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PubMed2001

Differential use of vocal and gestural communication by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in response to the attentional status of a human (Homo sapiens).

This study examined the communicative behavior of 49 captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), particularly their use of vocalizations, manual gestures, and other auditory- or tactile-based behaviors as a means of gaining an inattentive audience's attention. A human (Homo sapiens) experimenter held a banana while oriented either toward or away from the chimpanzee. The chimpanzees' behavior was recorded for 60 s. Chimpanzees emitted vocalizations faster and were more likely to produce vocalizations as their 1st communicative behavior when a human was oriented away from them. Chimpanzees used manual gestures more frequently and faster when the human was oriented toward them. These results replicate the findings of earlier studies on chimpanzee gestural communication and provide new information about the intentional and functional use of their vocalizations.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Communicating exophthalmos: a sign of bilateral orbital roof defects.

The term communicating exophthalmos is suggested for a condition where manual retropulsion of one eye results in proptosis of the other eye. This sign was observed in a patient with bilateral pulsating exophthalmos. The pulsating exophthalmos was ascribed to orbital roof defects in combination with post-traumatic hydrocephalus. It was controlled by a shunting procedure.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Family functioning in adolescent anorexia nervosa: a comparison of family members' perceptions.

Abnormal patterns of family functioning have often been reported in anorexia nervosa. Moreover, members of families with an adult with eating disorders have different family functioning perspectives. This study investigated whether differences in family members' perspectives, similar to the ones found in families of adults with eating disorders, can be found in families of adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Perceived family functioning, measured with the Family Assessment Device, was compared between 49 control and 34 clinical families, and across family members. Differences were found between the two groups on a number of aspects of family functioning, with the clinical families showing most disturbances. There was a general agreement across family members in their perceptions of family functioning, with one notable exception. Clinical daughters disagreed with both their parents about the family level of communication, whereas control daughters disagreed only with their fathers. Disagreements between clinical adolescents and their mothers about the family communication style appear to be important in anorexia nervosa in this age group, although it is not possible to reach conclusions about the direction of causality. These findings support the use of family-oriented therapies that aim to identify and work with difficulties in communication within the family.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Early predictors of communication development in young children with autism spectrum disorder: joint attention, imitation, and toy play.

This study investigated the unique contributions of joint attention, imitation, and toy play to language ability and rate of development of communication skills in young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Sixty preschool-aged children with ASD were assessed using measures of joint attention, imitation, toy play, language, and communication ability. Two skills, initiating protodeclarative joint attention and immediate imitation, were most strongly associated with language ability at age 3-4 years, whereas toy play and deferred imitation were the best predictors of rate of communication development from age 4 to 6.5 years. The implications of these results for understanding the nature and course of language development in autism and for the development of targeted early interventions are discussed.

Attention↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perceptions of contradictory communication from parental figures by adults with borderline personality disorder: a preliminary study.

This study investigated a hypothesized correlation between contradictory responses from parental figures perceived in present-day interactions by adult subjects and the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD). One hundred subjects were given a questionnaire designed to assess the frequency of perceived parental response patterns divided into appropriate, conflicting, polarized, and neglectful categories. The BPD and a group subthreshold for the disorder endorsed significantly more conflicting and fewer appropriate responses for the first parental figure rated than did both patient control subjects and normal control subjects without BPD; a trend toward similar results was found for the second parental figure also. The frequency of polarized and neglectful responses was not significantly different among the groups. There was indirect evidence that BPD subjects did not engage in the defense mechanism of "splitting" when filling out the questionnaire. These results suggest that contradictory family communication patterns might be considered in models of ongoing reinforcement for dysfunctional BPD behavior.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Classifying mental retardation and specific strength and deficit areas in severe and profoundly mentally retarded persons with the MESSIER.

The MESSIER, a measure of social and communication skills and the Vineland Social Maturity Scale were administered to 618 severe and profoundly mentally retarded adults. The goal of the study was to establish the potential utility of the MESSIER for classifying level of intellectual disability in this group. Comparing MESSIER scores to previously established DSM-IV-TR diagnosis, 86% of the severe and 80% of the profoundly mentally retarded persons were correctly classified. The implications of these data in using the MESSIER for classification and treatment planning are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Total electrical power failure in a cardiothoracic intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the management of patients in an ICU during failure of both primary and backup electrical systems, resulting in nonfunctioning monitors, mechanical ventilators, and other life-support equipment. DESIGN: Case report of power outage and discussion. SETTING: A 45-bed cardiothoracic surgical ICU in a tertiary-care teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Postoperative cardiothoracic surgical patients receiving i.v. infusions of vasoactive medications and mechanical ventilatory support. MAIN RESULTS: Support measures included the use of pneumatically powered mechanical ventilators, battery-operated transport monitors and infusion pumps, and recruitment of non-ICU personnel to assist with manual ventilation and patient care. Problems identified included communication difficulties caused by failure of electronic telephones, and physical access limitation due to failure of electrical door openers and security locks. CONCLUSIONS: Total electrical power failure can occur even when an emergency power system is in place. Although the occurrence of such failure is unlikely, provisions must be made for its occurrence in order to avoid catastrophic patient injury. Such provisions include a mental plan of action, provision of emergency support equipment, physical plant changes, and the provision of power-independent communication systems. Power demands and battery backup capability of equipment should be considered in future equipment purchases. The ICU staff should be aware of the structure and operation of backup electrical power sources.

Coronary Care Units↗
PubMed2002

Randomized, controlled clinical trials in sepsis: has methodological quality improved over time?

OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the methodological quality of randomized clinical trials and to determine whether randomized clinical trials of sepsis improved in methodological quality over time. DATA SOURCES: Computerized MEDLINE search of articles published in any language from 1966 to 1998 combined with a manual search of bibliographies of published articles and communication with known experts in the field. STUDY SELECTION: All randomized clinical trials of sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock performed in adults and published as full articles. DATA EXTRACTION: Abstracts of all retrieved records were reviewed and the inclusion criteria were applied. All selected articles were classified into (a) trials designed to detect differences in mortality as the primary end point, or (b) trials focusing on surrogate outcome measures (i.e., physiological or biochemical parameters). All retrieved trials were then graded for methodological quality using an objective grading scheme developed specifically for this study. The data selection and extraction process was carried out independently by two of the authors; any disagreement was resolved by discussion. DATA SYNTHESIS: Seventy-four randomized clinical trials involving septic patients qualified for inclusion in this study (40 reporting mortality outcomes, 34 reporting other surrogate outcomes). Trials reporting mortality as the primary outcome had significantly higher quality scores compared with trials reporting surrogate outcome measures (29.6 +/- 1.0 vs. 24.3 +/- 0.8, p =.0006). From 1976 to 1998, trial methodology improved significantly over time (an average of 0.36 points per year, p =.021). Mortality outcome trials improved an average of 0.58 points per year (p =.0011) whereas surrogate outcome trials did not demonstrate an improvement in methodological quality over time (p =.249). CONCLUSION: The methodological limitations identified in this article can help to target further improvement in trial design to enhance the validity of findings from future randomized clinical trials of sepsis.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Diagnostic criteria in childhood depression.

Comparison of diagnoses of childhood depression from four sets of criteria (i.e., Research Diagnostic Criteria, DSM-III, and those of Poznanski and Weinberg) used with 65 children referred to a psychiatric clinic showed complete agreement in 56 (86%) of the cases. The major disagreement resulted from differences between the clinician's rating of dysphoria based on the child's nonverbal behavior and the child's and parent's verbal report of no dysphoria. Analyses of the essential symptoms of depression among the four criteria sets indicated that the nonverbal rating was most strongly associated with a diagnosis of depression and the best predictor of the severity of depression.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Children should be seen and heard: self-report of feelings and behaviors in primary-school-age children with ADHD.

OBJECTIVE: The belief that children with externalizing disorders have difficulties with self-awareness raises the question of whether children with externalizing disorders are good informants of their own behavior. METHOD: This study investigates how children with ADHD rate their behaviors compared to children without ADHD on a new rating scale (the Self-Evaluation Scale for Children). RESULTS: Preliminary results indicate that this rating scale has acceptable reliability and validity. Furthermore, children with ADHD are found to provide useful information about their feelings and behaviors. Compared to children without ADHD, children with ADHD report more disorganized, disruptive, and impulsive behaviors; poorer self-perception; and poorer social and communication skills. They do not report any less interest in school activities nor more anxiety than the children without ADHD. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that children with ADHD are more self-aware than previously thought, and this information should inform our clinical and research practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

The user's guide: a key to enhanced communication.

A strong materials management department will be essential for hospitals if hospitals are to survive the challenges of today. Communication with the department's customers is a key to a strong effective department. In this article, the author outlines the components of a user's guide to be distributed to other departments from materials management. This user's guide enhances the understanding by other departments of materials management's role, function, and policies.

Communication↗
PubMed2003

[Development of fixed-base full task space flight training simulator].

Fixed-base full task flight training simulator is a very critical and important integrated training facility. It is mostly used in training of integrated skills and tasks, such as running the flight program of manned space flight, dealing with faults, operating and controlling spacecraft flight, communicating information between spacecraft and ground. This simulator was made up of several subentries including spacecraft simulation, simulating cabin, sight image, acoustics, main controlling computer, instructor and assistant support. It has implemented many simulation functions, such as spacecraft environment, spacecraft movement, communicating information between spacecraft and ground, typical faults, manual control and operating training, training control, training monitor, training database management, training data recording, system detecting and so on.

Astronauts↗
PubMed1991

Deconstructing the DSM-III.

Deconstruction is a form of analysis that accounts for the unconscious elements in all human constructions, especially linguistic constructions. The theory derives its tenets from psychoanalysis and linguistics. Because the third edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) facilitates communication among practitioners of differing theoretical backgrounds, deconstruction can be used to analyze the DSM-III. This article describes the basic ideas behind deconstruction, defines the linguistic dualities on which the DSM-III is based, and analyzes these dualities in the clinician-client relationship. The DSM-III and the DSM-III Case Book are used to examine the process of diagnosis; based on this analysis, practical considerations for clinicians are analyzed.

Humans↗
PubMed1994

Pseudoaneurysm of the femoral artery after cardiac catheterisation: diagnosis and treatment by manual compression guided by Doppler colour flow imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of Doppler colour flow imaging for diagnosing and guiding non-surgical treatment of pseudoaneurysm of the femoral artery complicating cardiac catheterisation. DESIGN: A prospective study. SETTING: Cardiac department in a teaching hospital. PATIENTS: 9 patients (8 female, 1 male) who presented with pseudoaneurysm 1-15 days after cardiac catheterisation. INTERVENTIONS: The femoral arterial communication to the false aneurysm was localised by Doppler colour flow imaging. Manual pressure was then applied to the ultrasound transducer which was positioned directly over the site of the arterial communication. Pressure was progressively increased until it was sufficient to prevent colour flow from the artery into the false aneurysm cavity while allowing Doppler flow to continue within the arterial lumen. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Characteristics of pseudoaneurysm, duration of manual compression, success rate, follow up. RESULTS: The pseudoaneurysms ranged from 1.3 to 5.5 cm in length. Six pseudoaneurysms were 1.3-2.0 cm away from the arterial puncture. The pseudoaneurysm was closed in 8/9 patients by compression exerted manually through the transducer for 25-40 minutes (3 successful cases required two or three periods of compression within 48 hours). No pseudoaneurysm recurred during 14-61 days of follow up. CONCLUSIONS: Most pseudoaneurysms of the femoral artery can be treated by a period of manual pressure applied with an ultrasound transducer and guided by Doppler colour flow.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Silence is liberating: removing the handcuffs on grammatical expression in the manual modality.

Grammatical properties are found in conventional sign languages of the deaf and in unconventional gesture systems created by deaf children lacking language models. However, they do not arise in spontaneous gestures produced along with speech. The authors propose a model explaining when the manual modality will assume grammatical properties and when it will not. The model argues that two grammatical features, segmentation and hierarchical combination, appear in all settings in which one human communicates symbolically with another. These properties are preferentially assumed by speech whenever words are spoken, constraining the manual modality to a global form. However, when the manual modality must carry the full burden of communication, it is freed from the global form it assumes when integrated with speech--only to be constrained by the task of symbolic communication to take on the grammatical properties of segmentation and hierarchical combination.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

American conceptions of infant development from 1955 to 1984: what the experts are telling parents.

The efforts of the child development movement to understand development and the factors influencing it have been the basis of 2 interrelated tasks: the scientific study of children, and the dissemination of this knowledge to parents. Content analysis is used to assess the extent to which psychological theories and research about infants have been communicated to parents from 1955 to 1984 in 2 popular publications, the Infant Care manual and Parents magazine. Results indicated that there is not a singular relation between what experts know and what is communicated to parents. Information reflecting scientific advances about the biological components of infant development (perception, cognition, and temperament) have been most accurately communicated to parents, whereas discussions of the mother-infant relationship, child care, feeding, and fathers appeared to be related to the broader cultural context and demographic changes over the past thirty years. This study reveals an interaction between science and culture in our theories of infant development and child rearing.

Child Development↗
PubMed2001

Changes in interhemispheric transfer rate and the development of bimanual coordination during childhood.

In this study, we investigated the effect of the development of interhemispheric communication on age-related change in bimanual coordination. Interhemispheric communication was assessed by comparing the latency of a manual response to a visual stimulus when the hemisphere perceiving the stimulus and the hemisphere controlling the manual response were the same (uncrossed condition) to the latency when they were different (crossed condition). In the first experiment (5- to 10-year-old children) we used a two-choice response-time task, and in the second experiment (3- to 7-year-old children) we used a simple response-time task. In both studies, bimanual coordination was tested on a line-drawing task, and we compared performance on mirror and parallel movements. The crossed-uncrossed difference decreased with age in both experiments. When estimated on the simple response-time task, the crossed-uncrossed difference was related to the difference in performance between mirror and parallel movements on the bimanual task. Thus, improved interhemispheric communication contributes to progress in bimanual coordination, especially that which requires resisting the attraction of mirror movements in order to rotate both hands with parallel movements.

Age Factors↗