Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Magazines”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Combined serotonergic-cholinergic lesions do not disrupt memory in rats.

Rats were trained on a delayed nonmatching to position task, divided into four groups and given the following lesions: (a) SHAM (vehicle injection into nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) and raphé nuclei (RN), (b) RN (5,7-dihydroxytryptamine lesions of raphé, vehicle into NBM), (c) NBM (quisqualic acid lesion of NBM, vehicle into RN), and (d) COMB (lesions of both RN and NBM). RN lesions had no effect on performance measures including accuracy (percent correct), errors of omission, bias, latencies, and magazine response rate. NBM lesions produced delay-independent (nonmnemonic) disruptions, but performance improved over the 20 days' test. The effects of COMB lesions were no worse than NBM lesions alone. The results suggest that (a) the serotonergic system is not essential for performance in this task, (b) NBM lesions transiently impair nonmnemonic aspects of performance, and (c) serotonergic-cholinergic interactions may not be essential for some cognitive processes.

5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Components of child and parent interviews in cases of alleged sexual abuse.

Considerable discussion in child sexual abuse evaluation centers around minimizing the number of victim interviews, however, the completeness of one professional's interview is not always addressed. In this study, professionals (medical, social, law enforcement/legal, mental health) indicated what components they included in their interviews of sexual abuse victims and their parents. Components included: details of abuse, family relationships, school situation/performance, child's development (toilet training, bed wetting, language development, etc.), child's knowledge of body part names, child's knowledge of body part functions, child-rearing practices (bathing, sleeping), medical history (illnesses, surgery), behavior problems, psychological symptoms (nightmares, sadness), physical complaints (pain, discharge), parental teaching about sex, and child's access to sexually explicit television or magazines. Interview components varied by profession, consistent with expected professional bias. This study demonstrates some professional bias in interviewing children and parents and suggests that having a single interview or interviewer may not always be optimal for a thorough evaluation. Increased communication and teamwork among professionals, and cross-training among disciplines could facilitate both the recognition of appropriateness of some "multiple interviews" as well as provide efforts to consolidate interviews when possible.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Pornography and rape: theory and practice? Evidence from crime data in four countries where pornography is easily available.

We have looked at the empirical evidence of the well-known feminist dictum: "pornography is the theory--rape is the practice" (Morgan, 1980). While earlier research, notably that generated by the U.S. Commission on Obscenity and Pornography (1970) had found no evidence of a causal link between pornography and rape, a new generation of behavioral scientists have, for more than a decade, made considerable effort to prove such a connection, especially as far as "aggressive pornography" is concerned. The first part of the article examines and discusses the findings of this new research. A number of laboratory experiments have been conducted, much akin to the types of experiments developed by researchers of the effects of nonsexual media violence. As in the latter, a certain degree of increased "aggressiveness" has been found under certain circumstances, but to extrapolate from such laboratory effects to the commission of rape in real life is dubious. Studies of rapists' and nonrapists' immediate sexual reactions to presentations of pornography showed generally greater arousal to non-violent scenes, and no difference can be found in this regard between convicted rapists, nonsexual criminals and noncriminal males. In the second part of the paper an attempt was made to study the necessary precondition for a substantial causal relationship between the availability of pornography, including aggressive pornography, and rape--namely, that obviously increased availability of such material was followed by an increase in cases of reported rape. The development of rape and attempted rape during the period 1964-1984 was studied in four countries: the U.S.A., Denmark, Sweden and West Germany. In all four countries there is clear and undisputed evidence that during this period the availability of various forms of pictorial pornography including violent/dominant varieties (in the form of picture magazines, and films/videos used at home or shown in arcades or cinemas) has developed from extreme scarcity to relative abundance. If (violent) pornography causes rape, this exceptional development in the availability of (violent) pornography should definitely somehow influence the rape statistics. Since, however, the rape figures could not simply be expected to remain steady during the period in question (when it is well known that most other crimes increased considerably), the development of rape rates was compared with that of non-sexual violent offences and nonviolent sexual offences (in so far as available statistics permitted). The results showed that in none of the countries did rape increase more than nonsexual violent crimes. This finding in itself would seem sufficient to discard the hypothesis that pornography causes rape.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed1996

Structural mechanics of bent DNA.

The DNA molecule is a familiar object. It is often depicted in magazines and advertisements as a double helix, with the letters of the genetic code strung along the two spiral backbones and joined together in pairs. In such pictures the molecule is usually shown as straight; yet in the chromosomes of living organisms, DNA is curved and wound up into condensed packages. This article explains what is involved in such bending of DNA in the cell. It uses the ideas of structural mechanics--a tool of engineers--to show how the various components fit together when the molecule is bent.

Adenine↗
PubMed1979

Sensation seeking and psychopathology.

A sample of 2,115 persons responded to an article in a popular magazine by taking the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS) and supplying personal information by mail, including data about past treatment, hospitalization, and diagnosis of psychiatric disorders. Subjects falling into certain diagnostic categories were closely matched with controls from the same sample who reported no history, treatment, or diagnosis of disorder. SSS scores were not related to general psychopathology, unipolar depression, schizophrenia, or neurosis, but were found to be elevated in persons reporting a history of manic-depressive or sociopathic spectrum (including alcoholism and drug abuse) disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The gap between legal rules and practice in advertising non-registered pharmaceutical products. A new method of analysis.

The market of non-registered pharmaceutical products is growing fast in number and overall costs, not only in the Netherlands, but also in other European countries. These products often give the impression that the consumer may expect 'an effect as from a drug'. Legally, there is a clear distinction between 'drugs' and 'commodities' in the Netherlands; the question is whether legislation and practice concur. In an investigation we analysed texts of advertisements for non-registered pharmaceutical products published in a popular magazine. A method was developed, based on the legal definition of a drug and jurisprudence, to determine in a qualitative and quantitative way the application of medicinal claims. It transpired that in 65% of the analysed advertisements explicit or implicit claims were made. These products should therefore be subject to drugs legislation. Thus, in the Netherlands there is a gap between legislation and practice in advertising non-registered pharmaceutical products.

Advertising↗
PubMed1993

Evaluation of AIDS prevention among homosexual and bisexual men in Switzerland.

Attitudinal and behavioural change among gay men in Switzerland was measured between 1987 and 1990 to evaluate the effectiveness of AIDS prevention activities. The methodology used included a self-administered questionnaire published in Swiss gay magazines and distributed by gay organizations (N = 795 in 1987, N = 720 in 1990) and in-depth interviews with men recruited through advertisements and through the questionnaire (N = 42 in 1987, N = 24 in 1990). The two independent sampling procedures yielded similar samples with regard to socio-demographic characteristics, allowing comparisons to be made between the 1987 and 1990 data. Personal confrontation with AIDS (knowing someone who is HIV-positive, or who is ill or dead from AIDS) increased significantly during the period but more adequate ways of coping developed. Behavioural change towards safer sex began well before the first study. The majority of responding homosexuals have adapted their sexual behaviour to the new situation created by AIDS and generally maintain a protective behaviour. However, "exceptions" (condom rupture or episodes of non-protection) are not infrequent and should deserve more attention. Three indicators of sexual behaviour (number of sexual partners, anal sex and use of condom and oral sex with ejaculation), reported for the last 3 months before each study, exhibit few changes between 1987 and 1990: number of partners remained stable, unprotected oral sex decreased. Anal sex slightly increased, the use of condoms remaining stable. Sixty-seven percent of the sample knew their serostatus in 1990 (57% in 1987), and 13% of these stated that they were HIV+ (14% in 1987).

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

Developmental changes in the recognition and comprehension of facial expression: implications for frontal lobe function.

Children aged 6-15 years old and adults (over 18) were given three tests designed to test perception and comprehension of facial expression. In the first test subjects were given two composite symmetrical faces made from the left or right half of a normal face, the subjects' task being to indicate which composite more closely resembled the original face. In the second test the subjects matched a series of photographs from Life magazine with key photographs of one of six distinct emotions (sad, fear, happy, anger, disgust, surprise). In the third test the subjects chose a key photograph that was appropriate for the face of a faceless character in a cartoon. On the composite faces test the subjects in all groups exhibited a preference for the left visual field composite, implying that all age groups were processing the faces in a similar manner. The results of the other two tests showed that there was an improvement in the perception of facial expression between the ages of 6 and 8 years, little change until about 13 years, and then a second improvement to adult performance at about 14 years. The performance of the 8- to 13-year-old children was similar to that of adult patients with frontal lobe injuries, which could be taken as evidence that the regions of the frontal lobe involved in the performance of these tasks may not be mature until about 14 years of age.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The climacteric in The Netherlands: a review of Dutch studies on epidemiology, attitudes and use of hormone replacement therapy.

The climacteric has been the subject of research in the Netherlands for several decades. The incidence of climacteric symptoms has not changed since the pioneerwork of Jaszmann in 1967; nevertheless the number of contacts with a physician decreased by a factor of three during the 1970s and early 1980s. A rise in the number of contacts has occurred since 1987-1988 and nowadays the same number is reached as was 20 years ago. In 1970 psychopharmacons were the first choice of therapy. Nowadays 90% of the prescriptions for climacteric complaints are hormones. Twelve percent of women aged 45-60 years are current users of HRT. The mean duration of HRT use is only 7 months. The positive attitude of most women towards the climacteric is an explanation for this very short duration of use. Women receive their information on HRT use mainly through women's magazines and TV programmes and not through physicians. The determinants of longer duration of use are a positive attitude to treatment, younger age and the support of the GP. Physicians claim that they prescribe progestogens for 51% of oestrogen users, but the data give a figure of only 20% of prescription of progestogens with oestrogens. One explanation for this difference is the practice of many doctors to prescribe progestogens only once in 3 months.

Attitude↗
PubMed1992

Attitudes towards and level of information on perimenopausal and postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy among Norwegian women.

In order to investigate women's attitudes towards and level of information on perimenopausal and postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) 1019 women over 17 years of age constituting a representative sample of the Norwegian female population were interviewed in 1990 as part of a monthly national opinion poll (response rate 96.5%). Women's magazines proved to be the most important source of information on hormone therapy. Only in the over-45 age group were doctors mentioned frequently as information sources. A high self-assessed information level was associated with a positive attitude towards hormone therapy. Those who had obtained information from a doctor were more positive than those who had not. More than half of those who expressed an opinion believed that hormone therapy increased the risk of heart infarction, stroke, breast cancer and cancer in general. There was a strong association between a negative attitude, towards using hormones and belief in an increased risk of serious disease. The women were more positive towards the use of HRT for the prevention of osteoporosis and for postmenopausal urogenital complaints than for the alleviation of climacteric symptoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The climacteric, osteoporosis and hormone replacement; views of women aged 45-49.

We report climacteric symptoms among women aged 45-49, and their attitudes towards HRT and osteoporosis prevention. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to 481 women attending for bone density screening after random invitation. We recorded social class, menopausal status, history of HRT exposure and climacteric symptoms, awareness of HRT and osteoporosis, and potential willingness to consider HRT before and after bone densitometry. In total, 294 (61%) were from non-manual social classes; 338 (70%) were premenopausal, 68 (14%) postmenopausal and 75 (16%) uncertain; 101 (21%) were current/previous HRT users. Three or more climacteric symptoms were experienced by 189 (56%) of premenopausal women, compared to 64 (94%) of postmenopausal women. Most women had heard of HRT (96%) and osteoporosis (84%), usually from women's magazines or friends. HRT was usually prescribed for climacteric symptoms and, in one case, for osteoporosis prevention. Side effects were reported with most HRT preparations and affected 38% of all users. Of the 380 (79%) women who had never taken HRT, half had concerns about such treatment, and few wanted it at the menopause. However, 364 (96%) said they would consider HRT if their bone scan suggested increased osteoporosis risk. In conclusion, women around the menopause experience considerable climacteric morbidity, but are often anxious about HRT use. Better health education might improve HRT uptake, while long-term compliance might be enhanced by disclosure of fracture risk.

Bone Density↗
PubMed1992

Epidemiologic studies of electric and magnetic fields and cancer: a case study of distortions by the media.

Articles alleging hazards of electric or magnetic fields, based on epidemiologic studies, have appeared in the popular press. Some of these articles, which contain distortions of the scientific evidence, have been cited in the scientific and medical literature, thereby being given some degree of apparent legitimacy. In particular, articles appeared in 1989 in The New Yorker magazine, claiming a strong association between exposure to electric or magnetic fields and cancer. Assertions made in these articles (and a book dealing with essentially the same information) have been challenged by members of the scientific community. This paper will identify some additional misconceptions presented in two more recent articles from The New Yorker. Scientists and physicians should be aware of the deficiencies in these articles, and are encouraged to seek a more balanced view of the research performed in this area.

Cluster Analysis↗
PubMed1993

An index of scientific quality for health reports in the lay press.

Although the quality of health reporting has been criticized for being unscientific, evaluations of health care reporting have been limited by the lack of a reliable and credible measure of scientific quality. We developed an index of scientific quality (ISQ) for health-related news reports and tested its reliability and sensibility. Items were generated from a survey of the literature and experts in research methodology. Items that were unclear, confusing or discriminated poorly between articles of high and low scientific quality were revised or deleted in an iterative process wherein potential criteria were independently applied to samples of 5 to 15 articles by 6 raters. To test the reliability of the final criteria 60 articles were drawn from three sampling frames: newspapers, magazines, and professional journals. Articles were intentionally selected to obtain a wide range of quality and topics. Two categories of raters were used: research assistants and physicians with research training. All 6 raters assessed all 60 articles. The sensibility of the index was tested by a questionnaire with 13 items related to face validity and content validity as well as other aspects of sensibility. The questionnaire was completed by 20 researchers and 13 health and science writers. The final ISQ includes 7 items that address the extent to which a report allows readers to draw conclusions about the applicability, validity and practical importance of the information that is reported. Chance corrected agreement (kappa) among all 6 raters for overall scientific quality was 0.62 (SE 0.02). The index was found to be sensible with only one major problem, the need for judgment in making ratings. While some degree of subjectivity appears to be inevitable in rating the scientific quality of health reports, the ISQ is acceptable reliable and credible and should be useful for evaluating and improving the scientific quality of health reporting.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1996

Cognitive processes and the decisions of some parents to forego pertussis vaccination for their children.

Public health analyses suggest that, in spite of the possibility that pertussis vaccine may cause rare cases of neurological injury, catastrophic risks to individual children are lower if they are vaccinated. A number of parents, however, choose not to vaccinate their children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the decision processes of some parents who choose to vaccinate and some parents who choose not to do so. Surveys were mailed to 500 randomly selected subscribers of Mothering magazine. Two hundred and ninety-four completed questionnaires were returned (59%). In addition to well-recognized factors in vaccination decisions, perceived dangers of the vaccine, and of the disease and susceptibility to the disease, several cognitive processes not previously considered in vaccination decision studies were found to be important predictors in this population of parents: perceived ability to control children's susceptibility to the disease and the outcome of the disease; ambiguity or doubts about the reliability of vaccine information; a preference for errors of omission over errors of commission; and recognition that if many other children are vaccinated, the risk to unvaccinated children may be lowered. Although perhaps most cases of undervaccination for pertussis reflect more general problems of health care access, some parents choose to forego vaccination for their children for other reasons. Traditional risk-benefit arguments alone will be unlikely to persuade these parents to reassess their decisions. Efforts to increase childhood vaccination must incorporate an understanding of the cognitive processes that help drive these decisions.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Mammaplasty and the aesthetically correct: breast and medias].

This article discusses how the norms of the aesthetically correct breast, the physiological characteristics of the breast, the increase in life expectancy, and the possibility of cosmetic surgery all influence the demand of breast modification. It then reviews the various stances of the medias on the subject, looking at the print medias, women's magazines, TV documentaries and reality shows. There is a paradox between a social context of hardening of the norms, encouragement of well-being and self-realisation, tolerance ideal, and the reality of quite a denial of the women's rights to choose their mammary appearance. The article seeks to elucidate historical, philosophical, social, religious and ideological obstacles. Finally, a new analysis chart looking at stances on the issue of cosmetic breast surgery is proposed, according to two criteria: "Doing" and "Saying". This chart will help the surgeon to better decode the demand of each patient in order to better come up to her expectations.

Body Image↗
PubMed2004

On the relationship between anticipatory behaviour in a Pavlovian paradigm and Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer in rats (Rattus norvegicus).

The present rat study assessed the relationship between, and the sensitivity of, two different tests for appetitive conditioned responding to differences in the contingency between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US), and to differences in US magnitude. The first test used a Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) paradigm, assessing the capacity of the CS to enhance instrumental responding for food. The second test employed a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm with an extended CS-US interval, and total number of behavioural elements in this interval as a dependent measure. The PIT test proved to be sensitive to contingency but not reward magnitude differences, whereas the reverse was true for the Pavlovian test. Although there was a significant correlation between tests in the magnitude of the CS-induced increase of food-magazine entries, the main dependent measure from PIT (number of lever presses) and that from the Pavlovian test (total number of behavioural elements) did not correlate. It is suggested that in the PIT procedure, the CS induces a chain of behavioural responses of which lever pressing is just a single element and that the Pavlovian test, in principle, is more sensitive.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Implicit learning in a serial choice visual discrimination task in the operant 9-hole box by intact and striatal lesioned mice.

Within a broader programme developing murine models of Huntington's disease (HD), we have sought to develop a test of implicit learning for the mouse. Mice were trained in a novel serial visual discrimination task in the '9-hole box' operant test apparatus, followed by retesting after either bilateral quinolinic acid striatal lesions or sham lesions. In the task, each trial involves two sequential responses: an initial light stimulus is presented randomly in one of five holes, to which a nose-poke response results in the first light being extinguished and a second light is illuminated in a different hole. Response to the second light results in food reward, followed by a brief interval before the next trial. When the first light was in one of three of the five holes, the location of the second light was unpredictable in any of the remaining four holes; by contrast, if the first light occurred in one of the other two of the five holes, then the location of the second light was entirely predictable, being the hole two steps to the left or to the right, respectively. Reaction times and accuracy of responding were recorded to both stimuli. The mice learned the task with a degree of accuracy, and they demonstrated clear implicit learning, as measured by increased accuracy and reduced latency to respond to the presentation of the predictable stimulus. Striatal lesions disrupted performance, reducing accuracy for both the first and second stimuli and increasing response latencies for the second stimuli. The decrease in accuracy by the lesioned animals was accompanied by increases in perseverative nose-poking and inappropriate magazine entries throughout the trials, but the lesioned mice still showed a similar benefit (albeit, against a lower baseline of performance) from the implicit knowledge provided on predictable trials. The data validates the task as a sensitive probe for determining implicit learning deficits in the mouse, and suggests that the consequences of striatal lesions, while disrupting performance of skilled stimulus-response habits, are not selective to the process underlying implicit learning.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

An assessment of context-specificity of the CS-preexposure effect in Pavlovian excitatory and inhibitory conditioning.

Non-reinforced preexposure to a to-be-conditioned stimulus (CS) results in retarded development of conditioned excitation and inhibition. In a magazine-approach preparation in rats, we explored the role of background context on this CS-preexposure effect by changing contexts after the preexposure treatment. Experiment 1 demonstrated with a typical three-group design that changing background contexts attenuated the CS-preexposure effect in conditioned excitation. Experiment 2 employed the identical design except that conditioned inhibition was the target of study. Preexposure to stimulus X retarded subsequent differentiation of responding to reinforced A trials and non-reinforced AX trials, suggesting that CS-preexposure retarded development of inhibitory conditioning. However, changing contexts did not attenuate the preexposure effect. We discuss these results in the framework of the extended comparator hypothesis.

Animals↗