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At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Robotic computer-assisted telemanipulation enhances coronary artery bypass.

OBJECTIVES: Totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting depends greatly on perfecting the anastomosis. We tested a new computer-assisted telemanipulation robot (Intuitive Surgical Inc, Mountain View, Calif) in performing endoscopic coronary bypass. METHODS: On-bench anastomoses of the porcine arterial graft to the left anterior descending coronary artery were performed with both direct visualization and conventional surgical instruments (group I), endoscopic 3-dimensional visualization and current endoscopic surgical instruments (group II), direct visualization and endoscopic instruments (group III), 3-dimensional endoscopic visualization and conventional surgical instruments (group IV), and telemanipulation robotic with 3-dimensional endoscopic visualization (group V). Anastomoses (n = 6 in each group) were assessed for time (minutes), quality (good = 3, fair = 2, poor = 1), technical difficulty (easy-difficult: 1-4), and patency (100% = 1, >50% = 2, <50% = 3). RESULTS: Anastomotic time was significantly longer in groups II and III than in groups IV and V (P </=.02). Patency was comparable in all groups. CONCLUSION: Telemanipulation technology may enhance the performance of totally endoscopic coronary artery anastomosis. The facility and time of an Intuitive telemanipulation anastomosis is comparable with that of a conventional anastomosis created under direct vision.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed1997

Muscarinic receptors involved in hippocampal plasticity.

The cholinergic septohippocampal system has been associated with learning and memory, as evidenced by the severe loss of these functions in lesioned animals as well as in senile demented patients. In an attempt to comprehend the physiological basis of the cholinergic innervation for hippocampal functions, numerous studies employed the in-vitro hippocampal slice preparation and analyzed the consequences of exposing the cells to cholinergic ligands. Many effects of activating a cholinergic receptor in the hippocampus were thus described, including blockade of several types of potassium conductances, yet few of these effects are intuitively related to the involvement of the cholinergic system in hippocampal plasticity. An alternative approach involves focusing on the possible effect of low concentration of cholinergic ligands on reactivity of the hippocampus to afferent stimulation. We found two new actions of acetylcholine (ACh); The first one is a fast onset, short lived increase in cellular responses to activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, and the second one is a slow onset, long lasting increase in reactivity to afferent stimulation, resembling that produced by a tetanic stimulation, which we called muscarinic long term potentiation (LTPm). The latter effect is mediated by a postsynaptic M2 receptor, and it shares several properties with the more familiar tetanic LTP. In addition, LTPm involves a rise of intracellular calcium concentration and an activation of both a tyrosine kinase and a serine/threonine kinase. Intuitively, LTPm is better related to hippocampal plasticity than the other reported effects of ACh in the hippocampus. Indeed, aged rats, which are cognitively impaired, lack LTPm while they do express other muscarinic actions. It is proposed that LTPm is an important link between the cholinergic action and function in the hippocampus.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1998

Using advanced simulation technology for cranial base tumor evaluation.

Skull base tumors are considered one of the most difficult pathologic entities to diagnose and treat. The physician is heavily dependent on imaging studies to determine the best form of treatment. As imaging technology becomes more advanced, the physician will need to be able to intuitively explore the complex data. Such intuitive exploration requires the use of high performance computer hardware and software. Issues related to this concept and a summary of current work in this area are presented.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed1998

Release of elements from dental casting alloys into cell-culture medium over 10 months.

OBJECTIVE: The release of elements from eight types of commonly used dental casting alloys into cell-culture medium was measured over a 10-month period. The release of elements was determined to provide information about the long-term biological risk these alloys may pose to the oral tissues. The current work extends previous studies of shorter time periods, and is more relevant to the in vivo situation, where dental alloys are present intraorally for years. METHOD: The alloys were Au-, Ag-, Pd-, and Ni-based with nobilities ranging from 0 to 95 at.%. Alloy samples (n = 12) were exposed to cell-culture medium. The medium was changed every 30 days for 10 months. Elemental release into the medium was measured by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Differences in mass release were determined using ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison intervals (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: The release of elements continued through 10 months, and it appeared that the release was constant throughout most of the experiment. Higher initial rates were suspected but not verified. Most alloys reached a constant rate after < 100 days of exposure to the medium. Long-term element release was not generally intuitive based on the amount of an element in an alloy or the overall nobility of the alloy. Total mass lost over the 10-month period ranged from < 2 micrograms/cm2 for the Au-Pd alloy to 55 micrograms/cm2 for the Au-Ag-Cu alloy (Tukey interval at alpha = 0.05 was 0.8 microgram/cm2). By comparison, pure Cu lost 4500 micrograms/cm2 during this period. SIGNIFICANCE: Tests which assess biological risk from elemental release must consider longer-term release because elemental release continues for extended periods. Longer-term mass loss from a given alloy is often not intuitive based on its overall composition or noble metal content.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

Defining the value of a statistical life: a comment.

In a recent paper [J. Hlth. Econom. 20 (2001) 131] Per-Olov Johansson claims to demonstrate that a commonly used intuitive definition of the value of a statistical life (VSL) is wrong, and that empirical estimates of VSLs are biased estimators of what he defines as the theoretically correct concept of the value of saving a life. In this comment I first argue in favor of a theoretically correct concept that is different from Johansson's because it incorporates the risk of death into the individual's lifetime budget constraint. I then show that the common intuitive definition of a VSL in fact is consistent with the theoretically correct concept and thus, provides an appropriate empirical basis for estimating the value to society of mortality-reducing projects.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗
PubMed2001

Frontier medicine: the future and integrative medicine.

Vigorous and prolonged effort is required to gain true mastery of the healing arts. Conventional and complementary medicine have complementary strengths and weaknesses. Like the yin and yang of traditional Chinese medicine, they naturally flow into one another by a process of induction, creating balance. Integrative medicine is the frontier; it is the future. If we are to progress beyond our current understanding and ability to heal, we must work with theoretic models that allow us and our perception to operate "outside the box." For some, this understanding is intuitive. It is through cooperative and collaborative efforts of intuitively adept and technologically adept minds that we can integrate and advance our understanding; increase our ability to predict, prevent, and diagnose disease; and expand our therapeutic options.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Congruence in personality between clinician and client: relationship to ratings of voice treatment.

This study examined relationships between ratings of voice therapy sessions and clinician and client personality characteristics as measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Nineteen clinician-client pairs were rated on behaviors demonstrated in two therapy sessions. Results indicated that client variables of thinking-feeling and judgment-perception were related to amount of clinician feedback, client eye contact, ratio of clinician-client eye contact and amount of clinician explanation, clarity of explanation, clinician's initiative, and client eye contact, respectively. Clinicians' sensing-intuition was related to the amount of feedback to client and quality of the task sequence. Clinician's judgment-perception was related to amount of explanation and client's attention to clinician. Similarity in clinician-client sensing-intuition was related with task involvement of the client, clinician's attention to client, and clinician eye contact. Similarity in judgment-perception was related to greater use of counseling. Similarity in thinking-feeling was related to low amounts of clinician eye contact.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

The graphical presentation of decision support information in an intelligent anaesthesia monitor.

This contribution examines the graphical presentation of decision support information generated by an intelligent monitor, named SENTINEL, developed for use during anaesthesia. Clinicians make diagnoses in real-time during operations by examining clinically significant trends in multiple signals. SENTINEL attempts to mimic this decision process by using a system of fuzzy trend templates. SENTINEL's implementation of fuzzy trend templates is capable of providing the dual fuzzy measures of belief and plausibility, which are derived from the theory of evidence. It is thus capable of generating fairly rich diagnostic decision support information. However, for SENTINEL to be effective, the visual presentation of this information must be intuitive to the anaesthetist, who may not be familiar with the theory of evidence. This paper discusses techniques that are being evaluated to meet the requirements of the SENTINEL anaesthesia monitor. Specifically, the paper presents methods for highlighting clinically significant trends in physiological (or derived) signals by superimposing a coloured band on the signal that reflects fuzzy output from the intelligent monitor. This paper also discusses the intuitive graphical presentation of binary diagnostic fuzzy measures, including their further interpretation and presentation as crisp "alarm" and "warning" conditions.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed2002

False predictions about the detectability of visual changes: the role of beliefs about attention, memory, and the continuity of attended objects in causing change blindness blindness.

Recently, a number of experiments have emphasized the degree to which subjects fail to detect large changes in visual scenes. This finding, referred to as "change blindness," is often considered surprising because many people have the intuition that such changes should be easy to detect. documented this intuition by showing that the majority of subjects believe they would notice changes that are actually very rarely detected. Thus subjects exhibit a metacognitive error we refer to as "change blindness blindness." Here, we test whether CBB is caused by a misestimation of the perceptual experience associated with visual changes and show that it persists even when the pre- and postchange views are separated by long delays. In addition, subjects overestimate their change detection ability both when the relevant changes are illustrated by still pictures, and when they are illustrated using videos showing the changes occurring in real time. We conclude that CBB is a robust phenomenon that cannot be accounted for by failure to understand the specific perceptual experience associated with a change.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Religious thought and behaviour as by-products of brain function.

Religious concepts activate various functionally distinct mental systems, present also in non-religious contexts, and 'tweak' the usual inferences of these systems. They deal with detection and representation of animacy and agency, social exchange, moral intuitions, precaution against natural hazards and understanding of misfortune. Each of these activates distinct neural resources or families of networks. What makes notions of supernatural agency intuitively plausible? This article reviews evidence suggesting that it is the joint, coordinated activation of these diverse systems, a supposition that opens up the prospect of a cognitive neuroscience of religious beliefs.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Human cloning and human dignity.

Judging from the official documents dealing with the moral and legal aspects of human reproductive cloning there seems to be a nearly worldwide consensus that reproductive cloning is incompatible with human dignity. The certainty of this judgement is, however, not matched by corresponding arguments. Is the incompatibility of reproductive with human dignity an ultimate moral intuition closed to further argument? The paper considers several ways by which the intuition might be connected with more familiar applications of the concept of human dignity, and argues that there is no such connection. It concludes that the central objections to human reproductive cloning are not objections relating to dignity but objections relating to risk, especially the risks imposed on children born in the course of testing the method's safety.

Cloning, Organism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Decision making of psychiatric nurses in Finland, Northern Ireland, and the United States.

The purpose of this study was to describe the decision-making process of 339 psychiatric nurses in Finland, Northern Ireland, and the United States and to discuss any differences observed among nurses in these countries. The instrument used in the study was a 56-item, Likert-type questionnaire tested in several previous studies that have confirmed its validity and reliability. Three different models of decision making were identified on the basis of factor analysis. Overall, it may be concluded that the decision-making process of psychiatric nurses is broadly based, but it varies between countries. Nurses from Northern Ireland used only analytical decision-making models; nurses from Finland made decisions strongly favored analytical decision-making models but also used some intuitive models; and American nurses used intuitive decision-making and analytical-processing models.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed2003

Cooperation, psychological game theory, and limitations of rationality in social interaction.

Rational choice theory enjoys unprecedented popularity and influence in the behavioral and social sciences, but it generates intractable problems when applied to socially interactive decisions. In individual decisions, instrumental rationality is defined in terms of expected utility maximization. This becomes problematic in interactive decisions, when individuals have only partial control over the outcomes, because expected utility maximization is undefined in the absence of assumptions about how the other participants will behave. Game theory therefore incorporates not only rationality but also common knowledge assumptions, enabling players to anticipate their co-players' strategies. Under these assumptions, disparate anomalies emerge. Instrumental rationality, conventionally interpreted, fails to explain intuitively obvious features of human interaction, yields predictions starkly at variance with experimental findings, and breaks down completely in certain cases. In particular, focal point selection in pure coordination games is inexplicable, though it is easily achieved in practice; the intuitively compelling payoff-dominance principle lacks rational justification; rationality in social dilemmas is self-defeating; a key solution concept for cooperative coalition games is frequently inapplicable; and rational choice in certain sequential games generates contradictions. In experiments, human players behave more cooperatively and receive higher payoffs than strict rationality would permit. Orthodox conceptions of rationality are evidently internally deficient and inadequate for explaining human interaction. Psychological game theory, based on nonstandard assumptions, is required to solve these problems, and some suggestions along these lines have already been put forward.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed1998

Longer-term effects of corrective input: an experimental approach.

There is growing evidence that corrective input for grammatical errors is widely available to children (Farrar, 1992; Morgan, Bonamo & Travis, 1995). However, controversy still exists concerning the extent to which children can identify and exploit available negative input. In particular, very little is yet known about the longer-term effects of negative input. Performing a time series analysis on observational data, Morgan et al. (1995) conclude that corrective recasts are not related to future improvements in grammaticality. It is argued here, though, that the data sets analysed in this study are inherently ill-suited to the demands of time series analyses. The present study adopts an experimental approach in order to compare the effects of negative evidence versus positive input on the acquisition of irregular past tense verb forms. Twenty-six children (mean age 3;10) participated in a within-subjects design over a period of five weeks. It was found that improvements in the grammaticality of child speech were considerably greater in cases where negative evidence had been provided. Moreover, children's intuitions concerning the status of irregular and overregularized forms more closely approximated adult intuitions when corrective input was available.

Child Language↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Visualization of large-scale aqueous solubility data using a novel hierarchical data visualization technique.

It is a difficult task to recognize the trends in molecular physical properties relevant to a specific chemical class and find a way to optimize potential compounds. We present here a novel hierarchical data visualization technique, named "HeiankyoView", to visualize large-scale multidimensional chemical information. HeiankyoView represents hierarchically organized data objects by mapping leaf nodes as colored square icons and nonleaf nodes as rectangular borders. In this way, data objects can be expressed as equishaped icons without overlapping one another in the two-dimensional display space. HeiankyoView has been applied to visualize aqueous solubility data for 908 compounds collected from the published literature. When the results of a recursive partitioning analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis were visualized, the trends hidden in the solubility data could be effectively displayed as intuitively understandable visual images. Most interestingly, the data visualization technique, without any statistical computations, was able to assist us in extracting from such large-scale data meaningful information establishing that ClogP and the molecular weight are critical factors in determining aqueous solubility. Thus, HeiankyoView is a powerful tool to help us understand structure-activity relationships intuitively from a large-scale data set.

Cluster Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Statistical modeling of a ligand knowledge base.

A range of different statistical models has been fitted to experimental data for the Tolman electronic parameter (TEP) based on a large set of calculated descriptors in a prototype ligand knowledge base (LKB) of phosphorus(III) donor ligands. The models have been fitted by ordinary least squares using subsets of descriptors, principal component regression, and partial least squares which use variables derived from the complete set of descriptors, least angle regression, and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator. None of these methods is robust against outliers, so we also applied a robust estimation procedure to the linear regression model. Criteria for model evaluation and comparison have been discussed, highlighting the importance of resampling methods for assessing the robustness of models and the scope for making predictions in chemically intuitive models. For the ligands covered by this LKB, ordinary least squares models of descriptor subsets provide a good representation of the data, while partial least squares, principal component regression, and least angle regression models are less suitable for our dual aims of prediction and interpretation. A linear regression model with robustly fitted parameters achieves the best model performance over all classes of models fitted to TEP data, and the weightings assigned to ligands during the robust estimation procedure are chemically intuitive. The increased model complexity when compared to the ordinary least squares linear model is justified by the reduced influence of individual ligands on the model parameters and predictions of new ligands. Robust linear regression models therefore represent the best compromise for achieving statistical robustness in simple, chemically meaningful models.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2002

Hydroxylation of methane by non-heme diiron enzymes: molecular orbital analysis of C-H bond activation by reactive intermediate Q.

The electronic structures of key species involved in methane hydroxylation performed by the hydroxylase component of soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO), as proposed previously on the basis of high-level density functional theory, were investigated. The reaction starts with initial approach of methane at one of the bridging oxo atoms in intermediate Q, a di(mu-oxo)diiron(IV) unit. This step is accompanied by a proton-coupled outer-sphere transfer of the first electron from a C-H sigma-bond in methane to one of the metal centers. The second electron transfer, also an outer-sphere electron transfer process, occurs along a two-component reaction pathway. Both redox reactions are strongly coupled to structural distortions of the diiron core. The electronic consequence and driving force of these distortions are intuitively explained by using the computed Kohn-Sham orbitals in the broken-symmetry framework to incorporate the experimentally observed antiferromagnetic coupling of the unpaired electrons at the metal centers. The broken-symmetry orbital scheme is essential for describing the C-H bond activation process in a consistent and complete manner, enabling derivation of both an intuitive and quantitative understanding of the most salient electronic features that govern the details of the hydroxylation.

Electrons↗
PubMed2006

Optimal charges in lead progression: a structure-based neuraminidase case study.

Collective experience in structure-based lead progression has found electrostatic interactions to be more difficult to optimize than shape-based ones. A major reason for this is that the net electrostatic contribution observed includes a significant nonintuitive desolvation component in addition to the more intuitive intermolecular interaction component. To investigate whether knowledge of the ligand optimal charge distribution can facilitate more intuitive design of electrostatic interactions, we took a series of small-molecule influenza neuraminidase inhibitors with known protein cocrystal structures and calculated the difference between the optimal and actual charge distributions. This difference from the electrostatic optimum correlates with the calculated electrostatic contribution to binding (r(2) = 0.94) despite small changes in binding modes caused by chemical substitutions, suggesting that the optimal charge distribution is a useful design goal. Furthermore, detailed suggestions for chemical modification generated by this approach are in many cases consistent with observed improvements in binding affinity, and the method appears to be useful despite discrete chemical constraints. Taken together, these results suggest that charge optimization is useful in facilitating generation of compound ideas in lead optimization. Our results also provide insight into design of neuraminidase inhibitors.

Binding Sites↗