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PubMed1964

THE COMING OF AGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY.

A discussion of the distinction between a scientific discipline and a professional activity and of the reasons why "information technology" is a professional and not a scientific activity. The application of computers to the improvement of information handling is discussed as a professional advance similar to advances in medicine made possible by new instruments. A major new instrument, like the computer in information technology or the X-ray machine in medicine, may sometimes drastically change the practice of a profession. Some of the implications of the computer for librarianship are discussed in these terms.

Communication↗
PubMed1988

Library workshops for special audiences: secretaries, research assistants, and other support staff.

Reports on library workshops for nonlibrary support staff, conducted by health sciences and other libraries, are reviewed. In 1985-86, similar workshops for secretaries, research assistants, and other support staff were offered at the Ohio State University Health Sciences Library. Evaluations made by participants immediately after the workshops and six to twenty months later have provided valuable input on the usefulness of subjects discussed and on recommendations for changes.

Education↗
PubMed2005

What is eHealth (3): a systematic review of published definitions.

CONTEXT: The term eHealth is widely used by many individuals, academic institutions, professional bodies, and funding organizations. It has become an accepted neologism despite the lack of an agreed-upon clear or precise definition. We believe that communication among the many individuals and organizations that use the term could be improved by comprehensive data about the range of meanings encompassed by the term. OBJECTIVE: To report the results of a systematic review of published, suggested, or proposed definitions of eHealth. DATA SOURCES: Using the search query string "eHealth" OR "e-Health" OR "electronic health", we searched the following databases: Medline and Premedline (1966-June 2004), EMBASE (1980-May 2004), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-May 2004), Web of Science (all years), Information Sciences Abstracts (1966-May 2004), Library Information Sciences Abstracts (1969-May 2004), and Wilson Business Abstracts (1982-March 2004). In addition, we searched dictionaries and an Internet search engine. STUDY SELECTION: We included any source published in either print format or on the Internet, available in English, and containing text that defines or attempts to define eHealth in explicit terms. Two of us independently reviewed titles and abstracts of citations identified in the bibliographic databases and Internet search, reaching consensus on relevance by discussion. DATA EXTRACTION: We retrieved relevant reports, articles, references, letters, and websites containing definitions of eHealth. Two of us qualitatively analyzed the definitions and coded them for content, emerging themes, patterns, and novel ideas. DATA SYNTHESIS: The 51 unique definitions that we retrieved showed a wide range of themes, but no clear consensus about the meaning of the term eHealth. We identified 2 universal themes (health and technology) and 6 less general (commerce, activities, stakeholders, outcomes, place, and perspectives). CONCLUSIONS: The widespread use of the term eHealth suggests that it is an important concept, and that there is a tacit understanding of its meaning. This compendium of proposed definitions may improve communication among the many individuals and organizations that use the term.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2005

What is eHealth?: a systematic review of published definitions.

CONTEXT: The term eHealth is widely used by many individuals, academic institutions, professional bodies and funding organisations. It has become an accepted neologism despite the lack of an agreed-upon clear or precise definition. We believe that communication among the many individuals and organisations that use the term could be improved by comprehensive data about the range of meanings encompassed by the term. OBJECTIVE: To report the results of a systematic review of published, suggested or proposed definitions of eHealth. DATA SOURCES: Using hte search query string 'eHealth' OR 'e-Health' OR 'electronic health', we searched the following databases: Medline and Premedline (1996-June 2004), EMBASE (1980-May 2004), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-May 2004), Web of Science (all years), Information Sciences Abstracts (1996-May 2004), Library Information Sciences Abstracts (1969-May 2004), and Wilson Business Abstracts (1982-March 2004), In addition, we searched dictionaries and an Internet search engine. STUDY SELECTION: We included any source published in either print format or on the Internet, available in English, and containing text that defines or attempts to define eHealth in explicit terms. Two of us independently reviewed titles and abstracts of citations identified in the bibliographic databases and Internet search, reaching consensus on relevance by discussion. DATA EXTRACTION: We retrieved relevant reports, articles, references, letters and websites containing definitions of eHealth. Two of us qualitatively analysed the definitions and coded them for content, emerging themes, patterns and novel ideas. DATA SYNTHESIS: The 51 unique definitions that we retrieved showed a wide range of themes, but no clear consensus about the meaning of the term eHealth. We identified two universal themes (health and technology) and six less general (commerce, activities, stakeholders, outcomes, place, and perspectives). CONCLUSIONS: The widespread use of the term eHealth suggests that it is an important concept, and that there is a tacit understanding of its meaning. This compendium of proposed definitions may improve communication among the many individuals and organisations that use the term.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1964

VARIETIES OF INFORMATION REQUESTS IN A MEDICAL LIBRARY.

In an analysis of the information requests received and recorded in the Cleveland Medical Library over a two-year period, the requests were classified in four groups according to whether they were direct inquiries (factual), indirect (subject), biographical and directory, or requests for verification of literature citations. An attempt was made to discover some of the major characteristics and the volume of activity in each class. The results reflect the information services supplied by a single library with its own unique clientele and functions, rather than provide a means of generalizing about information services in all libraries, although they may give us some useful insights. Detailed analyses are made of direct and of biographical and directory questions. The largest number of inquiries received were those in which literature references on a specified subject were requested (indirect inquiries); these represented over 50 percent of the total. Most of the requests in this category called for limited coverage (five articles or less) in the recent literature (not over five years). Requests for verification of citations ranked next with 25 percent of the total, followed by direct (factual) inquiries (12 percent) and biographical and directory inquiries (9 percent), although it is recognized that these last two classes are probably underrepresented in the sample.

Bibliographies as Topic↗
PubMed1989

The health sciences librarian's exposure to malpractice liability because of negligent provision of information.

This article discusses personal and organizational liability for the negligent provision of information by health science librarians providing information regarding patient diagnosis and treatment. It notes claims in the library literature that liability exists for providing faulty information, but these claims do not state or explain the legal basis for such liability. It identifies three basic information retrieval and communication services provided by reference librarians and characterizes the negligent provision of information as a failure to exercise care in one or more of the three. With regard to personal liability, it identifies the relevant law, the tort of negligent misrepresentation involving risk of physical harm, and outlines the elements that a plaintiff would have to establish to sue successfully. With regard to organizational liability, it notes that a plaintiff would use one of two common law theories: either the vicarious liability doctrine of respondeat superior or the direct liability negligent hire theory of recovery.

Humans↗
PubMed1964

KWIC. IS IT QUICK?

In recent months several widely circulated publications have exploited the concept of key-word-in-context (KWIC) indexing. Indexes prepared through KWIC techniques are based entirely on the permuted titles of material to be analyzed and are produced at high speed with the aid of electronic computers. KWIC indexes appear to have been received with approval by scientists, whereas many librarians regard them with misgivings and are concerned about the discontinuance of certain earlier conventional subject indexes. This paper presents some of the difficulties encountered by reference librarians who have used KWIC indexes in the course of their work. A simple exercise is described which tests the speed with which a KWIC and two other indexes lead to the solution of selected reference problems. KWIC proved to be a tool which led quickly to the desired information.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1964

INTERLIBRARY COOPERATION IN SWEDEN AND THE MEDICAL PART OF THE SCANDIA PLAN.

In Sweden, as in Scandinavia generally, the interlibrary loan service is widely extended. The large research libraries traditionally follow a very liberal lending policy. Of fundamental importance to the Swedish interloan system is the maintenance of a union catalog. The free flow of materials from one library to another is facilitated by the franking privilege accorded public institutions. During the fifties, the idea arose of establishing acquisitional cooperation among the research libraries in Sweden. The highly developed interlibrary loan service was of basic significance for the realization of this project. In 1956 the possibilities were investigated of further expanding the acquisitional cooperation to include the greater libraries of Scandinavia. Thus, the so-called Scandia Plan was born. In 1960 the time was ripe to discuss the possibilities of applying the Scandia Plan to medical literature. At a meeting that year it was agreed that such cooperation could apply only to the literature which from a Scandinavian point of view would be considered peripheral. The plan was to include periodicals only, and be restricted to materials which, mainly for language reasons, are infrequently used in Scandinavian research. The task of acquiring such periodicals could be divided between the different libraries of the four countries. Such an arrangement would make it economically possible to increase the common stock of medical periodicals and avoid unnecessary duplication of material least in demand.

Humans↗
PubMed1964

EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF THE MEDICAL LIBRARIAN IN GREAT BRITAIN.

This paper describes the education of the librarians under whose care the medical libraries of Great Britain have flourished and the way junior assistants now move toward higher qualification. It expresses the hope that the changed Library Association syllabus gives the medical library assistant an earlier chance of using his knowledge of medical library practice in the papers presented; that the inclusion of medical material in the examination will encourage library schools to provide appropriate instruction in this field, thus achieving a system like that in the United States. For its encouragement of continuing education for the senior librarian, our debt is acknowledged to the Medical Section or Group of the Library Association, which through its meetings gives opportunity for cooperation and discussion of suggestions for further improvement.

Dental Assistants↗
PubMed2002

Cohort studies in health sciences librarianship.

QUESTION: What are the key characteristics of the cohort study design and its varied applications, and how can this research design be utilized in health sciences librarianship? DATA SOURCES: The health, social, behavioral, biological, library, earth, and management sciences literatures were used as sources. STUDY SELECTION: All fields except for health sciences librarianship were scanned topically for either well-known or diverse applications of the cohort design. The health sciences library literature available to the author principally for the years 1990 to 2000, supplemented by papers or posters presented at annual meetings of the Medical Library Association. DATA EXTRACTION: A narrative review for the health, social, behavioral, biological, earth, and management sciences literatures and a systematic review for health sciences librarianship literature for the years 1990 to 2000, with three exceptions, were conducted. The author conducted principally a manual search of the health sciences librarianship literature for the years 1990 to 2000 as part of this systematic review. MAIN RESULTS: The cohort design has been applied to answer a wide array of theoretical or practical research questions in the health, social, behavioral, biological, and management sciences. Health sciences librarianship also offers several major applications of the cohort design. CONCLUSION: The cohort design has great potential for answering research questions in the field of health sciences librarianship, particularly evidence-based librarianship (EBL), although that potential has not been fully explored.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1977

Rank and promotion of library faculty in a health sciences university.

One method of determining faculty rank and promotion of library personnel in a health sciences university setting is presented. The focus is on appointment and promotion policies and procedures for librarians as faculty. The promotion document stresses (1) superior teaching, (2) outstanding service to the institution, (3) academic achievement, and (4) professional growth and development. Criteria for appointment and promotion to specific ranks are given. Detailed promotion procedures and a timetable are also included. This method of determining rank and promotion of library faculty is now in operation at the Medical College of Georgia.

Career Mobility↗