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PubMed2003

[Biomechanical studies in present-day ophthalmology].

The human eye is a unique physiological system, in which the major part of structural elements obeys the general laws and regularities of biomechanics. The article offers an analytical review of research and development projects in the field of eye biomechanics accomplished in Russia and other countries over the last five years. The below eight directions of biomechanical studies have been found rapidly progressing in ophthalmology: biomechanics of the cornea; biomechanics of the corneoscleral capsule; biomechanics of the crystalline lens; biomechanics of accommodation; biomechanics of glaucoma; biomechanical modeling of retinal, choroidal and vitreous body detachment; biomechanics of eye injury and oculomotor biomechanics. The importance of biomechanical methods for the study of pathogenesis of various eye disease and for their targeted treatment was demonstrated. New ophthalmological tasks were set which may benefit a lot from the biomechanical ideas and methods applied to them.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Importance of the ophthalmological evaluation in newborns].

OBJECTIVE: To verify the existence of ocular diseases in the first 48 hours of life of newborns and relate it to the clinical suspicious of pediatricians. METHODS: A prospective study was performed. All infants that were born between July and December of 2000 were evaluated in the nursery of Hospital Universitário Evangélico de Curitiba (HUEC). Six hundred sixty-seven newborns were evaluated through a protocol by residents and tutors of ophthalmology, regardless of pediatricianś suspicious of ocular disorder. The examination consisted of inspection, oblique illumination, evaluation of ocular deviation and direct ophthalmoscopy (red reflex) in all patients. RESULTS: Among all examined newborns, 3.75% showed some ocular disease. The most frequent problem was corneal opacity. The ocular diseases were not noticed by pediatricians, neonatologists and parents in fifty-six per cent of the cases presenting some problem. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that many ocular disorders presented at birth are not noticed by pediatricians (56%), which highlights the importance of ophthalmological evaluation in all newborns as a routine examination in the first 48 hours of life.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1992

The use of liposomes as drug carriers in ophthalmology.

Extensive investigations examining the use of liposomes as drug carriers have been carried out over the past 25 years. The concept of employing liposomes as drug carriers in ophthalmology is more recent. A major advantage of employing liposomes in the eye is their ability to evade initially the mononuclear phagocytes that make the intravenous use of liposomes so challenging. Recent work suggests that there are several applications in which use of liposome-entrapped drugs may prove superior to other methods for the diagnosis and treatment of ocular disease. One promising strategy that bears further investigation is ligand-mediated targeting of liposome-entrapped drugs. In order for these types of vesicles to become commercially available, they will have to be proven to be more effective than other targeted drug delivery modalities. In the final analysis, a more complete understanding of the biological changes that occur in various pathological conditions in the eye is needed in order to design the most effective drug carriers for use in ophthalmology.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Analysis of the causes of enucleations performed at the Department of Ophthalmology of the Medical University of Lódź].

PURPOSE: To gather and analyse the data about causes of enucleations, which were performed in the Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lódź. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The data were based on case histories. The whole examined group consisted of 57 patients, who had an enucleation surgery done in the period from June 1999 to June 2003. The analyzed data included: clinical diagnosis, visual acuity, intraocular pressure, results of histopathology examination and results of diagnostic imaging examinations. RESULTS: The most frequent causes of enucleations were: intraocular tumors (fraction 0.51 of the whole group), painful blind eyes (fraction 0.33), endophthalmitis (fraction 0.12) and ocular traumas (fraction 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Despite significant advances in ophthalmology in recent years, enucleation remains a method of treatment. The main indications for this type of surgery are: intraocular tumors, painful blind eyes, severe endophthalmitis and some cases of ocular trauma.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Ophthalmologic complications in patients with diabetic nephropathy treated with peritoneal dialysis].

In the prophylaxis of vision complications in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) achievement of the metabolic balance in the "protective" values against the progression of the vascular and vision complications is important. The limited access for ambulatory ophthalmological care in DN-CAPD patients is the reason why these patients must be educated in the field of vision complications during initial CAPD education program. Early nephrological and ophthalmological intervention is the chance for preservation of the vision for longer time in comparison with patients not educated.

Diabetic Nephropathies↗
PubMed2005

[Optical biopsy of the retina in vivo: on optical coherence tomography and its clinical use in ophthalmology].

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a novel, non invasive imaging method, which enables in vivo assessment of living tissues, providing near histological resolution images. The first description of its clinical introduction was in ophthalmology, which substantially changed our view of specific retinal diseases. OCT technology is slowly penetrating into other medical fields, supposedly opening new perspectives with the possibility of in vivo optical biopsy. The aim of this paper is to review the clinical use of OCT, with special emphasis on ophthalmology.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Eye injuries in outpatient clinic of Department of Ophthalmology Medical University Gdansk in 1992-1993 and 2002-2003 years].

The aim of this study was the statistical and epidemiological analysis of patients with eye injuries. We analyzed all patients attending the emergency department of Department of Ophthalmology Medical University in Gdansk over the period of 1992-1993 and 2002-2003 years. We determined the visual function (visual acuity- distance and near Snellen acuity test, intraocular pressure measurement, biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy, X- ray examination and US -examination) in two groups of subjects. The 6427 patients were subjected in the first period (37% with eye injuries). In the second period we examined 10512 patients (44% with eye injuries). A total of visits have been examined in the first period: 24.1% of patients were between 19-25 and 48% between 26-50 years. In the second group of patients 35.7% of patients were between 19-25 and 30.3% were between 26-50 years. In the both periods we observed mainly corneal injuries. Corneal foreign body and corneal abrasion were the most common etiology among close eye injuries in both groups. A total of visits have been examined: 7.78% with the first group and 8.95% was with burns. There were 1.89% in the first and 5.75% in the second period of severe eye injury such as penetrating ocular trauma, orbital fracture and intraocular foreign body. The main causative activity of ocular injuries in both groups was work (5.80% group I and 23.80% group II), assault (36.20% group I and 47.75% group II) and traffic accidents (4.84% group I and 12.05% group II). Results of our work indicated that ocular trauma is a common cause of improvement of visual acuity and a common cause of visit to the Emergency Department of Department of Ophthalmology.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Ophthalmologic abnormalities in high school students with mental retardation in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Visual and ocular disorders are common in mental retardation (MR), and can influence sensory-motor development and learning. This study investigated visual and ocular abnormalities in a population of high school students with MR. METHODS: All students with MR in their first year at a special education high school who underwent ophthalmic examinations in December 2001 were included. Data were collected by retrospective review of hospital records and student health records. RESULTS: A total of 68 students with MR, including 45 males and 23 females, completed ophthalmologic examinations. Abnormal ophthalmologic findings in these 68 students (15-23 years old) included astigmatism (74.4%), myopia (53.7%), amblyopia (29.3%), exodeviation (23.5%), anisometropia (22.0%), blepharoconjunctivitis (20.6%), hyperopia (18.2%), cataract (13.2%) and suspected glaucoma (11.8%). Amblyopia was mainly attributed by refractive errors and strabismus. Myopia was less prevalent than in the general population of the same age in Taiwan, but astigmatism and anisometropia were more prevalent. More than one-third of the exodeviations were large-angle exotropia. The presence and type of cataract were highly associated with Down's syndrome. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of visual and ocular disorders in teenage and young-adult students with MR is high. Because these disorders can be detrimental to learning, early and regular ophthalmic examinations of children with MR are mandatory, with particular attention to screening for refractive error, amblyopia, strabismus and cataract and treatment of these conditions when identified.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[The 7th Congress of the European Society of Neuro-Ophthalmology, EUNOS 2005, June 25-29, 2005, Moscow, Russia].

The author presents a brief summary of the subjects of the 7th Meeting of the European Society of Neuro-Ophthalmology, EUNOS 2005, which took place in Moscow, Russia from 25 to 29 of June 2005. Preceded by a Session of neuro-ophthalmologic courses on 25 and 26 of June, the meeting was a place where neuro-ophthalmologists from Europe, SUA and Middle East presented a lot of very interesting clinical, genetic or therapeutic studies, case reports and also new etiology and pathogenic hypothesis in different pathologic entities.

Europe↗
PubMed2006

Craniopharyngioma: ophthalmological aspects at diagnosis.

AIM: We studied ophthalmological signs at diagnosis in children with craniopharyngioma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-nine children aged from 3 to 16 years (mean 9.1 years) were retrospectively studied. All of them had visual acuity measurement, oculomotor examination, fundoscopy and, whenever possible, visual field testing. RESULTS: Visual signs were present at diagnosis in 96% of patients in our series, but were the circumstances of diagnosis of craniopharyngioma in only 34.5%. Loss of visual acuity was present at diagnosis in 15 patients (51.7%), strabismus in eight (27.6%), papilloedema in ten (34.4%), and optic nerve atrophy in 11 patients (37.9%). A visual field defect was present at diagnosis in all 18 children who were able to perform an instrumental visual field and in three of the children who were tested by attraction visual field. CONCLUSIONS: In children, ophthalmological signs are not the main circumstance of diagnosis of craniopharyngioma because children do not complain of a mild or unilateral reduction in visual acuity. The central visual field is more often affected than the peripheral visual field; computerized static automated perimetry, which allows precise study of the central visual field, is difficult to perform in children. Because of the infiltrating nature of craniopharyngiomas, visual field defects are sometimes atypical and do not indicate a chiasmal problem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Neuro-ophthalmologic multiple lesions in craniocerebral trauma].

The authors present the case of a child, 8 years old, victim of a car accident, suffering a cranio-cerebral trauma. The posttraumatic injuries were: bitemporal cranial fractures, LE VI nerve palsy with secondary convergent strabismus, left posttraumatic optic neuropathy with poor vision, right deafness, nasal bone fracture, left paramedian mandibular fracture. Four months later the child developed proptosis due to a high-flow carotid-cavernous fistula, on the site of the good eye, RE, which was clinically diagnosed and confirmed by the results of MRI, MRA and cerebral angiography. Considering the ophthalmologic and neurologic risks of this pathologic condition, the surgery was performed, using an external device (Silverstone clamp) with the purpose of progressive and adjustable control of the fistula thrombosis. The postoperative result was fistula thrombosis, preserving the visual acuity and visual field, with a residual hypertonia on the right eye. The peculiarity of the case consist in the small age of the patient and the severity of neuro-ophthalmologic lesions. The child will live for the rest of his life with a single well-seeing eye, whose function could be at risk at any moment, related to the posttraumatic vascular changes at the level of the right cavernous sinus.

Abducens Nerve Diseases↗
PubMed2006

[The prevalence of pseudoexfoliation syndrome in patients admitited for cataract surgery to the department of ophthalmology, Sibenik General Hospital].

AIM: To evaluate the prevalence of pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) in patients admitted for cataract surgery to the Department of Ophthalmology, Sibenik General Hospital, Croatia. METHODS: A total of 150 patients (299 eyes) were examined in this prospective study. All patients underwent complete ophthalmologic evaluation: history, visual acuity, refraction, slit lamp examination of the lens and fundus with respect to age, sex, presence of PEX (unilateral or bilateral), intraocular pressure (IOP), maturity of the cataract (immature, mature, hypermature), color of the iris, and diameter of the dilated pupil. RESULTS: The prevalence of PEX was 26% (39 of 150 patients). PEX was unilateral in 9% (14/150) and bilateral in 17% (25/150) of patients. The study included 74 (49%) females and 76 (51%) males. There was no significant sex difference in the prevalence of PEX (p=0.264). The mean age of those with bilateral PEX (74.3 +/- 6.3 years) was significantly higher than that of those with unilateral PEX (71 +/- 6 years) or without PEX (63.9 +/- 9.4 years) (ANOVA p = 0.036). The mean IOP in the eyes with PEX (18.1 +/- 3.9 mm Hg) was significantly higher than in those without PEX (15.4 +/- 2.5 mm Hg) (p < 0.0001). The mean diameter of dilated pupil in the eyes without PEX (8.2 +/- 0.56 mm) was significantly higher than that in those with PEX (6.5 +/- 0.9 mm) (p < 0.0001). There was no significant relationship between the color of the iris and frequency of PEX (p = 0.472). CONCLUSIONS: PEX was found to be a relatively common condition in our patients (26%) undergoing cataract surgery. The mean age of patients with PEX was significantly higher than the mean age of patients without PEX. Cataract surgery is associated with more complications in the eyes with PEX because of insufficient mydriasis, weakened zonular attachment, and instability of lens, and higher IOP. It is important to perform applanation tonometry and to follow up every patient with PEX to enable early detection of increased IOP.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Vascular ophthalmological side effects associated with antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C are related to vascular endothelial growth factor levels.

We have screened for the incidence of vascular ophthalmological side effects (VOSE) in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients undergoing pegylated interferon (peg-IFN) plus ribavirin (RBV) therapy and sought evidence for angiogenesis activation. Thirty-four CHC patients were prospectively evaluated (18 patients with 180 microg/week of peg-IFN-alpha2a plus 800mg/day of RBV and 16 with 1.5 microg/kg/week of peg-IFN-alpha2b plus 800-1,200mg/day of RBV). Complete ophthalmological evaluation and serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were assessed before and at the end of therapy. Thirteen patients (38.2%) developed VOSE, eight (23.5%) featured subconjunctival haemorrhage, and five (14.7%) had evidence of retinopathy - all were unrelated to age, sex, genotype, the type of antiviral schedule used and response to therapy. At the end of treatment, the VOSE group had significantly higher serum VEGF levels than the group of patients without detectable side effects (median 281 [range 106-386] vs 117 [83-225] pg/ml, P=0.05). These differences increased when VEGF values were corrected by platelet count. In the VOSE group, baseline VEGF and VEGF/platelet values were also significantly higher (164 [55-260] vs 64 [21-172] pg/ml, P=0.046; and 0.920 [0.217-1.543] vs 0.320 [0.100-0.661] pg/10(6) platelets, P=0.024, respectively]. In a multivariate model VEGF/platelet values at end of treatment and hepatic fibrosis stage were the only predictors of VOSE development. In 3 out of 13 patients visual acuity was affected and 2 had residual lesions in the follow-up. In this exploratory study, antiviral therapy of CHC frequently induces VOSE, apparently through an activation of angiogenesis.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Clinical analysis of patients with pemphigoid-like ophthalmological symptoms.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was a clinical analysis of patients with symptoms typical of pemphigoid. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 21 patients were enrolled on the study within the period 1988-2004. The frequency and type of ophthalmological and extraocular symptoms and accompanying diseases were assessed. The analysis also contains immunological findings as well as administered treatment. RESULTS: Ophthalmological changes were detected in 100% of examined patients with pemphigoid. The most frequent were dry eye syndrome and conjunctivitis. Immunohistochemical tests revealed the presence of antibodies in 68.2% of the examined cases. All patients required specific treatment--local, general and surgical. Despite the administered therapy the development of cicatricial changes was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic conjunctivitis and keratitis require diagnostics into pemphigoid. Intensive therapy is necessary in patients with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP) because of high risk of blindness. Delayed diagnostics disable immunohistochemical confirmation of disease.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed2007

Neuro-ophthalmology for neuroradiologists.

Combining an understanding of neuro-ophthalmologic anatomy with proper imaging techniques provides a powerful method to detect lesions involving the afferent and efferent visual pathways. Precise documentation of the extent of injury within the nervous system is becoming increasingly important to assess and monitor the effect of neurologic therapies. This review will focus on those common neuro-ophthalmologic problems that have exquisite localizing value on neuro-imaging.

Brain↗
PubMed1991

[Current problems in pediatric ophthalmologic oncology].

The authors give an account of contemporary problems of child ophthalmological oncology from the paediatrician's aspect. The most serious intraocular tumors are retinoblastomas, in the orbitopalpebral area rhabdomyosarcomas. The authors draw attention to the five main alarming symptoms typical for tumorous processes at these sites: red painful eye, leukokoria, acute visual failure, acute strabism and various rapidly developing protrusions of the bulbus. Subsequently they inform on possible ophthalmological complications of comprehensive oncological treatment.

Child↗
PubMed1991

Use of an ophthalmologic ultrasoundscanner in human onchocercal skin nodules for non-invasive sequential assessment during a macrofilaricidal trial with amocarzine in Guatemala. The first experiences.

Ultrasonography of onchocercal skin nodules was performed with an ophthalmologic real time linear scanner with a B probe of 10 MHz. A clinical trial in Guatemala with amocarzine (CGP 6140)--a new oral macrofilaricidal compound--investigated three repeat dose regimens and one placebo control group, each group consisting of six patients. Onchocercal nodules were scanned before treatment and on day 10, 30 and 60 after start of amocarzine. A total of 28 treated and 8 additional untreated nodules were analysed and compared with the histologic findings following nodulectomy at day 60. Of the 28 treated nodules, 21 were of onchocercal origin and seven were lymph nodes. The correlation between ultrasonography and histology was good in 25 patients, but did not match in three. In 20 out of 21 treated nodules a progressive ultrasonographic change over two months was seen. Of the eight additional untreated nodules, five were of onchocercal origin, one was a lymph node, one an epidermoid cyst and in one only fibrous tissue was detected. The ultrasonography correlated well to histology in seven nodules but not in one. In five onchocercal nodules no change was observed over two months. For initial control purposes six nodules were excised around day 10, four were of onchocercal origin and two were lymph nodes. The correlation was good in four. The present results indicate that an ophthalmologic real time linear scanner can be used in the bidimensional mode as a non-invasive method to assess sequentially the events in superficial onchocercal nodules following chemotherapy with amocarzine. This is the first objective non-invasive method permitting sequential assessment of the content of onchocercal nodules and it is far superior than subjective sequential manual palpation.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Use of Pulfrich's phenomenon in ophthalmological diagnosis].

The Pulfrich effect is a simply observable visual stereo phenomenon arising when the visual latency for one eye is longer than for the another. In the paper the review of the literature devoted to the application of this phenomenon for the ophthalmological diagnosis is presented. The authors come to the conclusion that the Pulfrich effect can be successfully used in clinical practice as an indicator of many ophthalmological disorders especially of optic neuritis.

Functional Laterality↗