eluted and amplified by PCR using a single primer complementary to the linker arm.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Visual preferences of Mexican preschool children for abstract and realistic paintings.

51 Mexican children ages 3 and 4 years were asked to express preferences for 9 abstract and 9 realistic paintings on two separate occasions. Consistently, the children showed no clear preferences for abstract or realistic paintings and their choices remained stable. Implications for educational and cultural environments as well as children's literature are discussed.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed2002

The "style scheme" grounds perception of paintings.

We studied the formation of style scheme (identification of the style that characterizes an artist) presenting 100 participants aesthetic visual stimuli. Participants were Spanish university students who volunteered: 72 women, 28 men of mean age 22.8 yr. Among those 50 were enrolled in History of Art and 50 students in Psychology. Stimuli belonged to different categories--High Art (pictures of well-known artists, like Van Gogh)/Popular Art (decorative pictures like Christmas postcards) and Representational (pictures with explicit meaning content, like a landscape)/Abstract (pictures without explicit meaning content, like Pollock's colored stains). Analysis using Signal Detection Theory techniques focused on how participants discriminate representational and abstract pictures. With High Art stimuli, participants can better discriminate representational paintings than abstract ones. However, the difference in discrimination between representational and abstract pictures diminishes among participants studying History of Art. It seems that prior education in art favors forming style schemes and to some extent enables the participant to detect the "meaning" in High Art abstract paintings.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Estrus detection using radiotelemetry or visual observation and tail painting for dairy cows on pasture.

The efficiency and accuracy of estrus detection using HeatWatch (DDx Inc., Denver, CO) or visual observation were compared in an autumn-calving Friesian herd (n = 48 per group) and a spring-calving Jersey herd (n = 50 per group) grazing on pasture. Cows in the group monitored by the HeatWatch system were fitted with a pressure-sensitive transmitter that signaled mounting activities associated with estrus. Visual observation was carried out for about 20 min before the morning and afternoon milkings and was aided by a strip of paint applied over the tailhead. Ovarian cyclicity was monitored with progesterone concentrations in milk samples collected twice a week. The efficiency and accuracy of estrus detection were, respectively, 98.4 and 97.6% for visual observation and 91.7 and 100% for HeatWatch detection. Autumn-calving herds differed from spring-calving herds in duration of estrus (9.7 vs. 7.3 h), number of mounts (13.6 vs. 8.5), total duration of mounts (36.8 vs. 19.9 s), and mean duration of a mount (2.6 vs. 2.3 s). There was no significant variation in the distribution of the time of onset of estrus or mounting activities at different hours of the day. Conception rate was similar for AI after estrus detection with HeatWatch (65.8%) or after visual observation (65.0%). The highest conception rate was obtained when AI was carried out between 12 and 18 h after the first mount. Both the HeatWatch system and visual observation plus tail painting can be used for estrus detection of dairy cows on pasture.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Fever and respiratory symptoms after welding on painted steel.

Electric-arc welding generates particles and gases that can induce chronic bronchitis and airway obstruction. In this case report two welders are described who had fever, spirometric deterioration, and bronchial hyperreactivity after welding steel painted with chloro-containing polymer lacquer. Pyrolysis of this paint releases many different compounds, for example, hydrogen chloride and complex chlorinated compounds.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗

PubMed1986

Mortality and cancer incidence among Swedish paint industry workers with long-term exposure to organic solvents.

Cause-specific mortality was studied in a cohort of 416 men who had worked for at least five years in the Swedish paint manufacturing industry during the period 1955-1975. The calculations of expected numbers were based on national, male, calendar-year, and cause-specific death rates for the period 1961-1981. Ninety-six paint industry workers had died, whereas 110 deaths were expected. Three workers had died from multiple myeloma (0.6 expected), and the excess might be related to solvent exposure. Three cleaners had died from infectious urinary tract disease, in comparison to 0.2 deaths expected from all genitourinary diseases, in this small and very heavily exposed group. This association might possibly indicate a modifying effect on the prognosis of urinary tract morbidity from solvents.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Inorganic lead exposure in battery and paint factory: effect on human sperm structure and functional activity.

Lead is one of the industrially important heavy metals that causes male reproductive impairment among battery and paint factory workers, but information on the structure-function integrity of human spermatozoa is still limited. Therefore, it was necessary to investigate the effect of lead on sperm structure and functional activity in these workers. Oligozoospermia with concomitant lowering of sperm protein and nucleic acid content and the percentage of sperm DNA hyploidy (P <0.001) suggested the diminution of sperm cell production after occupational lead exposure. Low sperm vitality and hypoosmotic swelling percentage along with high malondialdehyde content and altered seminal plasma ascorbate level (P<0.001) indicating damage of sperm cell surface, might be due to high membrane lipid peroxidation and failure of non-enzymatic antioxidant protection after lead exposure. Alteration of sperm membrane surface was also evidenced from scanning electron microscopy and further authenticated by atomic and lateral force microscopy. Lowering of sperm velocity, gross and forward progressive motility with high stationary motile spermatozoa (P<0.001) suggested retarded sperm activity among the exposed workers, which was supported by high seminal plasma fructose level and reduced activity of sperm ATPase (P < 0.001). Increased incidence of teratozoospermia was also associated with high blood and semen lead level (PbB, PbS) (P<0.001). Therefore, the results suggested that lead not only affects the sperm count, but also damages the sperm structure and membrane integrity, motility and functional activity among the battery and paint factory workers.

Chemical Industry↗

PubMed1999

Modeling breathing-zone concentrations of airborne contaminants generated during compressed air spray painting.

This paper presents a mathematical model to predict breathing-zone concentrations of airborne contaminants generated during compressed air spray painting in cross-flow ventilated booths. The model focuses on characterizing the generation and transport of overspray mist. It extends previous work on conventional spray guns to include exposures generated by HVLP guns. Dimensional analysis and scale model wind-tunnel studies are employed using non-volatile oils, instead of paint, to produce empirical equations for estimating exposure to total mass. Results indicate that a dimensionless breathing zone concentration is a nonlinear function of the ratio of momentum flux of air from the spray gun to the momentum flux of air passing through the projected area of the worker's body. The orientation of the spraying operation within the booth is also very significant. The exposure model requires an estimate of the contaminant generation rate, which is approximated by a simple impactor model. The results represent an initial step in the construction of more realistic models capable of predicting exposure as a mathematical function of the governing parameters.

Air Movements↗

PubMed1999

[Chromosome homologies between human and Francois' monkey (Semnopithecus francoisi) established by chromosome painting].

Chromosomal homologies were established between human and Francois' monkey (Semnopithecus francoisi, 2n = 44) by chromosome painting with chromosome-specific DNA probes of all human chromosomes except the Y. Except for human chromosome 1, 2, 6, 16 and 19 probes which gave signals on two nonhomologous S. francoisi chromosomes respectively, all other probes each hybridized to a single chromosome. Only two S. francoisi chromosomes (No. 12 and No. 21) were each labelled by two separate probes (14 and 15, 21 and 22, respectively). In total, 23 human chromosome-specific probed detected 30 homologous chromosomes and chromosomal segments in the haploid S. francoisi genome. The results indicated a high degree of conservation of chromosomal synteny between human and this langur. Only some chromosomal rearrangements occurred in this langur. Comparison of the hybridization patterns of human painting probes on this langur with the data on other primates suggested that Asian langurs were karyotypically more closely related to each other than to African langurs.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Potential exposure of amateurs (consumers) through painting wood preservative and antifoulant preparations.

Data are presented for work patterns, inhalation and potential dermal exposure for amateurs painting wood preservatives to garden structures, and antifoulants to leisure boats. The results are quoted as rates of in-use product deposition or time-weighted inhaled product concentrations. Quoting data in this general and normalized form enables predictive risk assessment. The product densities were assumed to be 1.0 gml(-1). Inhalation exposure was detected in about 40% of the surveys, being about 100 times higher for wood preservatives than for antifoulants. The maximum airborne wood preservative concentration was 8.03 mg m(-3), measured over the period of painting (that is not an 8h time-weighted average value). Regarding potential dermal exposure, the processes are only broadly comparable. Most of the data appear to fall into relatively narrow distributions, with median values around 5 mg min(-1) (for preservatives) and around 16 mg min(-1) (for antifoulants). About half of the deposit on clothing was found to occur below the waist. The data comparing gloved and bare hand working indicate that even simple gloves offer a degree of protection for skin.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed2001

[Painting the chromosomes of fishes with human sex chromosome-specific DNA probes].

Chromosome painting is one of the effective methods in studying the evolution of genomes. The chromosomes of the species of fishes--M. aculeatus, M. albus and D. rerio were painted respectively with human X and Y chromosome-specific DNA probes. The results showed that some homologous segments of human X chromosome were found in the genomes of all the three kind of fishes, all the segments were scattered on several pairs of homologous chromosomes in each kind of fish. But no homologous segment of the human Y chromosome was found.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

An X-Y paint set and sperm FISH protocol that can be used for validation of cattle sperm separation procedures.

X and Y chromosome paints were developed from sorted yak chromosomes for sexing cattle spermatozoa. Clear hybridization signals were obtained for every spermatozoon using a modified sperm decondensation protocol and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The procedure was evaluated using the established Beltsville sperm sexing technology, which separates spermatozoa by flow cytometry into X- and Y-bearing fractions. Close agreement was found between the assessment of sperm separation by flow cytometry and by FISH with the X-Y paint set. The FISH method is a simple, reliable and robust procedure for assessing the effectiveness of separation of X and Y spermatozoa.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

[The pharmacist, painter and engraver Adrien Recouvreur and the chemistry of painting].

Adrian Recouvreur was born in Commercy, in the department of Meuse, on January 27, 1858. He was a student in pharmacy in Nancy and Reims where he obtained his diploma in 1885. He bought then a pharmacy in his native town. During his student years, he studied also painting and drawing in Commercy and Nancy. It seems also that he belonged to the Ecole de Nancy and he coasted some of the founders of this society. In 1896 or 1897, he renounced to pharmaceutical activity to devote all his time to painting, engraving and art criticism. He left then Lorraine to settle himself in Angers where he became soon the preserver of Musee Turpin de Criosse. He died in this town on March 18, 1944, after having handed down to posterity a great number of art works to his native and his reception towns. His knowledges in chemistry gave him the idea to be useful to his artist friends by realizing studies and experiments on colours whose alterability seemed to him alarming for the future of many art works. Some books gather the results of his work in this field.

Engraving and Engravings↗

PubMed2001

Chromosome painting as a tool for rice genetics and breeding.

Chromosome painting and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) are both effective methods for basic genetic research and practical breeding. These methods were applied even in the typically small chromosomes of rice. This manuscript describes in detail, highly reproducible, complete protocols for chromosome painting and GISH in rice chromosomes. Examples of useful applications of these methods are also presented.

Breeding↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Application of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis to the study of works of art: paint media identification in polychrome multi-material sculptures.

A new gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric procedure for characterizing both drying oils and proteinaceous binders in samples of painted artworks has been developed. Furthermore, a new analytical procedure for analysis of polysaccharide materials through identification of the monosaccharide constituents is proposed. The methods have been applied to characterizing binding media of the different layers of the polychrome surface in the multi-material sculptures from the sanctuary of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Mantova, Italy. It was found that animal glue was the main binder in the priming layer of all statues, whereas more complex mixtures were used in the paint layers. Generally, a drying oil was present, most often linseed oil alone or in combination with other organic binders.

Adhesives↗