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Workers engaged into synthetic rubber production are exposed to multicomponent chemical mixtures, noise, general vibration (in excretion workshops), unfavorable microclimate parameters, physical and psychoemotional overload.
During the production of penicillin and streptomycin, substantially high concentrations of butyl alcohol and butylacetate are measured in the working environment atmosphere. The penicillin and streptomycin dust appears to be the chief unfavourable factor of the workplace in the drying, sorting and packing processes of the antibiotics. An unfavourable microclimate is observed only in the fermentation sections-- in the extraction and chemical purification, and particularly, in the drying process of the two antibiotics. The specific features of the working activities performed by vial examiners and sorters constitute factors predisposing to visual analysor strain. The latter might be also explained by changes taking place in the working ability and steadiness of attention in the course of the working shift.
Because they are believed to control the microclimate of the skin by removing or reducing perspiration accumulation and providing localized cooling, low-air-loss mattress systems are used for the treatment and prevention of pressure ulcers. However, no clear, universally agreed upon definition exists for their design, and reproducible standards on which to base their performance or assess their anticipated clinical effect are lacking. A clinically relevant, reproducible, mechanistic, controlled laboratory test methodology was developed to assess and compare the moisture transport properties of a variety of low-air-loss products by measuring and balancing the complete moisture transport into and out of low-air-loss mattress systems. Using a controlled and defined operating environment, the low-air-loss system is moisture- and weight-loaded using a patient skin moisture analog. Moisture and air transport properties into and out of the environment are measured. Total moisture balance, comparing total moisture change of the analog against the time-based moisture transport data, validates the results. Using mattresses from various manufacturers, time-based data using the study method showed important differences in low-air-loss characteristics related to mattress system design, performance, and function. The observed time-averaged moisture transport performance values indicate that several systems meet an acceptable minimum level of performance, but performance levels between different low-air-loss mattress systems vary markedly.
Data are reported on working conditions of coal miners considering the main physical (dust, noise, vibration, microclimate) and chemical environmental professional factors and their prognosis up to the year 2005. The authors analyze professional morbidity (pneumoconiosis, dust-induced bronchitis, vibration disease, cochlear neuritis etc.) and diseases with temporary loss of the working capacity invalidity and mortality of miners. The relation between working conditions and health status of miners were analyzed.
An environmental hygiene study was carried out in a factory making aluminium alloy wheels via pressure moulding. Physical risk factors (noise and microclimate) and chemical risk factors (respirable dust, mineral oils, solvents, fluorides, formaldehyde, CO) were assessed. Analysis of the data showed that physical risk factors were prevalent, whereas chemical pollution was insignificant due to technical improvements made by the management in the course of several redesigns of the plants.
Work conditions were analysed in workers engaged into realization of the new coal extracting line technology producing 5250 m3 of coal per hr in KATEK open-cast mine. Hygienic standards appeared to be followed mainly on the constant working places and in the mining machine cabs, but noise dust parameters were not evaluated in the transloaders, microclimate parameters of excavator and transloaders were not assessed during the cold season. High concentration of dust appear in the air due to mining machines cleaning with the pumped air. Workers engaged into the coal transportation and its intermediate storage appeared to work in more hazardous conditions. Sanitary measures are suggested.
The contributors propose a study of the labour conditions (microclimate, work load and intensity) in processing of dried yellowfin fish, describe results of the psycho-physiological and clinical studies, including medical examinations, epicutaneous testing, ventilation capacity of the lungs and peripheral blood laboratory studies. It was established that the technological processes of drying yellowfin fish exhibited exposure to the biological factors causing irritations and sensibilization of the skin fraught with occupational diseases (dermatitis) and respiratory disorders (allergic rhinopathy and the pre-asthma syndrome).
Inspection of the environment in manganese-alloyed steel production showed inadequate hygienic conditions of the technological processes employed. Air was more polluted by manganese oxides during the oxygen-converter process though their highest concentrations, 38 times exceeding the MAS, appeared during the casting of steel. An electric furnace coated by dust-noise-proof material and gas cleaning is preferable from a hygienic point of view. The influence of unfavourable microclimate, intensive infrared irradiation and loud noise on workers necessitates automation and mechanization of the process in order to improve the working conditions.
Electron microscopy and roentgen microanalysis were used to study the ultrastructure and electrolytic balance of K+, Na+ and Cl- of the animal myocardial tissue during general body hyperthermia. It was established that long-term effect of heating microclimate causes a distinct reduction of K+ in the cardiomyocytes accompanied by essential changes of the ultrastructure of ischemic character.
Acne and acneform changes are the most frequent occupational diseases in certain industries. As a rule, an oil acne occurs rather seldom in the cordage industry. However, in the factory at Rijeka, 85% of the occupational dermatoses were oil acnes. Mineral oil used in the treatment of hemp was the main etiologic factor. In the ill female workers of that cordage factory, the microclimate, the needle shaped hemp dust, greasy skin, bad working conditions and had hygiene played an important part.
Reliability of mine foremen influences greatly the group microclimate, productivity and safety of work in mines. Engineering and technical personnel with high level of professional reliability shows the best parameters of psychophysiologic status. Criteria are worked out to score the most informative psychophysiologic functions in mine foremen during the preliminary and regular check-ups of such personnel.
Based on the gradient measurement of microclimate factors, radiation and soil heat flux from late May to early October, 2001 and by the method of Bowen ratio-energy balance (BREB), this paper estimated the latent heat and sensible heat above the broadleaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountains. The energy storage of forest air and vegetative was calculated, and the seasonal variations of heat balance components of the forest were analyzed. The results showed that the net radiation of the forest and the solar radiation were linearly correlated. All the heat balance components had the similar characteristics of diurnal variation to the net radiation, showing curves positive at daytime and negative at night, and the terms ranged as net radiation > latent heat > sensible heat > storage. The time of keeping positive terms in a day became shorter from June to October as influenced by shinning time. The highest net radiation was in June and the lowest in October. The monthly averaged net radiation was 0-527 and 0-(-)121 W x m(-2), and the latent heat was 0-441 and 0-(-)81 W x m(-2) for day and night, respectively. Sensible heat was 0-80 and 0-(-)26 W x m(-2), and energy storage was 0-44 and 0-(-)26 W x m(-2) for day and night, respectively. The ratio of latent heat to net radiation at daytime decreased gradually from August to October, and the ratio of sensible heat and energy storage increased correspondingly. Especially 2-3 days after the first severe frost, a sudden drop of latent heat and a sudden bounce of sensible heat appeared. The instruments and measurement methods of heat flux were also concisely discussed in this paper.
In the processing of the waste products of phosphorus containing fertilizer production, several major health-related factors were identified depending on the industrial site's peculiarities: unfavourable microclimate conditions (both cold and heat), relative temperature differences, noise and vibration caused by the equipment, semi-product's, additives' and finished product's dusts, fluorine- and phosphorus-containing substances' affects and poor illumination. The proposed data were used for health-related improvements in the occupational conditions.
In this paper, the respiration rates of soil, foliage, and stem and branch in the broadleaved Korean pine forest ecosystem of Changbai Mountains were measured by Li-6400 CO2 analysis system in 2003, with the microclimate factors determined synchronously. The correlation models of ecosystem respiration with environmental factors were established, and the respiration rate of each component of the ecosystem was estimated based on the vegetation characteristics of the broadleaved Korean pine forest. The results showed that the annual total respiration rate of the ecosystem was 1602. 8 g C x m(-2), with a mean of (4. 37+/-2. 98) micromol x m(-2) x s(-1) , and the respiration of soil, foliage, and stem and branch contributed about 63% , 21% , and 16% of the total, respectively. There was a significant correlation between system respiration and daily mean air and soil temperature, and about 87% and 95% of the ecosystem respiration could be explained by the air and soil temperature, respectively.
In the last few years, psychosomatic medicine has accomplished very important and interesting analyses of several medical syndromes. On the contrary, medical climatology, even with the development of new tools for climate research, has remained linked to old ideas which need to be revised in order to keep pace with the latest discoveries in this field. It is therefore desirable to undertake research on the action of different climates and microclimates on the human organism, and also to take into account the patients, tendencies and aspirations, because "the climate that will yield the best results is the climate the patient likes best". In conclusion, taking into account a patient's personality and aspirations, thermal therapies and climate treatments may be coupled. As a matter of fact, in our country it is possible to find spas with the same kind of waters but with completely different climates.
The labour conditions of the personnel engaged in servicing an experimental solar electric power station in warm seasons of the year were characterized by the unfavourable environmental factors peculiar of working out-doors (heliostat sites) and in the station's shops (solar radiation, heating microclimate, noise). Combinations and activity of those factors were professionally determined. Established was the role of the labour conditions and respective occupational peculiarities in the individual response formation to work overload. A set of health-related preventive measures was also proposed.
The article contains description of a microcomputer programme for express detection of all the constituent components of heat exchange and the generalized index for man's heat comfort levels. The proposed technique was intended for assessments of working zones related to industrial sites and technological equipment, and based on P. Fanger's methodology used in the ICO-7730 international standard. The technique included a series of the mathematical correlations in man's heat exchange indices and the integral characteristics of heat comfort, in combination with the overall parameters of the microclimate.
Basing on the studies performed, it was established that sewing shops at the clothes manufacturing enterprises in Uzbekistan were characterized by heating microclimate with low humidity and insufficient circulation of the air. A set of hygienic and physiological measures was proposed, along with a hygienic recommendation to increase the humidity lower level by 30% (IY climatic zone).