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At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Voluntary running provides neuroprotection in rats after 6-hydroxydopamine injection into the medial forebrain bundle.

Neurotoxic drugs such as 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) have been used to mimic a Parkinsonian state in a rat model. The toxic effect of 6-OHDA has been shown to be reduced in rats that were forced to use the impaired limb immediately after unilateral 6-OHDA injection. The aim of this study was to determine whether dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra are spared in rats that exercise voluntary. Two groups of rats were placed in cages with attached running wheels 7 days prior to injection of 6-OHDA (10 microg/4 microL saline) into the medial forebrain bundle. The running wheels of the control group were immobilized for the duration of the study. After 6-OHDA injection, the rats were returned to their respective cages where they remained for a further period of 14 days. Wheel revolutions during free running were recorded daily in the experimental group. At the end of this period the rats were injected with apomorphine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) and the number and direction of rotations was recorded. Rats that exercised in the running wheels did not rotate contralaterally in response to apomorphine injection, suggesting that dopamine neurons had been spared sufficiently from the toxic effects of 6-OHDA injection to prevent upregulation of postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the striatum.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Prototype demonstration of transgenic resistance to the nematode Radopholus similis conferred on banana by a cystatin.

Cavendish banana was transformed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens to express a protein engineered rice cystatin (OcIdeltaD86) of value for control of plant parasitic nematodes. Expression for each line was under control of a constitutive promoter from the maize ubiquitin gene (UBI-1), a constitutive, chimeric promoter from the octopine and mannopine synthase genes of A. tumefaciens or a promoter from a root-preferentially expressed tubulin gene Arabidopsis (TUB-1). Lines were selected as of potential interest after 8 weeks challenge in containment if their mean R. similis/25 g roots for three sibling plants were more than 1 standard normal variate below the grand mean for all plants in c7-15 lines challenged concurrently. A total of 16 lines were selected on this basis as putative positives. Western blots confirmed that eight of these lines expressed cystatin with a mean of 0.08 +/- 0.04% tsp. All but two of 19 negatively selected lines from bioassays did not express cystatin. The mean resistance level of the confirmed positive lines was 69 +/- 17%. ELISA established the positive lines under control of UBI provided significantly higher expression levels of OcIdeltaD86 than recorded for the other two promoters. Lines of interest were confirmed as producing a transcript for OcIdeltaD86 by RT-PCR. Eight plants of one UBI promoter line expressing only 0.1 +/- 0.004% tsp as cystatin were re-challenged with R. similis and achieved a resistance of 70 +/- 10%. Subsequent repeat western blotting confirmed that this line still produced the cystatin after the trial. This is the first report of transgenic resistance against a major pest or disease of banana.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Undiagnosed term breech: impact on mode of delivery and neonatal outcome.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare delivery mode and neonatal outcome in breech pregnancies diagnosed antepartum (Dx group) with those diagnosed on admission for delivery or intrapartum (No-Dx group). METHODS: During an 11-year period, breech pregnancies >/=34 weeks' gestation with a live nonanomalous fetus were reviewed. The Dx group was matched for gestational age, parity, and maternal age to the No-Dx group (n = 256) and compared using the chi2-test, the Mc-Nemar test, and the Wilcoxon rank test. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Breech type and birthweights were similar in the two groups. In the No-Dx group, 19.5% did not receive prenatal care. More patients in the No-Dx group were admitted with cervical dilation > 4 cm (39.4% vs. 27.0%, p = 0.004), whereas 17.1% of patients in the Dx group were admitted for elective cesarean delivery at term. There was a higher cesarean delivery rate in the Dx group (64.1% vs. 50.8%, p = 0.003), specifically for arrest disorders (15.2% vs. 6.9%, p = 0.008). The neonatal outcome in the two groups was similar regarding Apgar scores, intensive care nursery admission, need for mechanical ventilation, neonatal death, and length of nursery stay. CONCLUSIONS: Antepartum diagnosis of breech presentation decreases the threshold for cesarean delivery. Failure to diagnose breech antepartum does not compromise neonatal outcome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The relationship between age and major league baseball performance: implications for development.

Lifetime performance data of 388 baseball players active in 1965 were analyzed to determine the age of peak performance for skills required to play baseball, to derive age-performance curves for athletic productivity, and to assess the magnitude of individual differences among elite and less able players. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses show that athletic performance on key indicators rises relatively quickly from age 19 to a peak age of 27 and then declines. The primary difference between elite and less able players is that performance of the elite players remains high for a longer period of time and decays more gradually. The performance of the most elite players is superior to that of less able players even at very early ages. These results parallel findings reported for other achievement domains and can be explained in terms of basic developmental processes involving the interaction of experience, physiological capacity, and motivation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation patients.

Bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients are prone to bacterial, viral and fungal infections. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection can occur in these patients, but the incidence is lower than that of other infections. This report describes four patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection identified from 641 adult patients who received a BMT over a 12-year period (prevalence 0.6%). The pre-transplant diagnosis was AML in two patients and CML in the other two. Pre-transplant conditioning consisted of BU/CY in three patients and CY/TBI in one. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis was MTX/CsA in three patients and T cell depletion of the graft in one patient. Sites of infection were lung (two), spine (one) and central nervous system (one). Onset of infection ranged from 120 days to 20 months post BMT. Two patients had co-existing CMV infection. One patient had graft failure. The two patients who received anti-tuberculous (TB) therapy recovered from the infection. Although the incidence of tuberculosis in BMT patients is not as high as in patients with solid organ transplants, late diagnosis due to the slow growth of the bacterium can lead to delay in instituting anti-TB therapy. A high index of suspicion should be maintained, particularly in endemic areas.

Abscess↗
PubMed2006

IFNG and IFNGR1 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in Sudan.

Post-kala-azar dermal leishmanaisis (PKDL) in Sudan is associated with elevated interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). To study interferon-gamma pathways in PKDL, we genotyped 80 trios from the Masalit ethnic group for polymorphisms at -470 ins/delTT, -270T/C, -56T/C and +95T/C in IFNGR1 and at -179G/A and +874T/A in IFNG. No associations occurred at IFNG. Global association with haplotypes comprising all four markers at IFNGR1 (chi(2)(10df)=21.97, P=0.015) was observed, associated with a significant (chi(2)(1df)=4.54, P=0.033) bias in transmission of the haplotype insTT T T T and less (chi(2)(1df)=5.59, P=0.018) than expected transmission of insTT C C C. When compared with data on malaria associations from Gambia, the results suggest a complex pattern of haplotypic variation at the IFNGR1 promoter locus associated with different infectious disease in African populations that reflect the complex roles of IFN-gamma in parasite killing versus inflammation and pathogenesis.

Genetic Predisposition to Disease↗
PubMed2003

Fetal macrosomia (> or =4500 g): perinatal outcome of 231 cases according to the mode of delivery.

OBJECTIVE: To determine perinatal complications in infants >or = 4500 g according to delivery mode. STUDY DESIGN: Records of 231 mothers and live cephalic infants weighing >or = 4500 g over a 13-year period were retrospectively reviewed. Maternal and perinatal complications were compared in relation to delivery mode. RESULTS: Vaginal delivery (NVD) was achievable in 168/189 (88.9%) of women allowed to labor, of which 36.9% were operative. The cesarean delivery (CS) rate was 27.3%. The NVD group had a lower incidence of diabetes; however, hypoglycemia and transient tachypnea were more common in the CS group. The frequency of low Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes was similar in both groups. A total of 13 (7.7%) major fetal injuries were documented in the NVD group (arm weakness 3, hematoma 3, clavicular fracture 2, and brachial plexus injury 5). Shoulder dystocia was documented in only 7/13 (53.8%). CONCLUSION: Vaginal delivery is achievable in 88.9% of pregnancies with infants >or = 4500 g allowed to labor, at the expense of a 7.7% risk of perinatal trauma.

Birth Injuries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perinatal outcome of vaginally delivered twin gestations with a larger twin B.

OBJECTIVE: To study the perinatal outcome of vaginally delivered twins when twin B is more than 250 g larger than twin A. STUDY DESIGN: Maternal and neonatal charts of live-born, nonanomalous twins, >25 weeks' gestation and vaginally delivered over a period of 17 years were reviewed. The results of this review were distributed among two groups: (1). those with twin B more than 250 g larger than twin A (DeltaBW>250) and (2). those where the difference was <250 g (DeltaBW<250). For vaginally delivered twin gestations, the perinatal outcome of twin B in the group DeltaBW>250 was compared to that of its co-twin, and to that of twin B in the group DeltaBW<250. RESULTS: Of the 679 twin gestations reviewed, 138 (20.6%) were in the group DeltaBW>250, of whom 73 (52.9%) delivered vaginally despite malpresentation in 39.7%. The vaginally delivered twin pregnancies in the groups DeltaBW>250 (n=73) and DeltaBW<250 (n=303) had similar demographics, parity, presentation, gestational age at delivery, and duration of the first stage of labor. Discordant twins were more frequent in the group DeltaBW>250 (26.0 versus 9.5%, p=0.001). Twin B in the group DeltaBW<250 was smaller, with higher incidence of growth restriction, low 5 min Apgar score, and hyperbilirubinemia compared to twin B in the group DeltaBW>250. There was no difference in the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage, seizures, sepsis, neonatal death, and median nursery stay. Except for a lower median Apgar score at 1 min in twin B and a longer median nursery stay in twin A, twins A and B in the group DeltaBW>250 were similar regarding all other neonatal outcome variables. CONCLUSIONS: When twin B is more than 250 g larger than A, and both are delivered vaginally, the perinatal outcome is similar to its co-twin as well as to that of twin B of all other vaginally delivered twins. That twin B is larger than A is not itself a contraindication to attempted vaginal delivery.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Antagonistic effects of Streptomyces violaceusniger strain G10 on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense race 4: indirect evidence for the role of antibiosis in the antagonistic process.

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense is the causal pathogen of wilt disease of banana. A cost-effective measure of control for this disease is still not available. Streptomyces violaceusniger strain G10 acts as an antifungal agent antagonistic towards many different phytopathogenic fungi, including different pathogenic races of the Fusarium wilt pathogen. In an attempt to understand the mode of action of this antagonist in nature, the interaction between S. violaceusniger strain G10 and F. oxysporum f.sp. cubense was first studied by paired incubation on agar plates. Evidence for the in vitro antibiosis of strain G10 was demonstrated by inhibition zones in the "cross-plug" assay plates. Microscopic observations showed lysis of hyphal ends in the inhibited fungal colonies. Culture of strain G10 in liquid media produces antifungal metabolites, which showed in vitro antagonistic effects against F. oxysporum f.sp. cubense such as swelling, distortion and excessive branching of hyphae, and inhibition of spore germination. An indirect method was used to show that antibiosis is one of the mechanisms of antagonism by which strain G10 acts against F. oxysporun f.sp. cubense in soil. This study suggests the potential of developing strain G10 for the biological control of Fusarium wilt disease of banana.

Agar↗