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PubMed2004

[Prevention of intrafamilial childhood sexual abuse].

At work we took up the matter of sexual harassment of children in the family. We presented the history of incest contacts, reasons, conditions causing incest, the perpetrator, his methods and kinds of his actions.We took into consideration description of victims, physical and psychological symptoms of sexual harassment and its effects. We paid attention to effective methods of prevention of incest behavior, diagnostic actions taken in order to confirm any offence and therapy of victims emphasizing role of health service staff.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Colorado rejects regulations to limit Medicaid coverage for abortion.

In a 3-3 vote on May 19, (1994) the Colorado Social Services Board rejected proposed emergency regulations that would have limited Medicaid coverage for abortions to circumstances in which federal matching funds are available. The regulations were proposed in response to U.S. District Court Judge Edward Nottingham's May 5 ruling, which permanently enjoined a state constitutional amendment and state statutes that prohibit public funds for abortion except where the life of the woman is endangered. Judge Nottingham found that the state measures are invalid because they conflict with the current Hyde Amendment, which provides federal Medicaid funds for abortions in cases of life endangerment, rape, and incest. In the absence of any restrictive provisions, Colorado is required to fund all medically necessary abortions. CRLP (Center for Reproductive Law and Policy), which represented plaintiffs in Hern v. Beye, provided testimony against the proposed emergency regulations during a hearing before the Board vote. Meanwhile, some other states are moving toward complying with federal Medicaid law. The Nebraska Department of Social Services is considering regulations that would extend state funding for abortion to include pregnancies resulting from rape or incest. A May 19 public hearing was held on the proposal, which is awaiting final approval. When the Louisiana legislature convenes for a special session on June 6, Governor Edwin Edwards is expected to introduce a bill to authorize Medicaid coverage for abortions in cases of rape and incest. Finally, Indiana and Ohio are reportedly moving toward compliance with the federal mandate. In contrast, however, Missouri Department of Social Services Director Gary Stangler filed suit in federal court on May 24 against Health and Human Services officials for issuing the federal directive requiring compliance with the Hyde Amendment. Pennsylvania officials filed a similar action in mid-March. Lawsuits filed by CRLP against Arkansas, Louisiana, Michigan, North Dakota, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania for non-compliance are still pending; similar challenges were also filed by Planned Parenthood in Michigan and Montana.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1996

Co-morbidity of alcoholism and the paraphilias.

Alcoholism has been related to a wide variety of crimes. Various authors have studied the prevalence of alcoholism in relationship to incest, rape and pedophilia. This study evaluates the co-morbidity of alcoholism and the specific paraphilias including sexual sadism, fetishism, incest, pedophilia, exhibitionism and transvestism. Rapists were included although by definition it is not strictly a paraphilic disorder. Seven hundred and twenty eight paraphilic individuals were evaluated. More than 50% of sexual sadists were alcoholics. Alcoholism in association with sexual sadists was statistically significant as compared to transvestites, rapists, pedophiles, and incest offenders. Transvestism had the lowest relative rate of alcoholism. The authors discuss these findings and the role alcoholism plays in causing violent sexual behavior in individuals with paraphilias.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Oedipus, Darwin, and Freud: one big, happy family?

The author reviews recent sociobiological and psychoanalytic literature relevant to sexual aspects of the male Oedipus complex. Sociobiological discussions of incest and incest avoidance frequently contrast Freud's Oedipus complex with the Westermarck hypothesis. Westermarck argued that children who grow up in close association are averse to sex with each other as adults. Human and animal evidence supports the Westermarck hypothesis, and sociobiologically oriented writers have argued that it contradicts Freud's oedipal notion of an early incestuous sexual interest. However, two additional lines of evidence are relevant to such discussions. First, recent analytic theory on the Oedipus complex does not require the existence of a central, powerful, incestuous sexual drive. Second, both oedipal and sociobiological theory suggest that early familial experience forms a model for adult sexual mate choice and establishes patterns of adult sexual relationships. In these instances, sociobiological understandings of early development correspond well to oedipal theory.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Family characteristics and long-term consequences associated with sexual abuse.

As opposed to father-daughter incest, little attention has been paid to the long-term consequences and family dynamics associated with child sexual abuse of females perpetrated by extended family members or extrafamilial contacts. Female undergraduates (n = 586) completed questionnaires on family history, sexual experiences, and current functioning. Results confirmed other research suggesting that father-daughter incest is associated with a traditional patriarchal family structure. However, sexual abuse overall, regardless of perpetrator, was associated with certain uniform family characteristics. Moreover, sexual abuse had certain long-term consequences, regardless of perpetrator. These results suggest the importance of attention to family characteristics in all cases of child sexual abuse.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Early sexual experience as a factor in prostitution.

Using the literature of the early sexual histories of "normal" women and two recent studies on the sexual histories of prostitutes, this article examines the pattern of early sexual experience among prostitutes and how it differs from that common to nonprostitute women. Some significant differences found between the samples of prostitutes and the samples of "normal" women were that the prostitute samples, on the whole, learned less about sex from parents and more from personal experiences, as children experienced more sexual advances by elders, were more victimized by incest, generally initiated sexual activity at a younger age, more often had no further relationship with their first coital partner, and experienced a higher incidence of rape. The analysis of these data on early sexual history concentrates on abusive sexual experiences such as incest and rape. The authors believe that an abusive sexual self-identity relates to the development of an adult female pattern of occupational deviance such as prostitution.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Self-esteem in abused chemically dependent adolescents.

In a random sample of 500 admissions to a residential treatment center for chemically dependent adolescents. 150 cases of physical and sexual abuse had been identified. These adolescents were matched for age, race, and socioeconomic status, with two comparison groups: a group of nonabused chemically dependent adolescents and a group of nonabused, nonchemically dependent adolescents. Self-esteem was measured, utilizing the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS), which was administered to all subjects. The abused, chemically dependent adolescents were found to demonstrate significantly lower self-esteem on all subscales when analyzed against these two comparison groups. There were negligible differences within the abused group when the TSCS scores were analyzed according to type of abuse. Aggressive/physically abused adolescents scored higher on the Physical Self subscale and the incest group scored significantly lower on the Identity subscales. These results suggest that abuse is equally devastating, regardless of the type of abuse, e.g., physical, sexual, incest, and has a long-lasting impact on self-esteem.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Similarities and differences between incestuous and nonincestuous rape in a French follow-up study.

Clinicians are familiar with the life and psychological difficulties of incest victims, but their observations often are refuted as being retrospective and unsystematic. We aimed to ascertain similarities and differences between incestuous rape and nonincestuous rape. One hundred and two victims consulting a French forensic center were interviewed in a systematic follow-up study over 6 months using structured interview schedules. Stepwise logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, gender, and characteristics of the trauma showed that posttraumatic stress disorder, dissociative disorders, agoraphobia, and low self-esteem were overrepresented in the incest-rape group compared to the nonincest-rape group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Barriers in the care of patients who have experienced a traumatic event: the perspective of general practice.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has indicated that GPs encounter barriers in the care of patients who have experienced a traumatic event. OBJECTIVES: The aims of the present study were to map barriers GPs encounter in the care of patients who experience a traumatic event and solutions for these barriers, and to estimate the influence of GP characteristics on the number of barriers experienced. METHODS: Telephone interviews were conducted among a sample of 500 Dutch GPs stratified by sex. Topics covered barriers in the care of victims of: accidents, incest in the past, ongoing physical or sexual abuse of adults, and ongoing physical or sexual abuse of children. RESULTS: The response rate was 44%. GPs are regularly confronted with patients who have experienced a traumatic event. GPs experience 10% barriers in care of patients who have difficulties getting over an accident, 13% in the care of incest victims, 16% in the care of adults who are physically or sexually abused, and 20% in the care of physically or sexually abused children. Most of the GPs recently updated their knowledge of care of victims of traumatic events, but still the majority feel in need of additional expert training. CONCLUSION: GPs experience the greatest number of barriers in the care of children who are abused. GP characteristics were not related to the number of barriers. However, seeing more victims was related to fewer barriers. To facilitate GP care of victims of traumatic events, GP training and continuing medical education should focus especially on skills education regarding the detection and initial treatment of traumatic events of ongoing physical or sexual abuse.

Accidents↗
PubMed2002

Sexually abused children's behaviours: impact of gender and mother's experience of intra- and extra-familial sexual abuse.

OBJECTIVES: Three questions guided the inquiry of this study: (i) the influence of a mother's experience of sexual abuse on the sexual abuse behaviours experienced by her child; (ii) to examine child behaviour as it relates to the type of sexual abuse and to gender; and (iii) to explore indicators of family functioning in incestuous and non-incestuous families. METHODS: Using two self-report assessment measures and a semi-structured intake interview, an intake group design was used with 104 sexually abused children (52 males and 52 females), and their 104 mothers (50 with a history of sexual abuse and 54 without such histories). RESULTS: The incested children displayed significantly more sexualized behaviour than children molested out of the home. Sexually abused males exhibited significantly more sexual behaviour than females. Incested mothers reported significantly more substance abuse on their own part and in their families of origin, and also more physical abuse in these same families. CONCLUSIONS: The findings from this study suggest that incestuous families suffer from a multitude of problems such as intergenerational substance abuse and physical abuse. Also differences between male and female sexually abused children with regard to their sexualized behaviours were clearly noted.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Infanticide in female forensic patients: the view from the evolutionary standpoint.

Evolutionary theory predicts that very young mothers would be more likely to kill an infant than older women, given that the younger mother has a much greater ability to "replace" the dead child through subsequent pregnancies and thus to produce offspring for the next generation. Evolutionary theory also predicts that a woman would be more likely to kill a child if the child was obviously defective, the pregnancy was the result of incest or rape, or if the mother's means of supporting the child were severely compromised. The authors hypothesized that mentally ill mothers would behave in a way that differed significantly from evolutionary expectations, i.e., that they would be more likely to kill children who were older than those killed by mothers in the general population and that the mothers themselves would be likely to be older than mothers in the general population when the murders occurred. To test this hypothesis, the authors compared infanticides (both filicides and neonaticides) committed by mentally ill mothers with those committed by mothers in the general population. They examined two samples: 1) all cases of maternal infanticide from the Mid-Hudson Forensic Psychiatric Hospital from 1978 (when the hospital began admitting female patients) through the year 2000 and 2) a general population sample from a 10-year Canadian study reported by Daly and Wilson in 1998. The authors focused on the following variables: ages of the mothers, ages of the child-victims, whether the pregnancy was the result of rape or incest, whether the child had significant behavioral or physical problems, and whether there were problems supporting the child (e.g., having no partner, poverty, mother's lack of education). The results of the analyses supported the authors' hypothesis about ages of mothers and children. The mentally ill mothers in the Mid-Hudson sample were generally older when they killed their children and the children who were killed were generally older than in the Daly and Wilson general population sample (where the majority of the cases involved neonaticide and the mothers were generally younger than 25 years of age). The three factors, poverty, low education level (or low intellectual capacity), and lack of a spouse were common in both samples. Findings concerning cultural factors, motives, and methods used will be presented in separate publications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

From refusal to reconciliation: family relationships after an accusation based on recovered memories.

In following families who reported to the False Memory Foundation between 1992 and 2001 that a member had charged them with incest, a survey questionnaire (with a 42% return rate) was sent to some 4,400 families. These data demonstrate that 99% of these accusers were white, 93% were female, 77% were graduates, 86% were in psychotherapy, and 82% accused their father. Such accusations were rare events before 1985 but then grew exponentially in frequency, peaking in the 2-year period from 1991 to 1992, with 579 accusations. Thereafter, such accusations steadily declined so that in 1999 and 2000, only 36 accusations occurred. The accusers can be differentiated in the manner with which they reconciled with the situation: 56% refused all family contact, 36% returned but did not discuss the accusation, and 8% retracted completely. These data give evidence of a time-limited craze of therapy-induced incest accusations that has now dissipated.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

The girl who cried wolf: pseudologia phantastica and sexual abuse.

There has been an explosion of interest recently in sexual abuse and incest, with reported causal links to a wide variety of psychiatric disorders. The integrity of Freud's seduction theory has been challenged by Jeffrey Masson and sexual abuse activists. What is the position of a therapist who finds out that a patient's reports of incest and sexual abuse turn out to be fabrications? These issues are presented and discussed in the context of a brief, illustrative case history. There is also a review of the concept of "pseudologia fantastica", as well as a brief review of a feminist critique of Freudian theory.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Severe paternal sexual abuse in early childhood and systematic aggression against the family and the institution.

This report examines incest and its sequela in individuals suffering from severe chronic mental illness. Descriptive data drawn from 11 cases paints a clinical picture characterized by severe chronic psychotic symptoms and aggressive behaviour that are often precipitated by the family's rejection. In all patients, the incest for occurred over a long period of time, was violent, and was perpetrated by the male parental figure. Health care professionals need to increase their knowledge of and skills in the identification and treatment of sexual abuse.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Sexual recidivism in sex offenders.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the recidivism rates of the various types of adult sex offenders including incest offenders, extrafamilial child molesters, exhibitionists, and rapists. METHOD: An examination of the literature over the past 4 decades and the data from our own study group. RESULTS: Methodological shortfalls and differences across the studies make statistical appraisal of the results difficult. Nevertheless, there is a consensus that incest offenders are less likely to reoffend compared with extrafamilial child molesters. Rapists and exhibitionists are thought to be at a higher risk for recidivism. CONCLUSION: A combined actuarial predictive approach in conjunction with empirically guided clinical assessment is probably the best method to predict recidivism of sex offenders.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed2006

Sexual offenders' state-of-mind regarding childhood attachment: a controlled investigation.

Attachment experiences have been regarded as significant by researchers and clinicians attempting to explain the etiology of sexual offending. Although initial studies have revealed some promising evidence, there are a number of theoretical and methodological problems with this preliminary body of work. While addressing these limitations, the goal of the present study was to investigate state-of-mind regarding childhood attachment among subtypes of sexual offenders, comparing them to both a sample of nonsexual offenders and to the documented patterns of nonoffenders. Sixty-one sexual offenders (extrafamilial child molesters, incest offenders, and rapists) and 40 nonsexual offenders (violent and nonviolent) were administered the "Adult Attachment Interview." Results indicated that the majority of sexual offenders were insecure, representing a marked difference from normative samples. Although insecurity of attachment was common to all groups of offenders, there were important differences in regard to the specific type of insecurity. Most notable were the child molesters, who were significantly more likely to be Preoccupied. Rapists, violent offenders, and, to a lesser degree, incest offenders were more likely to be Dismissing. Although still most likely to be Dismissing, nonviolent offenders were comparatively more Secure.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Did Freud misinterpret reported memories of sexual abuse as fantasies?

While serious questions have arisen concerning the validity of Freud's seduction theory of neurosis, a related issue concerns the extent to which Freud, following the abandonment of the seduction theory, may have misinterpreted real memories of sexual abuse as imaginary. Certain theoretical statements by Freud as well as his advice to Jung concerning a 6-yr.-old patient who had accused her foster-father of sexual abuse indicate that he may have been significantly biased toward interpreting certain types of incest allegations as fantasies. Increased awareness of Freud's biases, both in his early tendency to pressure patients into believing that they were victims of abuse and in his later tendency to regard certain types of incest allegations as unreal, may contribute to a more objective approach to the diagnosis and treatment of sexual abuse in the future.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Exploration of the views of traditional healers regarding the termination of pregnancy (TOP) law.

The North-West Province is predominantly a rural area, and traditional healers remain the most important and influential members of the rural communities. A qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual research design was used. In-depth, individual focused and interactive interviews were held with eight traditional healers from the rural areas of Mmabatho-Mafikeng. In addition, field notes and observations were utilised. The objective of this article is to explore the views of the traditional healers regarding termination of pregnancy (TOP) law. The results reflected the following themes: termination of pregnancy is killing; a child is a precious gift from God and the ancestors; there are alternatives to TOP; people who had any type of abortion should be cleansed with "dipitsa" or herbs; TOP may be allowed only in case of rape and incest, rape and incest offenders should be severely punished; and the traditional healers were not consulted during formulation of the TOP Law. It is therefore recommended that traditional should be involved in TOP workshops and educational programmes to enable them to provide counselling before and after abortion.

Abortion, Legal↗