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PubMedDate not supplied

From multimodality digital imaging to multimedia patient record.

The constant improvement in computer power and performance nowadays offers convenient and efficient means of manipulating images, graphics, and movies on off-the-shelf workstations. With this improvement the trend toward integration of multimodality clinical documents from patient records comes naturally. Images and graphs are certainly the most important part of the complementary information that must accompany the text and numerical data. It is, however, possible to include sounds and voice messages together with all the other modalities. In medicine that could certainly help conveying hart murmur or sounds, but could also offer a convenient way of including vocal messages and comments. These new possibilities will certainly change the way physicians use workstations for direct communication. The computer industry will soon offer means of interactive communication between remote users through computer workstations. That alone will open a completely new era in cooperative computing and remote consultation scenarios in medicine. More than the technology itself, a complete change in behavior and work habits can be expected in the medical community.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2004

Inter-comparison of multimedia modeling approaches: modes of transport, measures of long range transport potential and the spatial remote state.

Several evaluative multi-media models have been developed during the recent years to determine the long-range transport potential, LRTP, of non-polar organic chemicals. Here, these models are categorized and compared with respect to the modes of transport and the measures used to compute LRTP. Differences concerning the mode of transport include the transport mechanism (advective vs. dispersive transport) and the number and coupling of transport media (transport in a single moving medium vs. coupled transport in air and water). Measures used include the characteristic travel distance and the spatial range. The spatial remote state is defined as a benchmark for the comparison of the different measures. This is the state of the model system far-off the source that is independent of the release pattern. With the expected value in the spatial remote state as a benchmark, the maximum of the spatial ranges in air and water and the maximum of the characteristic travel distances in air and water as well as the spatial range in air in combination with release into water prove to be reliable measures of the LRTP. The framework developed allows one to overview the features of the different models used in the ranking and assessment of chemicals.

Air Movements↗
PubMed2005

Concentrations of lead and mercury in multimedia samples from homes near the former Clark Air Base, Philippines.

We measured lead and mercury in samples collected from 31 homes in communities near the former Clark Air Base, Philippines during May and October 2002. Sample media included water used for drinking and cooking, house dust and entryway soil. Composite samples of 15 food items purchased at local markets were also collected. Samples were analyzed for total lead (Pb) and total mercury (Hg) to evaluate the relative importance of each media to residential exposure concentrations in the community adjacent to Clark (Community A) versus a control community 5 km away (Community B). In general, we measured low (e.g. background) to undetectable levels of the target analytes in all media sampled with two important exceptions. First, the Hg concentrations we measured in canned mackerel composites, which were within the range reported for mackerel from other locations worldwide, may pose a risk to pregnant women who are frequent consumers (e.g. one or more cans per day). Second, we measured Pb above the USEPA residential screening concentration (400 mug/g) in dust and soil from two homes, illustrating the need for periodic residential lead monitoring in these and other communities in the Philippines. We found no significant difference between Communities A and B with respect to Pb and Hg concentrations in water or food, although we were not able to detect very low levels of Pb in most of the foods we sampled because of trace Pb contamination added during sample homogenization. Although the Pb levels we measured in dust and soil from Community A homes were higher on average than Community B homes, the levels in both communities were low (e.g. background) thus we did not investigate the difference further. To our knowledge, these are the first reported measurements of Pb in house dust in the Philippines. The concentrations of Pb we measured in house dust were significantly higher than those in entryway soil from both communities, adding empirical support to the assertion that yard soil should not be considered a proxy for house dust in exposure studies in the Philippines or elsewhere.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Remediation of asyntactic sentence comprehension using a multimedia microworld.

We report the evaluation of a new automated protocol for the treatment of asyntactic comprehension. This is a follow-up study to the "Microworld for Aphasia" work of Crerer, Ellis, and Dean (1996). An efficacy study involving three patients is reported. All three patients achieved statistically significant improvements in written sentence comprehension as a result of eight hours of treatment focusing on active, passive, and object cleft sentence structures. Treatment effects generalized both to untreated Microworld sentences and to the more naturalistic sentences of the Philadelphia Comprehension Battery (Saffran, Schwartz, Linebarger, Martin, & Bochetto, 1988), with some further evidence of generalization to spoken sentence comprehension. Treatment effects were obtained with minimal input from a clinician.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

A software tool to acquire, synchronise and playback multimedia data: an application in kinesiology.

Assessing the physical condition of the human body frequently requires evaluating different tests performed by different devices. This information has to be analysed simultaneously to derive conclusions, and so a temporal relationship must be established between the data sources. In this paper, synchronisation of the sources of information is achieved by synchronising the clocks of computers connected in a Local Area Network. A clock synchronisation protocol is used and a global time is stamped in each information data flow. During analysis, the time-stamp is used to playback the data in a synchronised way. The proposed system is valid for any medical application in which data synchronisation is needed. However, it has initially been used in a distributed medical environment for analysing electrical muscular activity and lumbar movement. The dual aim is to detect injuries and plan training sessions for athletes. It was specifically used to analyse data generated by: electromyographs; lumbar equipment; and images generated by video cameras. The simple operation of the application and the precision of the synchronisation protocol enabled several interesting medical conclusions to be made.

Electromyography↗
PubMed1996

Bridging the gap between theory and practice: a multimedia tutorial for students of voice therapy.

A computer-based tutorial for speech and language therapy students is described in which a digitized video-recording of a diagnostic interview with a voice-disordered client was dynamically linked to an on-screen transcript window. A student-centered tutorial package, which provided guidance through questions, assessment tasks, and commentary from an experienced speech and language pathologist as well as the lecturer in voice disorder, was constructed. Evaluation of the tutorial as an aid to active learning, including feedback from students and supervising clinicians, is reported and the role of this type of program as a preparation for clinical practice is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Urban geochemistry: a multimedia and multielement survey of a small town in northern Europe.

The concentrations and distributions of chemical elements (Ag, Al, As, Au, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hg, K, La, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Sr, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, U, V, W and Zn) were studied in till, humus and urban soil in Jakobstad, a small town (20,000 inhabitants) in W. Finland. The analyses were performed with ICP-MS after aqua regia leaching of till (n = 37), urban topsoil (n = 32) and subsoil (n = 32), and HNO3 leaching of humus (n = 37). The till and humus samples, collected at the same sites, were divided into urban and rural samples. The urban till was not significantly enriched in metals. In contrast, a majority of the elements occurred in higher concentrations in the urban than the rural humus samples. Statistical and spatial interpretations of the humus data revealed that traffic (Pb, V and Ni), metal industry (Pb, Zn, Bi, Sb and Cr), an abandoned shooting range (Pb and Sb) and other sources contribute to higher metal levels in the urban humus. The urban soil samples were collected at parks, yards, abandoned industrial sites, roadsides, etc. The topsoil samples were enriched in most elements, also by elements not enriched in the urban humus (e.g. Cd). At several sites, the concentrations far exceeded the limit concentrations for contaminated soils in Finland. A large variety of sources were identified or indicated.

Cities↗
PubMed2005

When static media promote active learning: annotated illustrations versus narrated animations in multimedia instruction.

In 4 experiments, students received a lesson consisting of computer-based animation and narration or a lesson consisting of paper-based static diagrams and text. The lessons used the same words and graphics in the paper-based and computer-based versions to explain the process of lightning formation (Experiment 1), how a toilet tank works (Experiment 2), how ocean waves work (Experiment 3), and how a car's braking system works (Experiment 4). On subsequent retention and transfer tests, the paper group performed significantly better than the computer group on 4 of 8 comparisons, and there was no significant difference on the rest. These results support the static media hypothesis, in which static illustrations with printed text reduce extraneous processing and promote germane processing as compared with narrated animations.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

On predicting multi-route and multimedia residential exposure to chlorpyrifos and diazinon.

This paper formulates regression models and examines their ability to associate exposures to chlorpyrifos and diazinon in residences with information obtained from questionnaires and environmental sampling of the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey Arizona (NHEXAS-AZ) database. A knowledge-based list of 29 potential exposure determinants was assembled from information obtained from six questionnaires administered in the course of the study. This list was used to select the independent variables of each model statistically and electronically. Depending on the data type of dependent and independent variables, four classes of regression models were developed to determine desired associations. Route-specific exposures were estimated using the indirect method of exposure estimation and measurements from the NHEXAS-AZ field study. The stepwise procedure was used to construct regression models. Significance level at P=0.10 was used for entry and retention of independent variables in a model. Twelve significant regression models were formulated to quantify associations among exposures and other variables in the NHEXAS-AZ database. Route-specific exposures to pesticides associate significantly with questionnaire-based variables such as preparation of pesticides, use of pesticide inside the house, and income level; and with concentration variables in three media: dermal wipe, sill wipe, and indoor air. Models formulated in this study may be used to estimate exposures to each of the pesticides. Yet, the use of these models must incorporate clear statements of the assumptions made in the formulation as well as the coefficient of determination and the confidence and prediction intervals of the dependent variable.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

A randomized, controlled, single-blind trial of teaching provided by a computer-based multimedia package versus lecture.

BACKGROUND: Computer-based teaching may allow effective teaching of important psychiatric knowledge and skills. AIMS: To investigate the effectiveness and acceptability of computer-based teaching. METHOD: A single-blind, randomized, controlled study of 166 undergraduate medical students at the University of Leeds, involving an educational intervention of either a structured lecture or a computer-based teaching package (both of equal duration). RESULTS: There was no difference in knowledge between the groups at baseline or immediately after teaching. Both groups made significant gains in knowledge after teaching. Students who attended the lecture rated their subjective knowledge and skills at a statistically significantly higher level than students who had used the computers. Students who had used the computer package scored higher on an objective measure of assessment skills. Students did not perceive the computer package to be as useful as the traditional lecture format, despite finding it easy to use and recommending its use to other students. CONCLUSIONS: Medical students rate themselves subjectively as learning less from computer-based as compared with lecture-based teaching. Objective measures suggest equivalence in knowledge acquisition and significantly greater skills acquisition for computer-based teaching.

Algorithms↗