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At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Treatment of Amanita mushroom poisoning: a review.

Poisoning with mushrooms of the genus Amanita, members of which occur frequently in both North America and Europe, accounts for a significant number of deaths annually. Liver damage is the main clinical feature and death rates are variously reported to be from 11.3% to 51.3% of patients. The amount of mushroom ingested appears to be the main prognostic indicator and a fatal outcome appears inevitable if a large amount is eaten. In sublethal exposures, supportive therapy seems effective; when definitive treatment is considered, hyperbaric oxygen, penicillin and silymarin are indicated in conjunction with careful management of blood glucose concentration. Charcoal hemoperfusion, forced diuresis, hyperbaric oxygen, and thioctic acid may also be considered, although these treatment modalities are not clearly associated with increased survival.

Amanitins↗
PubMed1988

Extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by spores of the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus.

Four mushroom workers have developed an extrinsic allergic alveolitis, after working with the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). After provocation with aerosolized spores under laboratory conditions, the four patients showed the complaints of an extrinsic allergic alveolitis; a rise of body temperature, leucocytosis and changes of lung function parameters were observed. Antibodies against the spores were assessed in the blood of these patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

[Cholinesterase activity as a prognostic test in phalloidine mushroom poisoning].

The phalloidine mushroom poisoning is an exogenic intoxication with specific action of the mushroom toxins on the liver and its functions. The dynamic follow up of serum cholinesterase activity in patients with phalloidine intoxication revealed that it was significantly decreased in the patients who died in comparison to those who survived. In the patients who survived and recovered the serum cholinesterase was moderately decreased and later increased. As a protein product synthesized in the liver the serum cholinesterase is a good marker of the protein-synthesizing function of the liver in patients with phalloidine intoxication and may be used as a prognostic test for its outcome.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1987

[Diagnosis and therapy of mushroom poisoning (II)].

In the second part of this review of mushroom poisonings, the syndromes with intermediate and long lag-times are discussed. They include the coprinus-, phalloides-, gyromitrin- and the orellanus syndrome. The coprinus syndrome occurs whenever alcohol is consumed after a meal containing coprine. The lag-time varies according to the amount and time of alcohol intake. It is very similar to the disulfiram syndrome which is known from the adverse therapy of alcoholism. The lag-time of the phalloides syndrome varies between 7 and 24 hours. It starts with massive gastroenteritis followed by hepatopathia which can lead to hepatic coma and kidney failure. The phalloides syndrome is caused by the amatoxins of the death caps, which inhibit the RNA Polymerase B in the nucleus of the liver cell. The gyromitrin syndrome exhibits also a delayed onset. The hepatotoxicity and the nephrotoxicity are less severe than in the phalloides syndrome. The first metabolite of gyromitrin monomethylhydrazin is responsible for CNS-symptoms such as delirium and convulsions. In contrast to the phalloides syndrome vomiting can be the only leading symptom in gyromitrin poisoning. The orellanus syndrome has the most delayed onset of all mushroom poisonings with 1-3 weeks. It should be thought of in all cases of kidney insufficiency of unknown origin. The orellanines damage the kidney and induce all degrees of kidney insufficiency according to the amount of ingested poison. Terminal kidney failure which requires hemodialysis treatment can occur in severe cases.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed1970

Mushroom poisoning in Canada: report of a fatal case.

At least 150 cases of mushroom poisoning occur in Canada each year, 75% in the Province of Ontario. Eighty per cent of the total are in children under the age of 9, and most do not require hospitalization. Amanita virosa poisoning is a potentially fatal medical emergency which presents as an acute gastroenteritis, progressing to hepatorenal failure. Treatment consists of elimination of undigested mushrooms, rapid rehydration, management of acute liver and renal failure, and prevention of infection during the recovery phase.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Acute kidney failure following Cortinarius splendens (Fries) or "yellow clubbed foot" mushroom poisoning (so-called orellanus syndrome)].

Intoxications by cortinarii have only been recognized in recent years. Compared to other mushroom poisoning they are characterized by the long incubation time of up to ten days or more, and predominantly hepatorenal symptoms. In this paper the first two Swiss cases of intoxication with Cortinarius phlegmacium splendens are reported. The two patients ate two meals of this mushroom one week apart. Three days after the second meal the patients became acutely ill with severe lumbar pain, polyuria, polydipsia and constipation. Laboratory examinations revealed signs of hepato-renal toxicity with increase in serum creatinine, hyposthenuria and hyperbilirubinemia. Both patients recovered fully in the course of a further two weeks.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1982

Severe poisoning in a child by the mushroom Inocybe tristis, Malençon and Bertault.

Following ingestion of the mushroom Inocybe tristis, a 2 1/2-yr-old girl had sudden onset of diarrhea, vomiting, stupor and myosis. Subsequently, she developed excessive hypertension, a purpuric rash and transient hepatic, muscular, renal and cutaneous damage. The patient completely recovered after supportive therapy. This is an instance of severe multisystemic toxicity caused by the mushroom Inocybe tristis, Malençon and Bertault, previously unreported.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1982

Amanita phalloides-type mushroom poisoning.

In the fall of 1981 the San Francisco Bay Area Regional Poison Control Center received more than 100 calls regarding wild mushroom ingestion. Ten cases, including three fatalities, had all the features of Amanita phalloides poisoning. Encephalopathy, coma and renal insufficiency occurred in all three patients who died, but did not occur in those who survived. Two of the three patients who died arrived at the hospital late in the course of their illness, and severe gastroenteritis with accompanying dehydration probably contributed to their deaths. The poison control center promoted public awareness of the mushroom hazard through newspaper and television stories and by notifying local health departments. It also has devised a simple form to improve the quality of data collection and to assist in later verification of suspected A phalloides poisoning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

[Mushroom poisoning: clinical contribution].

Emphasis is placed on the need for a careful appraisal of the history in the diagnostic and prognostic approach to mushroom poisoning. The main syndromes are described and an account is given of the modern treatment of the dramatic pictures caused by phalloides poisoning. A personal case series formed of 118 patients treated between Jan. 1969 and Dec. 1977 is presented. The importance of certain methods, especially dialysis, in the management of phalloides cases is discussed. Stress if laid on the need to hospitalise all persons displaying symptoms referable to the ingestion of mushrooms in suitable equipped centres as soon as possible.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Hemoperfusion in mushroom poisoning. Clinical analysis of 58 patients].

Fifty-eight patients with acute mushroom poisoning--Amanita phalloides were treated. Among them were 28 children and 2 adolescents. From all the patients mean age was 30.5 years, 31 patients were in hepatic coma. All patients undergone conservative treatment and haemoperfusion. The mean time from beginning of acute poisoning to the first haemoperfusion was 61 hours. Ninety-eight haemoperfusions were performed, from this number 26 using Amberlite XAD-2. Seventeen simultaneous or subsequent haemodialyses and 12 plasmaphereses were performed. Mortality occurred in 20 patients (34.5%). Survival of patients depended on the amount of ingested mushroom, on the early admission of patients to dialysis centre and on the beginning of extracorporeal treatment until the period of 24 hours after acute poisoning.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1996

[Poisoning with spotted and red mushrooms--pathogenesis, symptoms, treatment].

Amanita pantherina and Amanita muscaria are commonly occurring mushrooms in Polish forests. They contain ibotenic acid and muscimol: the substances reacting with neurotransmitter receptors in central nervous system. The ingestion of these mushrooms produces a distinctive syndrome consisting of alternating phases of drowsiness and agitation with hallucinations, and sometimes with convulsions. The diagnosis of Amanita pantherina or Amanita muscaria poisoning is established by means of mycologic investigation of gastric lavage. The treatment is only symptomatic, and the prognosis is usually good.

Amanita↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The toxicological aspects of poisonings by psilocybine-containing mushrooms].

Cases involving the investigation of psylocybin-containing mushrooms became more frequent in forensic chemical and criminological expert evaluation in recent years. The authors present the data on the main chemical factors contained in these mushrooms, on the mechanism of their toxic effect, clinical picture of poisoning, and methods of chemical and toxicological analysis.

Forensic Medicine↗
PubMed1997

[Mushroom poisoning--classification, symptoms and therapy].

The most serious poisonings are the hepatotoxic ones which are caused above all by Amanita phalloides, virosa, verna, Lepiota helveola, Galerina marginata, Gyromitra esculenta, Hypholoma fasciculare, and nephroptoxic intoxications which are caused above all by Cortinarius orrelanus and Paxillus involutus. Neurotoxic and psychotropic intoxications develop after ingestion of Inocybe, Clitocybe, Amanita-panterina, muscaria and Psilocybe. Most frequently the gastroenteric type of mushroom poisoning is encountered which is caused by many species e.g. Boletus satanas, Entoloma sinuatum and others. In the diagnosis anamnestic data are used, the clinical picture, mycological and toxicological examinations of residues of mushrooms, their spores and toxins. Therapeutic strategy comprises elimination methods gastric lavage, intestinal lavage and administration of large amounts of animal charcoal, forced diuresis, haemoperfusion, haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, administration of antidotes and symptomatic treatment, i.e. mainly rehydration and restoration of the mineral balance. Early and comprehensive treatment are important.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Therapeutic effects for hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by Japanese mushroom (Bunashimeji).

BACKGROUND: Bunashimeji-related hypersensitivity pneumonitis is found among workers who cultivate the mushroom in indoor facilities. An evaluation of protective measures was initiated using the outcomes of clinical, immunological, and radiological findings. METHODS: Twenty-two patients presented with symptoms of HP; all were employed cultivating Bunashimeji mushrooms in indoor facilities. After hospitalization, 6 of 22 patients quit their job to avoid exposure to spores (Avoidance group). Sixteen patients continued to work used a mask for 3 months, and were then divided into two subgroups: Mask alone (seven patients) and mask plus oral prednisolone (Mask + PSL) (nine patients). The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), serum Krebs von der Lungen-6 (KL-6), surfactant protein-D (SP-D), lymphocyte stimulation test (LST), ground-glass scores in chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were assessed before and after treatment. RESULTS: Complete avoidance resulted in a significant decrease in LST. There was a significant decrease after PSL treatment in serum KL-6, SP-D, and total cell counts in the BAL fluid in the Mask + PSL group. In the Mask alone group, serum KL-6, SP-D, ground-glass scores in chest HRCT and total cell counts in BAL fluid showed high levels compared with the other two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Complete cessation was the best treatment for hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The use of a mask was ineffective for patients with a high serum KL-6 and SP-D concentration and severe ground-glass opacity on chest HRCT. Initial treatment with PSL is recommended for these patients with high levels of total cell counts in BAL fluid.

Agaricales↗
PubMed1992

Outbreak of hypersensitivity pneumonitis among mushroom farm workers.

Between April 1982 and August 1985, seven cases of mushroom worker's lung (MWL), a form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis, were diagnosed among workers at one mushroom farm in Florida. The cases suffered from episodic shortness of breath, cough, fever and chills, myalgia, malaise, and difficulty breathing. Pulmonary function testing revealed restrictive ventilatory impairment and reduced diffusing capacity; chest radiographs exhibited diffuse interstitial pulmonary infiltrates. The seven cases occurred among workers from different farm operations, suggesting that workers throughout the farm were exposed to the disease causing agent(s). Six of the affected workers left employment at the farm in order to remain free of symptoms. The other affected worker was able to continue working at the farm, but only by remaining in a maintenance shop which was physically separated from the rest of the farm facilities. An industrial hygiene survey demonstrated that farm workers from every work area were exposed to organic dust constituents suspected of causing MWL, but no specific antigens were identified as the cause of the cases. Of the remaining workers who participated in a cross-sectional respiratory morbidity survey at the farm, approximately 20% of the more heavily exposed workers reported occasionally experiencing symptoms consistent with MWL. Approximately 10% of the workers had below normal spirometry test results, but interpretation was hampered by the diverse racial makeup of the population and lack of an adequate comparison group. No abnormalities consistent with either acute or chronic MWL were seen on the chest radiographs. Serologic tests demonstrated that almost all workers had been exposed to antigens capable of causing MWL, but the results were not associated with health status. At the time of the cross-sectional survey, no workers were found to be suffering acute respiratory problems consistent with MWL.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the mushroom bodies of the honeybee: an electron microscopic study.

Synaptic contacts of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) -immunoreactive neurons in honeybee mushroom bodies were studied by using electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. In the lip region of the calyx neuropil, GABA-immunoreactive profiles formed synapses onto both small postsynaptic profiles (76%) and large immunonegative boutons (4%), which were likely to belong to the intrinsic and extrinsic mushroom body neurons, respectively. Three morphologic types of the large immunonegative boutons were distinguished: "light," "dark," and "dense core"; all of them received synaptic inputs from the GABA-immunoreactive profiles. A significant proportion of the synapses formed by the GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the lip region (20%) were input synapses from immunonegative neurons. Analysis of thin serial sections showed that the output and input synapses formed microcircuits in which both large immunonegative boutons and small postsynaptic profiles were involved. We interpret these findings to show that negative feedforward and feedback loops exist within the microcircuits of the lip region.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Anatomy of the mushroom bodies in the honey bee brain: the neuronal connections of the alpha-lobe.

Neural connections between the mushroom body (MB) and other protocerebral areas of the honeybee's brain were studied with the help of cobalt chloride and Golgi staining methods. Focal injections of cobalt ions into the alpha-lobe neuropil of the MB reveal seven clusters of somata located in the protocerebrum and deutocerebrum of each brain hemisphere. These neurons connect the mushroom body neuropil with protocerebral areas and number approximately 400. They contact the layered organization of the alpha-lobe at different locations. Some project not only into the alpha-lobe, but also into the beta-lobe and pedunculus neuropils. Fifteen cell types which form intraprotocerebral circuits are morphologically described. They can be divided into three categories: 1) unilateral neurons, with projection fields restricted to the ipsilateral protocerebrum; these neurons connect the alpha-lobe with areas in the protocerebral lobe and ramify with densely layered arborisations arranged perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the alpha-lobe; 2) recurrent neurons, which interconnect subcompartments of the MB, forming loops at different levels of the neuropil; their arborisations are mainly restricted to the alpha-lobe, beta-lobe, pedunculus, and calyces of the ipsilateral MB; they also ramify sparsely around the neuropil of the alpha-lobe; and 3) bilateral neurons, which either interconnect both alpha-lobes or connect the ipsilateral alpha-lobe and protocerebral lobe with the dorsolateral protocerebral lobe of the contralateral hemisphere. The connections of different compartments of the MB with other parts of the protocerebrum as revealed in this study are discussed in the context of hypotheses about the functional role of MBs in the honeybee brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Uptake of lead, cadmium and mercury by cultivated mushrooms].

It is reported of the uptake of lead, cadmium and mercury by cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) from lead, cadmium and mercury-containing substrates. Cd and Hg were observed to accumulate significantly via the mycelium, whereas Pb accumulated scarely, even if the Pb contents in the substrate were high. High lead concentrations in wild mushrooms, therefore, are likely to be mainly due to emissions; whereas, with Cd and Hg, uptake from the soil must also be considered.

Basidiomycota↗