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PubMed1982

Histochemical and experimental study on the adrenal of the freshwater catfish, Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch).

The adrenal tissue is situated around the cardinal vein and its branches in the pronephric head kidney. The medullary cells are largely confined to the wall of these blood vessels whereas the cortical cells are arranged in several layers around the medullary cells. The cortical cells are eosinophilic and give positive reaction to sudan black-B, Baker's acid haematein and Schultz's tests. In response to ACTH and thiourea treatments the cortical cells exhibited hypertrophy, degranulation and depletion of lipid content. Pronounced cortical atrophy was evident in the hypophysectomised specimens. Marked involution was noticed in the cortical cells in response to hydrocortisone treatment. The medullary cells are larger than the cortical cells and are eosinophobic. They give positive reaction to ferric-ferricyanide, PAS and ascorbic acid tests. Two types of medullary cells could be differentiated with the help of dichromate, iodate and glutaraldehyde-silver techniques. These cells did not exhibit any visible change after ACTH, hydrocortisone and thiourea treatments. However, reduction in the cellular size is obvious in the hypophysectomised fish.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1978

Rapid radioiodination of rose bengal at room temperature.

Published methods for radioiodination of rose bengal require reaction times of 1 hr or more at temperature from 50 to 120 degrees C. Through the use of an acidified ethanol solvent and potassium iodate oxidant, purified rose bengal is radioiodinated at room temperature within 15 min with chemical yields ranging between 93 and 97%. Radiochemical impurities are sufficiently minimized to permit preparation in a single 10-ml serum vial, requiring no additional purification steps. The method reported here is readily adaptable to cold-kit preparation.

Iodine Radioisotopes↗
PubMed1981

Urinary urobilinogen determined by a mercuric chloride procedure.

In this quantitative assay, urinary urobilinogen is oxidized to urobilin with iodate in an acid medium, the pH is adjusted to 6 with sodium acetate, and the mixture is reacted with alcoholic HgCl2 solution, extracted with CHCl3, the measured spectrophotometrically at 513 nm. The artificial standards of previous methods have been replaced with crystalline stercobilin IX (commercially available), a urobilin closely related to the urinary urobilins. The reproducibility of the method, as assessed from 10 replicates of a single urine specimen to which urobilinogen was added, gave a coefficient of variation of 3.9%. Analytical recovery of urobilinogen added to urines was 90.4% (SD 14.5%). Bilirubin, biliverdin, mesobilirubin, coproporphyrin I, uroporphyrin I, and porphobilinogen do not interfere.

Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
PubMed1984

[Abnormal renal angiograms caused by injection of contrast medium].

The anomalies caused by the injection of contrast medium were studied in animal experiments with dogs on 53 kidneys, and on clinical material, via the renal angiograms of 130 patients. In these trials vascular spasms were seen or, alternatively, filling defects in the parenchyma. Both were using the classical tri-iodated contrast medium iodamide and the monoacid dimeric contrast medium with low osmotic pressure (Hexabrix); in several cases, histological changes (for example, necroses of the tubular epithelium) were seen. Anomalous angiograms were also seen in the human experiments, especially in case of incorporation of large quantities of contrast medium and selective use of a thick catheter. Anomalies were more likely to occur in kidneys with diseased parenchyma.

Angiography↗
PubMed1984

[The importance of circulation time in intravenous angiography: Schad's method and its practical execution].

The intravenous arteriography, both in traditional radiology or tomography and in computed tomography (angio-TC) requires the administration of large quantities of contrast medium and the application of intense doses of radiation to a patient. The method of Schad is based on a suitable technique of injection and on the timing of the time-lag between the intravenous injection and the radiological exposure on the basis of circulation time. Therefore the radiological exposure may be effected in the moment of the maximum concentration of the contrast medium in the arterial district which is taken into consideration, with the advantage of a large reduction of the quantity of iodate substance which is administered and of the radiological exposures. A new automatic injector which permits the execution of the method is briefly described.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Dietary iodine deficiency in East Germany].

The human organism depends on exogenic supply of iodine. The alimentary supply with iodine is not sufficient in the GDR. The deficiency leads to an endemic struma. The causes are among others as follows: small geochemical offer of iodine with low iodine content of vegetable and animal products and of drinking water as well as moderate consume of fish. The most favourable possibility as to cost for the abolition of the iodine deficiency is the use of a stable iodized kitchen salt (potassium iodate instead of potassium iodide). The gradual introduction of such a salt is started. Also after the improvement of the iodine supply representatives of human medicine, veterinary medicine and agriculture should in interdisciplinary cooperation devote themselves to the problems of a controlled optimum supply of iodine and the fight against endemic struma.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Singlet oxygen production by chloroperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-halide systems.

Singlet oxygen production in the chloroperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-halide system was studied using 1268 nm chemiluminescence. With chloride or bromide ions, singlet oxygen is produced by the mechanism (formula; see text) (formula; see text) where X- is chloride or bromide ion. Under conditions where there is high enzyme activity and when Reaction B is fast relative to Reaction A, singlet oxygen is produced in near stoichiometric amounts. In contrast, when Reaction A is fast relative to Reaction B, oxidized halogen species (chlorine and hypochlorous acid for chloride ion; bromide, tribromide ion, and hypobromous acid for bromide ion) are the principle reaction products. With iodide ion, no 1268 nm chemiluminescence was detected. Past studies have shown that iodine and iodate ion are the major end products of this system.

Bromides↗
PubMed1983

Total diet study: determination of iodine intake by neutron activation analysis.

Composite food samples from adult, infant, and toddler market baskets of the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Total Diet Study for Fiscal Year 1980 were analyzed for iodine by neutron activation analysis (NAA) at the FDA NAA laboratory at the National Bureau of Standards. The mean iodine content of the total diets was 412, 397, and 410 micrograms, per day for adult (2,900 kcal per day), infant, and toddler diets, respectively. These intakes correspond with 275%, 882%, and 586% of the adult, infant, and toddler Recommended Dietary Allowances, respectively. Dairy products and iodate-containing breads were major dietary sources of iodine. The iodine values for total diets reported here, determined by NAA, are from 11% to 15% higher than those determined by colorimetric analysis at FDA's Kansas City Field Office Laboratory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

[Ioxaglic acid, a contrast medium with low osmolarity in clinical use].

The article reports on the clinical use of sodium and meglumine ioxaglate/Hexabrix, an angiographic contrast medium of low osmolarity. Due to this low osmolarity, favourable experiences were collected in 287 angiographic examinations. Special attention was paid to the question to what extent the contrast medium was responsible for pain, and it was found that Hexabrix definitely causes less pain than the tri-iodated conventional contrast media. During the examination no pain was registered which would have been indicated verbally or by means of movements as involuntary reactions to pain. In arteriography Hexabrix is definitely superior to the conventional contrast media.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Certain cytologic features of the porcine adrenal medulla.

Adrenal glands were collected from pigs of various ages under general anesthesia. Glutaraldehyde-fixed medullary tissue was postfixed with OsO4 for electron microscopy and with potassium dichromate or potassium iodate for light microscopy. Columnar epinephrine (E) cells formed cords between wide sinusoidal capillaries at the corticomedullary junction and were arranged in palisade fashion along the central vein and its major tributaries. The E cells usually were polarized, with the nuclei located away from the sinusoidal capillaries. Clusters of polygonal norepinephrine (NE) cells formed large central aggregates surrounded by E cells. Granulated vesicles were the predominant cytoplasmic feature of both E and NE cells. Round or oval E granules were bounded by a crenated membrane separated from the granule by a clear halo. The more electron-dense, elongate NE granules were bounded by a closely apposed, smooth membrane. The average longest granule axis was 270 nm for E granules and 305 nm for NE granules. Many cytoplasmic organelles were congregated in a granule-free paranuclear zone, which contained a prominent Golgi complex. Thin nonmyelinated nerve fibers (singly or in small groups) were interposed between the E and NE cells. Nerve fibers often were located close to the nucleus in a depression of the cell surface and often were wrapped by thin E or NE cell processes. The medulla of newborn pigs was composed predominantly or exclusively of NE cells. In both adults and pigs, E or NE cell cords radiated through the cortex toward the capsule, and isolated clusters of E or NE cells frequently were found in the capsule or zona glomerulosa.

Adrenal Medulla↗
PubMed1982

Differential pulse polarographic determination of total iodine in milk.

A differential pulse polarographic method for total iodine in milk is presented. Samples are ashed, sodium hypochlorite is added to oxidize iodide to iodate, and the product is mixed with sodium sulfite solution and measured by differential pulse polarography at -90 V against SCE. The standard deviation for 53 duplicate samples was 0.011. Average recovery for 10 or more samples at different levels was 98.6% with a standard deviation of 2.9%.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[125I]diiodoinsulins. Binding affinities, biologic potencies, and properties of their decay products.

UNLABELLED: Insulin was iodinated with 0.3-0.4 mol 125I/mol insulin using the lactoperoxidase method. About one-third of the radioactivity incorporated into insulin was in diiodoinsulins and about 40% of these molecules contained diiodotyrosine in residue 14 of the A chain. Most of the remaining molecules contained one A14-monoiodotyrosine and one monoiodotyrosine in either position A19, B16, or B26. The binding affinity and biologic potency of this heterogeneous diiodoinsulin preparation was not significantly different from that of A14-[125I]monoiodoinsulin in rat adipocytes, whereas it was slightly reduced in hepatocytes and IM-9 lymphocytes. From the iodine distribution and previous data on the binding affinity of each of the four monoiodoinsulin isomers it was calculated that A14-diiodotyrosine-insulin possesses full binding affinity and biologic potency in adipocytes. Diiodoinsulins isolated from another iodoinsulin preparation (iodate method) contained 58% A19-diiodotyrosine-insulin, and most remaining molecules contained one A19-monoiodotyrosine. The binding affinity of this mixed diiodoinsulin preparation was approximately one-fourth of that of A14-monoiodoinsulin in adipocytes, IM-9 lymphocytes, and hepatocytes. It was calculated that A19-diiodotyrosine-insulin is nearly devoid of binding affinity. The diiodoinsulins (lactoperoxidase method) decayed to iodide (probably from diiodotyrosine-insulin) or to polymers with little specific but a markedly increased nonspecific binding. In addition, the polymers had a marked tendency to adsorb to cellulose acetate filters. CONCLUSIONS: 1. The binding affinities of diiodoinsulins range from very low values to values at least as high as that of insulin depending on the positions of the iodine moieties. 2. The relative binding affinities vary among tissues. 3. Polymeric decay products give high nonspecific binding.

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel↗
PubMed1981

[Incidence of goiter in the Naumburg district].

10% of the inhabitants of the district of Naumburg were examined for their state of the thyroid gland. The average morbidity of struma was 25.2%. Above all the struma stages I and II were found. The maxima of frequency were in the age groups of the 20--29-year-old persons with 68% in the females and 27.4% in the males. Of the 585 inhabitants of the village Grossjena (85% of the total population) 32.9% has a struma. The patterns of distribution corresponded, apart from a second peak in the females at the time of the climacterium, to the patterns found in the whole region of Naumburg. The average iodine excretion in the urine of 19.9 micrograms/g creatinine was still undercut by the 12- to 15-year-old pupils of this village with 14.8 micrograms/g creatinine. The relation of female to male carriers of struma was on an average at 2.5 : 1. In individual age groups the sex-conditioned differences were eliminated. Relation of sex, excretion of iodine and frequency of struma confirm the endemic character of the struma disease in the district of Naumburg and confirm an iodine deficiency of IInd to IIIrd degree. The results intensely emphasize the necessity of a centrally regulated iodate prophylaxis.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Nurseling and children general anaesthesia in brain neuroradiology: from gaz tomoencephalography to brain computer tomography (author's transl)].

The authors give their experiences in nurseling and children brain neuroradiology anaesthesia. Sodium gammahydroxybutyrate has been definitively adopted after multiples anaesthesial protocoles for the gaz tomoencephalographic exam, known for its technical risks. The gamma OH gives a perfect cardiac and pulmonary stability in difficult conditions, with normal intracranial pression, even in children anaesthesia with Halothane (0.5%) for complementary analgesic effect or with fractionate injections of dextromoramide. Pneumoencephalography has been releguated in second place by the even of brain computer tomography except some particular indications. But this exam qualified as painless is usually indicated in fragile and deficient childrens. Though the intravenous iodated contrasted substance injection can improve the scan image quality and may induce secondary effects at 2 cm3/kg dose. It's again gamma OH after correct premedication that gives stable, perfect immobility, cardiac and pulmonary stability in an ideal anaesthesia for non ventilated patients. The only critical aspect of this method consists on a prolonged and imprevisible delay to awake so that it cannot be an ambulatory anaesthesial method. Therefore it appears that gamma OH in spite of brain computer tomographic event, is an interesting anaesthesic drug but non definitive in brain neuroradiological exam for childrens.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

[The presence of an albino ERG in the pigmented rat: genetic implications (author's transl)].

UNLABELLED: The electroretinogram (ERG) of the albino rat (genotype c/c) differs from that of the pigmented rat (hooded, Long-Evans) by the attenuation of the b-wave and the disappearance of the c-wave which is replaced by a negative component. The present study has shown that a similar alteration in the ERG is present in the hypodactyl hooded rat (genotype hd/hd) (Fig. 1). The comparative analysis of the recordings indicated that: 1. The detection thresholds for the a and b waves were identical in the three varieties (Fig. 2). 2. The wave-form of the P III component observed after ischemia was also identical in the three strains (Fig. 1). 3. The modifications in the ERG induced by sodium azide (Fig. 4) and sodium iodate (Fig. 5) in the hd/hd rat are the same as those which have been reported in the c/c strain, and (as in the latter case) the absence of the c-wave is not due to the disappearance of P I, but rather to an attenuation of this component resulting in a negative algebraic sums of P I and P III (Fig. 6). 4. IN CONCLUSION: the alterations in the ERG recording, observed in albinos, were interpreted as being due to some fragility in the photoreceptors, consequent to a lack of pigmentary protection. Such an interpretation is invalidated by the fact that a similar ERG pattern was found in both pigmented and albino rats. Because genetic deficiencies other that the absence of a chromogene factor can modify the ERG, it is suggested that the c-gene, as is the case for the hd-gene, could be responsible for a disturbance of foetal erythropoiesis. Thus, the resulting circulatory problems, without provoking any visible structural effects, would nevertheless affect retinal functioning.

Albinism↗
PubMed1980

[Transcutaneous renal needle-biopsy guided with ultrasonics].

Authors performed percutaneous renal biopsy guided by ultrasounds in 10 patients in whom urography was dangerous or did not provided good renal images. The advantages of this method are in the directional and dimensional accuracy of ultrasound scanning, so that the exact topography of the kidney can be established. The use of ultrasonically guided renal biopsy is mainly recommended in iodine medium idiosyncrasy, in myelomas and renal failure. This method can be preferred in order to establish the exact topography of kidney, in acute anuric renal failure, in chronic failure (when high doses of iodate contrast are needed), and in the presence of cyst.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Cytochemical and histoenzymological studies on the adrenal of the teleost, Puntius sophore (Ham.).

In Puntius sophore the adrenal tissue is situated in the pronephric head kidney. The medullary cells are arranged closely around the wall of the cardinal veins and their branches. The cortical cells are located around the medullary cells in several layers forming a large mass of tissue. With the aid of chromaffin reaction techniques the medullary cells were differentiated. Noradrenaline cells were identified with iodate reaction technique. Cortical cells gave positive reaction to cholesterol, lipid, phospholipid and ascorbic acid tests. The steroidogenic property of these cells is suggested by the presence of delta 5 3 beta HSDH, G-6-PD and 11 beta HSDH enzymes. The intense MAO activity which is reported largely in the cortical tissue of Puntius sophore is not well known in the fishes.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1994

[Theoretical aspects of the treatment with antithyroid drugs].

Antithyroid drugs (thionamides such as carbimazole and its active metabolite methimazole, and propyl thiouracile) are taken up by the thyroid gland just as the other anions similar to iodide (perchlorate, thiocyanate, pertechnetate). Their target is the thyroid peroxidase. They block the iodation of tyrosine residues and the coupling of iodotyrosines into iodothyronines. However, beyond the inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis, antithyroid drugs appear to have the capacity of interfering with the immunological abnormalities involved in Graves' hyperthyroidism: they cure 50% of the patients provided they are maintained for at least 12 months and they significantly decrease the titers of antithyroid antibodies in most of the patients. Potential immunomodulatory effects of antithyroid drugs seem to involve thyroid depletion of iodine which might reduce antigen expression, and scavenging of reactive free radicals generated from oxygen and/or iodide during peroxidation. A direct toxic effect of thionamides on immuno-competent cells seems unlikely. Whatever the mechanisms, more accurate elucidation of the immunomodulatory action of antithyroid drugs might contribute to a better understanding of the thyroid-immune derangements involved in the initiation or perpetuation of Graves' hyperthyroidism.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗