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PubMed1996

Life expectancy of mentally retarded hemiplegics.

Sixty-four mentally retarded people with hemiplegia (35 females and 29 males), first recorded in 1963, were re-examined 30 years later for life expectancy. Detailed physical and mental states, lengths of hospital stays and other information were noted. Recent advances in diagnosis and prognosis of hemiplegics were included. The results of the study indicate that, with special provisions available, people with hemiplegia have the prospect of reaching pensionable age and beyond: the oldest female is 85 and the oldest male 76 years of age.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Life expectancy in keratoconus.

It is observed that few patients over the age of 60 regularly attend the keratoconus clinic at Moorfields Eye Hospital. The hypothesis that patients with keratoconus have a shorter life expectancy owing to underlying connective tissue related disease was tested. From patient records a sample of 337 keratoconus patients aged at least 40 years by 1991 were identified, of which 279 were living, 13 were deceased, and 45 were untraceable. The mortality rate for keratoconus patients was compared with that of the general population using actuarial English life tables. Results show no significant difference between the general population mortality rate and that of the keratoconus sample even with adjustment for social class. Possible explanations for the non-attendance of older patients are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Does perception of life expectancy reflect health knowledge?

Analysis of original survey data shows White male smokers estimate their longevity as four years less than that of nonsmokers, roughly the actuarial difference. Those who do not exercise perceive the same life expectancy as those who exercise, somewhat inconsistent with available information on mortality. Men with long-lived parents and grandparents expect to live 12-18 years longer than those with short-lived forebears, far longer than studies of actual longevity imply. Men who are more than 15 per cent overweight expect to live four years less, a larger impact than the published actuarial difference.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Infant mortality and life expectancy in the Arab world.

This exercise illustrates the concept of spatial correlation, the categorizing of data for mapping, and the use of the scatter diagram. It employs the variables of infant mortality and life expectancy as applied to the Arab World, though any region can be used. The factor of oil exports is added to enhance discussion of the findings. An extra advantage of the exercise is the learning of names of countries in a relatively painless way. The exercise teaches both content and methods of interpretation, and it is adaptable to high school and college levels.

Demography↗
PubMed1987

Changes in life expectancy of mentally retarded persons in Canadian institutions: a 12-year comparison.

A 12-year comparison of changes in the distribution of age, sex and level of functioning, as well as in life expectancy for mentally retarded persons in Canadian institutions has been reported. The major findings of the study corroborate, for the most part, studies from other parts of the developed world despite differences in measures of mortality. Several trends have emerged from the data which will have implications for long-term planning.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed2003

[Increasing life expectancy--the big social issue of the 21st century?].

Due to the combined effects of a persistent low birth rate, the forthcoming retirement of the "baby-boom generation" and an increasing life expectancy, the German system of "social security" will face severe challenges in the coming decades. The foreseeable doubling of the ratio between pensioners and employees by 2050 would cause a strong increase in social security contributions and taxes for the "pay-as-you-go"-financed pension system. In addition, the expected tripling of highly aged people would increase the public expenditures for health care and nursing care of elder people, which also have to be financed by the future working generations. In order to lessen the increasing burden on future generations, social reforms are necessary soon. If these are not performed, the distributional conflict between young and old people could become worse over the forthcoming decades.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Future orientation and life expectations of adolescents and young adults with thalassemia major.

Until recently, Thalassemia Major was considered a fatal disease and patients did not usually live into adulthood. Advances in the medical management of the disease have greatly increased the life expectancy of these patients. The present study aims to evaluate the future orientation and other aspects of psychosocial functioning of thalassemics compared to healthy controls. Thirty patients and 33 healthy subjects of similar age, ethnicity, education, and geographic area were compared on measures of future expectations, perceived social support, life orientation, health locus of control and hopelessness. Results show no significant differences between thalassemics and controls on all measures except for higher levels of internal health locus of control among the patient group. Results and implications of perceptions of thalassemics' future orientation relevant to patient care are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Life expectancy with cognitive impairment in the older population of the United States.

OBJECTIVES: This article provides estimates of the prevalence of cognitive impairment by age and sex for a nationally representative sample of the U.S. population aged 70 and over. From these estimates, years of life with and without cognitive impairment are calculated. METHODS: Using data from the Assets and Health Dynamics of the Oldest Old (AHEAD) survey, the prevalence of cognitive impairment is estimated for a sample representing both the community-dwelling and institutionalized older American population. Sullivan's method is used to calculate the average number of years an elderly person can expect to live with and without cognitive impairment. RESULTS: The prevalence of moderate to severe cognitive impairment in the total U.S. population aged 70 and over is 9.5%. At age 70, the average American can expect 1.5 years with cognitive impairment. Expected length of life with cognitive impairment is longer for women than men because of their longer life expectancy. DISCUSSION: As total life expectancy continues to increase, the length of life with cognitive impairment for the American population will increase unless age-specific prevalence is reduced. There is great potential for improvement in future early treatment and diagnosis of this condition.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Life expectancy, antagonistic pleiotropy, and the testis of dogs and men.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia are important age-related prostatic diseases that are under the influence of testicular hormones. However, the disparity between male and female life expectancy within the human population cannot be explained solely by the prevalence of prostatic disease-related mortality. The purpose of this paper is to explore the possibility that the testis exerts a detrimental effect on life span. METHODS: First, we review previously published and unpublished data on the influence of the testis on the life span of dogs and men. Aging in pet dogs and men is then discussed in terms of evolutionary theory, emphasizing the significance of a prolonged postreproductive life span and possible consequences of late-acting deleterious genes in these two species. Finally, we present preliminary data that orchiectomy can reduce DNA damage within the brain of elderly male dogs. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these observations raise the intriguing possibility that interventions to antagonize the testis might have much broader therapeutic applications that will extend well beyond the treatment of prostate cancer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Gene-transfer technology: a preventive neurotherapy to curb obesity, ameliorate metabolic syndrome and extend life expectancy.

Leptin insufficiency at crucial target sites in the hypothalamic circuitries that integrate energy intake and expenditure underlies abnormal rates of fat accumulation. The payload of this "fat burden" is metabolic syndrome, a cluster of life-threatening metabolic afflictions, and a shorter lifespan. Currently available therapies employed to combat obesity have disadvantages such as poor compliance for lifestyle modification or transient effectiveness and undesirable side-effects of pharmacological interventions. Recent studies suggest that neurotherapy comprising a single central administration of recombinant adeno-associated virus vector encoding the leptin gene severely depletes fat and ameliorates the major symptoms of metabolic syndrome for extended periods in rodents. These persistent benefits avert the deleterious impact of the "fat burden" and extend life expectancy. Thus, the novel approach of central gene-transfer technology has distinct advantages over current therapies and has the potential to correct or slow the progression of inherited or acquired hypothalamic diseases.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1996

Endometrial adenocarcinoma and life expectancy in elderly women.

One hundred and six patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma, aged over 70 years, admitted to Gynaecologic Oncological department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Institute of Padua University, from 1/01/1974 to 31/12/1994, were studied. The life expectancy of these women was good, with a personalized abdominal or vaginal surgery, alone with or without lymphadenectomy, or, in advanced stages, associated with integrated therapies. In our case series an increasing frequency of this neoplasia in elderly women appears significant.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2001

Drinking pattern and mortality: the Italian Risk Factor and Life Expectancy pooling project.

PURPOSE: To analyze the relationship between an aspect of drinking pattern (i.e., drinking with or without meals) and risk of all-cause and specific-cause mortality. METHODS: The Risk Factors and Life Expectancy Study, is a pooling of a series of epidemiological studies conducted in Italy. Eight-thousand six-hundred and forty-seven men and 6521 women, age 30-59 at baseline, and free of cardiovascular disease, were followed for mortality from all causes, cardiovascular and noncardiovascular, during an average follow-up of 7 years. RESULTS: Drinkers of wine outside meals exhibited higher death rates from all causes, noncardiovascular diseases, and cancer, as compared to drinkers of wine with meals. This association was independent from the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors measured at baseline and the amount of alcohol consumed and seemed to be stronger in women as compared to men. CONCLUSIONS: The present results indicate that drinking patterns may have important health implications, and attention should be given to this aspect of alcohol use and its relationship to health outcomes. The relationship between alcohol consumption and disease has been the focus of intensive scientific investigation (1-9). Most studies to date, however, have limitations. A major drawback is that limited information has been collected regarding the complex issue of alcohol consumption. In many studies, ascertainment of alcohol consumption frequently focused only on quantity of alcohol consumed without considering the many different components of alcohol consumption, particularly drinking pattern (10-12). It has been hypothesized, and preliminary data support the notion, that drinking pattern could have important influences on determining the health effects of alcohol (13,14). The present study examines the relationship between one aspect of drinking pattern (drinking wine outside meals) and mortality in a large cohort of men and women.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Life expectancies in specific health states: results from a joint model of health status and mortality of older persons.

With the trend toward aging, increases in health care expenditures are expected. Insight into (future) needs for care services requires a taxonomy of older persons' health conditions: how health status develops as people age and how these health conditions determine residual life expectancy. In this paper we provide this information for the Netherlands. We apply a flexible nonparametric method--the Grade of Membership method--to a national database and summarize the multidimensional concept of health status into a limited set of interpretable indices. We then use these indices in our panel data model for health status and mortality. The model results are used to calculate age-health profiles and expected residual lifetimes in specific health states.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Potential gains in life expectancy free of disability: a tool for health planning.

This paper describes a method for ranking pathological causes according to both mortality and disability. This method consists of measuring the theoretical gain which could be obtained on life expectancy free of disability by eliminating deaths and disabilities resulting from the considered cause. An application to United States mortality and disability data is then given as an illustration. Using the proposed method, chronic conditions of the locomotor system appear as the second in order of importance, after cardiovascular diseases. Respiratory diseases, which have consequences for both mortality and disability, rank third among health problems whereas malignant neoplasms rank fourth because of their relatively small effect in terms of disability. The application of this method by planning agencies, could contribute to better allocation of resources among various intervention programmes or various research programmes which health administrations may decide to support.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Electrocardiographic Minnesota code findings predicting short-term mortality in asymptomatic subjects. The Italian RIFLE Pooling Project (Risk Factors and Life Expectancy).

Aim of the study was to analyze the predictive power on short term mortality of electrocardiographic findings in asymptomatic subjects belonging to samples of the general population. In the Italian RIFLE Pooling Project (Risk Factors and Life Expectancy) 12 180 men and 10 373 women aged 30 to 69 years had a resting electrocardiogram (ECG) recorded at baseline examination. All of them were free from clinically symptomatic heart disease and represented 23 cohorts spread all over Italy. ECGs were read by the Minnesota Code using 5 large categories of abnormalities, i.e. Q-QS abnormalities, ST-T abnormalities, high R. waves, major arrhythmias, and blocks. Some clinically relevant ECG combination of abnormalities were also analyzed. Six-year mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD), cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and all-cause mortality (ALL) were the end-point. Those ECG findings were relatively common and covered the majority (80 to 90%) of all abnormalities found in the general population before excluding subjects with symptomatic heart disease. Most ECG findings on most occasions were associated with an excess mortality from the three end-points in both men and women and among relatively young (age 30-49) and mature (age 50-69) adults. The strongest predictor of fatal events were Q-QS items and blocks. The most consistent predictors were ST-T findings, although this was true for men and not for women. Relative risk against the absence of abnormalities (one by one and all together) were adjusted by multivariate analysis feeding in the models some possible confounders, i.e. age, systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, cigarette consumption and body mass index. Relative risks in cells with more than 20 events (cells being separately made by men, women, the 5 ECG findings categories and the 3 end-points) were ranging 1.00 to 9.88 for Q-QS abnormalities, 1.03 to 3.76 for ST-T abnormalities, 1.28 to 5.14 for high R waves, 0.81 to 2.28 for arrhythmias and 0.79 to 3.59 for blocks. Most of these relative risks were statistically significant. Combinations of clinically relevant ECG findings in the same individual (LVH, possible and definite myocardial infarction) were rare but carried a severe prognosis with high and statistically significant relative risks among men (ranging between 3.19 and 7.24) while they could not be properly tested in most cells for women due to the small numbers involved. It is concluded that in the general population high rates of prevalent ignored ECG abnormalities in asymptomatic subjects are associated with significant excess mortality from CHD, CVD and all-cause mortality, suggesting a high prevalence of silent heart disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

[Life expectancy of patients with chronic obstructive respiratory disease].

Using the nowadays available therapeutic means for patients with chronic obstructive lung diseases it is, even with severe forms of emphysema, possible to obtain excellent results. This is mainly due to elimination of increased flow resistance in the airways. These great advances should not conceal that the common life expectancy is not yet obtained in this group of patients. In spite of the fact that an acceptable quality of life can be provided during long-term therapy these patients are ill. It is hoped that with the available knowledge on prevention, early treatment and new therapeutic approaches progress to chronic disease may be avoided.

Humans↗