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PubMed1997

The Q angle and sport.

Quadriceps muscle contraction tends to straighten the Q angle. We expected that sports comprising a high amount of quadriceps training could be associated with low Q angles. The aim of the present study was to estimate the Q angle in athletes and to investigate its potential associations with participation in sport. Three hundred and thirty-nine athletes had their Q angle measured. The mean of right-side Q angles was higher than left side, and the mean Q angle was higher in women than in men. The Q angle was positively associated with years of jogging, and negatively with years of soccer, swimming and sports participation at all. It is concluded that the use of Q angle measurements is questionable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Nephrosplenic entrapment in the horse: a retrospective study of 174 cases.

The clinical findings and outcome of 161 horses diagnosed with 174 episodes of nephrosplenic entrapment (NSE) were reviewed retrospectively. The median age at presentation was 5 years (9 months to 24 years), and duration of colic was 2-92 h. Nasogastric reflux was present in 49 of 113 horses (43.4%) and was significant (> or = 21) in 32 (28.3%) horses. The recurrence rate was 13/161 (8.1%). Thirteen horses (13/174, 7.5%) had other lesions including small intestinal obstruction (4), 360 degrees large colon torsion (5), gastric rupture (2), thromboembolic colic (1) and small colon infarction (1). Of 115 cases, in 107 horses treated by surgery alone, 2 horses required a large colon resection, and 8 (8/107, 7.5%) horses died or were subjected to euthanasia. Twenty-six of 35 horses (74%) were successfully corrected by rolling under general anesthesia and, of the 9 horses taken to surgery after rolling, 4 had other lesions and 2 were corrected at surgery. Phenylephrine was used in 20 of 35 horses that were rolled and 2 horses required surgery after rolling with phenylephrine. Five horses were jogged after phenylephrine administration and all were successfully corrected. Eleven horses presented with the left colon located between the spleen and the body wall were treated successfully by fasting and/or i.v. fluids. One horse had a gastric rupture after rolling. The overall success rate was 92.5%. In conclusion, NSE is a condition associated with a good prognosis for medical or surgical correction. A small number of horses may have additional gastrointestinal lesions, which may affect outcome.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effects of mild forelimb lameness on exercise performance.

Mild lameness is considered a performance-limiting problem that may escape detection until it worsens, and is considered the primary reason for reduced racing performance. The kinematics changes associated with a lame horse at the trot have been demonstrated previously, but the metabolic cost of these alterations in their gait have not been demonstrated. Six fit Thoroughbred horses with an established VO2max participated in 4 trials using a randomised cross-over design study, separated by 10-14 days. The horses were tested with one of 4 trial conditions: lead forelimb lameness (LL); off-lead forelimb lameness (OL); bilateral forelimb lameness (BL) or no lameness (NL). Lameness was induced by sole pressure from a modified shoe that resulted in a consistent slight head nod at a trot in a straight line while jogging in hand. Lameness was adjusted to provide a lameness that would be quantified as a 1-2/5 on the grading system recommended by the AAEP. Each trial consisted of 4 different levels of exercise intensity at speeds equivalent to 30, 60, 80 and 110% of an individual's speed required to elicit VO2max. Stride parameters, oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), electrolytes, plasma lactate, glucose and PCV/TP were measured prior to exercise, at each exercise level and after exercise. A multiway ANOVA with repeated measures was utilised to examine possible effects of individual horse, lameness, and exercise intensity on measured parameters. Significance was set at alpha = 0.05. For horses exercising at the maximum intensity, VO2 was significantly lower for both of the single-leg lamenesses (LL or OL) when compared to NL or BL (mean +/- s.e. 165.6 +/- 2.5, 164.7 +/- 3.0, 175.8 +/- 2.4 and 170.9 +/- 2.1 ml O2/min/kg bwt, respectively). Blood lactate concentrations were not significantly different among the treatment groups. However, lactate accumulation rates computed as the change with time in lactate concentration at the highest exercise intensity were significantly higher for LL and OL than for NL and BL (7.8 +/- 03, 83 +/- 0.2, 4.1 +/- 0.2 and 4.7 +/- 0.3 mmol/min, respectively). Exercise intensity had significant effects on all of the measured parameters, but there were no other significant differences due to treatment. These results suggest that metabolic energy transduction is affected by even mild unilateral forelimb lamenesses.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

Acute creatine supplementation and performance during a field test simulating match play in elite female soccer players.

This study investigated the effects of acute creatine (Cr) supplementation on the performance of elite female soccer players undertaking an exercise protocol simulating match play. On two occasions, 7 days apart, 12 players performed 5 x 11-min exercise testing blocks interspersed with 1 min of rest. Each block consisted of 11 all-out 20-m running sprints, 2 agility runs, and 1 precision ball-kicking drill, separated by recovery 20-m walks,jogs, and runs. After the initial testing session, subjects were assigned to either a CREATINE (5 g of Cr, 4 times per day for 6 days) or a PLACEBO group (same dosage of a glucose polymer) using a double-blind research design. Body mass (BM) increased (61.7 +/- 8.9 to 62.5 < or = 8.9 kg, p < .01) in the CREATINE group; however, no change was observed in the PLACEBO group (63.4 < or = 2.9 kg to 63.7 +/- 2.5 kg). No overall change in 20-m sprint times and agility run times were observed, although the CREATINE group achieved faster post-supplementation times in sprints 11, 13, 14, 16, 21, 23, 25, 32, and 39 (p <.05), and agility runs 3, 5, and 8 (p < .05). The accuracy of shooting was unaffected in both groups. In conclusion, acute Cr supplementation improved performance of some repeated sprint and agility tasks simulating soccer match play, despite an increase in BM.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The effect of high carbohydrate meals with different glycemic indices on recovery of performance during prolonged intermittent high-intensity shuttle running.

This study examined the effect of high carbohydrate meals with different glycemic indices (GI) on recovery of performance during prolonged intermittent high-intensity shuttle running. Seven male semi-professional soccer players (age 23 +/- 2 y, body mass [BM] 73.7 +/- 9.0 kg and maximal oxygen uptake 58 +/- 1.0 mL x kg(-1) min(-1)) participated in two trials in a randomized cross-over design. On day 1, the subjects performed 90 min of an intermittent high-intensity shuttle running protocol [Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST)]. They then consumed a mixed high carbohydrate recovery diet (8 g/kg BM) consisting of either high (HGI) (GI: 70) or low (LGI) (GI: 35) GI foods. Twenty-two hours later (day 2) the subjects completed 75 min of the LIST (part A) followed by alternate sprinting and jogging to fatigue (part B). No differences were found between trials in time to fatigue (HGI 25.3 +/- 4.0 min vs. LGI 22.9 +/- 5.6 min, P = 0.649). Similarly, no differences were found between trials for sprint performance and distance covered during part B of the LIST. In conclusion, the GI of the diet during the 22 h recovery did not affect sprint and endurance performance the following day.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of dislocation intersection in copper

The results of massively parallel three-dimensional molecular dynamics simulations of the perpendicular intersection of extended dislocations in copper are reported. The intersection process, which involves three of the four possible 111 glide planes in the face-centered cubic lattice, begins with junction formation, followed by unzipping, partial dislocation bowing, cutting, and, finally, unit jog formation. The investigation provides insights into this complex atomistic process, which is currently not accessible to experimental investigation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Hip pain onset in relation to cumulative workplace and leisure time mechanical load: a population based case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: In an unselected community sample of adults, to assess the role and importance of exposure to mechanical factors both at work and leisure in the aetiology of hip pain. METHOD: A population based prevalence case-control study. Cases and controls were identified from a population survey of 3847 subjects registered with two general practices in Cheshire, United Kingdom. All subjects received a postal questionnaire which inquired about hip pain during the past month. An occupational history was obtained, including exposure to each of seven physical demands. Information was also obtained on history of participation in eight common sporting activities. RESULTS: 88% of those invited to participate returned a completed questionnaire. The 352 subjects with hip pain were designated as cases, and the remaining 3002 subjects as controls. In people ever employed, hip pain was significantly associated with high cumulative workplace exposure (before onset) of walking long distances over rough ground, lifting/moving heavy weights, sitting for prolonged periods, walking long distances, frequent jumping between different levels, and standing for prolonged periods. Odds ratios (ORs) in the higher exposure categories ranged from 1.46 to 2.65. Cumulative exposure to three sporting activities was significantly associated with hip pain: track and field sports, jogging, and walking, with odds ratios varying between 1.57 to 1.94. On multivariate analysis three factors were independent predictors of hip pain onset: cumulative exposure of sitting for prolonged periods (higher exposure v not exposed: OR=1.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13 to 2.92), lifting weights >50 lb (23 kg) (OR=1.74, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.86) (both relating to the workplace), and walking as a leisure activity (OR=1.97, 95% CI 1.32 to 2.94). The population attributable risk associated with each of these activities was 21%, 13%, and 16%, respectively CONCLUSIONS: Cumulative exposure to some workplace and sporting "mechanical" risk factors for hip osteoarthritis (OA) appear to be related to hip pain in general-some (but not all) have previously been related to hip OA. Because these are common workplace or leisure time activities their attributable risk is high.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

The effect of regular exercise on cognitive functioning and personality.

The effect of regular exercise on cognitive functioning and personality was investigated in 32 subjects representing 4 discrete groups based on sex and age. Before and after a 10 week exercise programme of jogging, calisthenics, and recreational activities, a test battery was administered to assess functioning in a number of domains: intelligence (WAIS Digit Symbol and Block Design); brain function (Trail-Making); speed of performance (Crossing-Off); memory and learning (WMS Visual Reproduction and Associate Learning); morale and life satisfaction (Life Satisfaction and Control Ratings); anxiety (MAACL); and depression (MAACL). Improvement was observed on several physiological parameters. ANOVA revealed significant sex and age differences on Digit Symbol and Block Design and age differences on Trail-Making, Crossing-Off, Associate Learning, and anxiety. Regardless of sex and age, significant improvement in performance was observed from pre to post-test on Digit Symbol, Block Design, Trail-Making, Crossing-Off, and on Associate Learning. In addition, an increase on health status rating (p less than .01) and decrease in anxiety were observed from pre to post-test. These data illustrate beneficial effects of exercise on certain measures of cognitive functioning and personality.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

An "unavoidable" death in a people's marathon.

With the increase in jogging and distance running as a means of attaining and maintaining fitness, and in the light of the difficulty in advising certain groups of patients about their capacity for such exercise, we report on several potentially avoidable factors in the death of a 45 year old Sheffield Marathon runner in June 1983.

Adrenal Insufficiency↗
PubMed2005

Physiological adaptations to soccer specific endurance training in professional youth soccer players.

BACKGROUND: Improved oxygen uptake improves soccer performance as regards distance covered, involvements with the ball, and number of sprints. Large improvements in oxygen uptake have been shown using interval running. A similar physiological load arising from interval running could be obtained using the soccer ball in training. OBJECTIVES: The main aim was to study physiological adaptations to a 10 week high intensity aerobic interval training program performed by professional youth soccer players, using a soccer specific ball dribbling track. METHODS: Eleven youth soccer players with a mean (SD) age of 16.9 (0.4) years performed high intensity aerobic interval training sessions twice per week for 10 weeks in addition to normal soccer training. The specific aerobic training consisted of four sets of 4 min work periods dribbling a soccer ball around a specially designed track at 90-95% of maximal heart frequency, with a 3 min recovery jog at 70% of maximal heart frequency between intervals. RESULTS: Mean VO2max improved significantly from 63.4 (5.6) to 69.8 (6.6) ml kg(-1) min(-1), or 183.3 (13.2) to 201.5 (16.2) ml kg(-0.75) min(-1) (p<0.001). Squat jump and counter movement jump height increased significantly from 37.7 (6.2) to 40.3 (6.1) cm and 52.0 (4.0) to 53.4 (4.2) cm, respectively (p<0.05). No significant changes in body mass, running economy, rate of force development, or 10 m sprint times occurred. CONCLUSION: Performing high intensity 4 min intervals dribbling a soccer ball around a specially designed track together with regular soccer training is effective for improving the VO2max of soccer players, with no negative interference effects on strength, jumping ability, and sprinting performance.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1987

The accuracy and reliability of commercial heart rate monitors.

In recent years increasing emphasis has been placed on the benefits of exercise to normal healthy adults as well as to those recovering from heart attacks and other illnesses. As an aid to exercise training many portable heart-rate monitors have been placed on the market but little appears to have been done to assess the performance of these machines. The authors have examined the performance of four such monitors both under bench-test and practical exercising conditions. When tested on the bench using electronic equipment, the machines rarely exhibited errors exceeding 2-3 bpm over a measurement range of 30-240 bpm. However, when tested with subjects walking or jogging at low speeds on a treadmill, typically 20-70% of the readings given by the machines had errors of greater than 20 bpm. In some cases over 50% of readings had errors exceeding 50 bpm.

Electronics↗
PubMed1991

Brief exercise induces an immediate and a delayed leucocytosis.

Haematological profiles were measured: (1) before and for 5 h 30 min after 30 min sports (squash, swimming, jogging); and (2) before, during and for 2 h 30 min after 30 min cycle ergometry at workloads which required rates of oxygen consumption that were between 48% and 84% of maximal. In both instances exercise induced an immediate leucocytosis (owing to rises in both neutrophils and lymphocytes) which subsided rapidly at the finish of exercise and was followed by a delayed neutrophilia of greater magnitude which peaked at approximately 3 h after the start of exercise. Changes in plasma catecholamines and cortisol recorded during and after exercise (cycle ergometry only) support the hypothesis that the immediate leucocytosis during brief exercise is attributable to elevated catecholamine levels, whereas the delayed neutrophilia is due to raised cortisol levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Sport and exercise headache: Part 2. Diagnosis and classification.

A group of 129 subjects (67 men and 62 women) experiencing sports headache was established using a questionnaire. A wide range of information was gathered, focusing on the mode of onset, time course, characteristic features and associated symptoms of sports-related headache. Criteria for the varieties of sports headaches were established using head trauma and then migraine to divide subgroups of sports headaches. Cases were classified into four categories: effort migraine, trauma-triggered migraine, effort-exertion headache, and post-traumatic headache. The percentages of each sports-related headache found were: effort migraine 9%, trauma-triggered migraine 6%, effort-exertion headache 60%, post-traumatic headache 22% and miscellaneous 3%. Sports migraine accounted for 15% of the total sports headache sample. Effort-exertion headache was the most common type of sports headache. Although effort-exertion headache could be separated into subjects who had an acute severe headache induced by anaerobic exercise (exertion headache) from those having a substantial headache lasting hours initiated by aerobic exercise (effort headache), most subjects with effort-exertion headache in this study appeared not to fall into any discrete subgroups. Trauma-related headaches were experienced mainly by men in contact sports, while women more commonly had non-trauma-related headache in running and jogging.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The musculoskeletal effect of intense physical training of non-athletic youth corps conscripts.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the musculoskeletal problems associated with high intensity physical exercise among non-athletic youth subjects. METHODS: 484 fresh Nigerian graduates participating in the mandatory National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) programme were studied. At the start of the four week intensive physical training which formed part of the orientation course for the programme, the subjects completed a questionnaire designed to determine their previous exercise habit. The physical training consisted of jogging, physical drills, games (soccer and volleyball), and man o'war activities. During the period of physical training, the subjects were instructed to report all ailments to the camp clinic. RESULTS: Muscular pain/soreness and injuries were major problems associated with the exercise. The lower limbs were most affected and the ankle joint was found to be more injury-prone than other joints. CONCLUSIONS: Most of these graduates were physically unfit and the intense fitness programme produced adverse effects on their physical health. Precamp physical preparation would be desirable.

Ankle Injuries↗
PubMed2003

Follow up exercise studies in paediatric obesity: implications for long term effectiveness.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of exercise training on paediatric obesity immediately after training and at a one year follow up and to provide recommendations for future research. METHODS: Studies that met the following criteria were included in a meta-analysis: (a) at least six subjects per group; (b) subject groups consisting of children in the 4-17 year age range; (c) pre-test and post-test values for body composition; (d) used exercise such as walking, jogging, cycle ergometry, high repetition resistance exercise, and combinations; (e) training programmes lasting eight weeks or more; (f) full length publications; (g) apparently healthy children. RESULTS: A total of 135 studies of exercise as a method of treatment of paediatric obesity were located. Eight, containing 236 subjects, met our criteria for inclusion. Across all designs and categories, fixed effects modelling yielded significant decreases in the dependent variable percentage body fat immediately (0=1.04 (0.35); 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.41 to 1.6) and one year after the exercise intervention (0=0.84 (0.51); 95% CI 0.22 to 0.94). Forward stepwise linear regression suggested that the percentage body fat measured at the end of exercise training, exercise duration, and programme length accounted for 53-86% of the variance for percentage body fat at one year. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that exercise is efficacious for reducing percentage body fat in obese children and adolescents, and that exercise intervention may encourage long term maintenance of the observed gains.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

Prospective study of physical activity and the risk of symptomatic diverticular disease in men.

The relationship between physical activity and risk of symptomatic diverticular disease has not been investigated directly. This association was examined in a prospective cohort of 47,678 American men, 40 to 75 years of age, and free of diagnosed diverticular disease, colon or rectal polyp, ulcerative colitis, and cancer before 1988. During four years of follow up, 382 newly diagnosed cases of symptomatic diverticular disease were documented. After adjustment for age, energy adjusted dietary fibre, and energy adjusted total fat, overall physical activity was inversely associated with the risk of symptomatic diverticular disease (for highest versus lowest extremes, relative risk (RR) = 0.63 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.45, 0.88). Most of the inverse association was attributable to vigorous activity, for extreme categories RR = 0.60 (95% CI 0.41, 0.87). For activity that was not vigorous the RR was 0.93 (95% CI 0.67, 1.69). Several specific activities were inversely associated with the risk of diverticular disease, but jogging and running combined was the only individual activity that was statistically significant (p for trend = 0.03). For men in the lowest quintile for dietary fibre intake and total physical activity (compared with those in the opposite extreme), the RR was 2.56 (95% CI 1.36, 4.82). Physical activity, along with a high fibre diet, may be an important factor in the prevention of symptomatic diverticular disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

A prospective study of work related factors and physical exercise as predictors of shoulder pain.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of work related and individual factors as well as physical activity and sports on the incidence and persistence of shoulder pain among forestry workers. METHODS: Workers in a large Finnish forestry company replied to a questionnaire (a modified version of the Nordic questionnaire) on musculoskeletal pain and its possible risk factors for 4 consecutive years 1992-5. This 1 year follow up study covers the time 1994-5. Year 1994 was chosen as baseline because in that year the questionnaire contained for the first time more detailed questions about different sports. The response rate in 1995 was 90%. The effects of the predictors on 1 year incidence and persistence of shoulder pain were studied with multivariate logistic regression modelling. RESULTS: At baseline, 2094 subjects had been free of shoulder pain during the preceding 12 months. After 1 year, 14% (n=285) reported having mild or severe shoulder pain. Higher age, obesity, and mental stress as well as physically strenuous work and working with trunk forward flexed or with a hand above shoulder level increased the risk of incident shoulder pain. Of the different sports activities, dancing increased the risk of incident pain whereas jogging decreased the risk significantly. Of those 419 workers who had severe shoulder pain at baseline, 55% (n=230) still had severe pain 1 year later. Higher age, overload at work, and working with a hand above shoulder level increased the risk of persistent severe shoulder pain whereas cross country skiing and general sports activity decreased the risk. CONCLUSION: Our results support the current view that shoulder pain is the result of many factors, including occupational and individual factors. In this longitudinal study, physical work with a heavy load, awkward work postures, mental stress, and obesity were the risk factors at which preventive measures could be aimed. As a new finding, physical exercise had more protective than impairing effects on the shoulders.

Adult↗