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At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

The influence of low birth weight on the prevalence of refractive errors among schoolchildren.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to determine in a large population whether low birth weight has an influence on the prevalence of refractive errors among schoolchildren. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 3663 schoolchildren were examined (1738 boys and 1925 girls, aged 6-17 years, mean age 11.1, SD = 3.2). The weight at birth was 1500-2500 grams (mean 2184, SD = 271) in 254 and more than 2500 grams (mean 3398, SD = 441) in the remaining 3409 children. Skiascopy with cycloplegia was done and refractive error readings were reported as the spherical equivalent (SE). Myopia was defined as SE < or = -0.5 D, hyperopia as SE > or = +1.5 D. Anisometropia was diagnosed when the difference in the refraction of both eyes was > 1.0 D. The parents completed a questionnaire on the child's weight and term of birth. Data analysis was performed using chi-square test. P values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Hyperopia was observed more frequently in 6-7 year-old children whose birth weight was > 2500 grams (p < 0.05) - table 1. Additionally, it was found that anisometropia was less frequent in 10-11 year-old children whose birth weight was > 2500 g (p < 0.05) - table 2. CONCLUSION: Low birth weight may have an effect on the prevalence of refractive errors among schoolchidren.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Phototherapeutic keratectomy of diffuse corneal foreign bodies caused by gunpowder explosion].

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical effects of phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) on the treatment of diffuse corneal foreign bodies caused by gunpowder explosion. METHODS: From Dec, 1999 to Dec, 2003, 39 eyes of 25 patients with diffuse foreign bodies on cornea caused by gunpowder explosion were investigated in this study. All foreign bodies located in one third of superficial cornea and conjunctiva. Besides slit-lamp biomicroscope examination and cornea thickness measurement, ultra-sound B, VEP and ERG were used to exclude the possibility of damage of posterior ocular segments. Then the PTK was performed at every 100-150 pulse-interval. In case of damaging to deep cornea, the total pulse was less than 500 and corneal thickness was measured during the operation. After operation, vision acuity, recovery of corneal epithelium, haze, intraocular pressure and ametropia were checked and the patients were followed up for 6 months. RESULTS: Compared with traditional therapies used for diffused corneal foreign bodies, PTK generally took shorter time (10 minutes). It could erase most foreign bodies on cornea and had little injury to normal corneal tissue. Commonly, the corneal epithelial layer recovered completely within one week. The vision acuity after PKT was improved notablely. The mean value of vision acuity at 10th day of post-operation is 0.6 (vs < 0.3 in all patients before operation). There were 38 eyes with gentle hyperopia and 1 eye with moderate hyperopia. The complication of PTK can be controlled during operation or after operation by drugs. CONCLUSION: PTK is a facile, effective, hypo-cost method for the treatment of diffused foreign bodies on cornea damaged by gunpowder explosion.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Refractive outcome in bilateral congenital cataracts. A longitudinal study].

Refraktive development in seven patients operated on early in life for bilateral congenital cataract has been documented over periods of 6-11 years. Attenuation of hyperopia was seen in four patients during the first 4 years of life, and even later in some of them. The three other patients did not show any considerable refractive changes. A refractive change can occur as a sudden event during the first 2 years of life or be continuous during the first decade of life, the change varying over a range of 3-12 D. One patient showed an increase in hyperopia compared with the data immediately after the cataract operation. As the refractive changes varied over a range of 6 D this cannot be explained by inaccurate measuring techniques, but is interpreted as changeable refraction that may be normal in childhood. Refractive surgery, e.g. insertion of an IOL and epikertophakia, should also be discussed on individually, as refractive changes are not generally predictable.

Cataract↗
PubMed1991

[Analysis of the curative effect of partially accommodative esotropia in children].

Partially accommodative esotropia in children is due to accommodative factor in addition to anatomical factor. The former is corrected with spectacles, whereas the latter must be surgically treated. The authors handled 75 such cases by first prescribing spectacles for full correction of hyperopia, and surgical operations were performed to the residual esotropia after wearing the spectacles for 6 months. Patients surgically under-corrected were advised to wear over-correction spectacles, and patients surgically over-corrected to wear under-correction spectacles. Skiascopic examinations were done every 6 months; the physiological hyperopia decreased year by year, and the strength of hyperopic spectacles was decreased accordingly.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Visual acuity and refractive errors in the elderly in nursing homes.

A total of 268 elderly persons living in eight nursing homes in northern Finland (participation rate 100%) were examined by an ophthalmologist in 1980-1983 in order to describe visual acuity and the occurrence of refractive errors. Uncorrected distant visual acuity in the better eye was less than 0.4 in 76% of the men and 68% of the women, being worse in older subjects than in younger ones. Uncorrected near visual acuity in the better eye was less than 0.1 in 24% of the men and 25% of the women. Hyperopia was found in 78% of the men and 77-78% of the women and myopia in 14-15% of the men and 15-16% of the women. Hyperopia decreased and myopia increased with age. Astigmatism was uncommon and its prevalence figure was not related to sex or age. Only 3% of men and 5% of women were emmetropic. We may conclude that uncorrected distant visual acuity of the population was low, and three out of every four men and two out of every three women were unable to manage their daily activities without difficulties due to the low visual acuity. Also uncorrected near visual acuity was low, and one out of every four persons was practically blind.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Compatibility of the aviation night vision imaging systems and the aging aviator.

With the advent of the night vision goggle (NVG) mission requirements in the United States Army, the reserve components began training with the second generation (AN/PVS-5 & AN/PVS-5A) systems. These systems prohibit the wear of spectacles by the aviator. Certain modifications on some systems allowed for spectacle wear. However, there still exists a 5-h day filter training minimum in which the full NVG with facemask and cushion must be worn without spectacles. The NVG system corrects up to +2.00 diopters of hyperopia and up to -6.00 diopters of myopia, but only +/- 1.00 diopter of astigmatism. A survey of the reserve component (USAR and NG) aviators in the Southwest was conducted to establish the relative incompatibility of the NVG system among an aviator population older than the active component aviators. All medical record custodians received questionnaires and the flight surgeon followed up replies by telephone or on-site visits. We screened a total of 127 aviator records. The aviator's average age was 39.5 years; 65.3% had 20/20 vision and were emmetropes. Of those that wore spectacles, 82.4% had hyperopia or myopia correctable by the built-in optical adjustments contained in the NVG. The other 17.6%, who had vision that exceeded the correction factors built into the NVG, consisted of astigmats with greater than 2.00 diopters of cylinder. Nearly 20% of the aviators who wore corrective lenses exceeded the corrective limits of the goggles that they used. Further, pilots had no specific prescreening instruction. With the development of more sophisticated aviation optics. Three options exist: modify visual standards, allow contact lens wear, or design future systems to be compatible with spectacles.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Optical characteristics of the eye of the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias).

On the basis of the failure of attempts to induce refractive accommodation changes electrically and with drugs, it appears that the eye of the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) lacks the capacity to accommodate. Retinoscopic measurements indicate moderate hyperopia (+6D). However, measurements made with light restricted to the short end of the visible spectrum indicate only one or two dioptres of hyperopia and it is possible that the latter measurements are more coincident with natural conditions. In contrast to the somewhat flattened lens of other elasmobranchs the lens of the spiny dogfish is nearly spherical. The fact that its refractive index is high (1.66) suggests that the static optical system of this eye is very similar to that of the teleosts.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1994

Deteriorated accommodative esotropia.

Deteriorated accommodative esotropia is a residual esotropia with treatment in previously controlled esotropia. Hypothesized etiologies include occlusion, undercorrected hyperopia, increased AC/A ratio, increased or undetected hyperopia, microtropia, delay in treatment and poor compliance.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1993

[Cavernous hemangioma of the orbit].

Cavernous hemangioma is one of the commonest primary orbital tumors. Painless and progressive reducible unilateral proptosis causing a variable degree of hyperopia is the usual clinical presentation. The case of a 39-year-old-female patient is reported. The clinical presentation was unilateral left axial proptosis with acquired hyperopia. Imaging studies showed a well circumscribed mass in the orbit, a superior neuro-surgical approach allowed complete resection of the tumor, and histopathology revealed the diagnosis of cavernous hemangioma.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[LASIK = laser in situ keratomileusis. Initial experience].

Electron microscopic picture of human and rabbit corneas treated by LASer In situ Keratomileusis (LASIK) are presented. Clinical part of this paper deals with first 11 eyes operated by LASIK in the Czech Republic (10 eyes with myopia and myopia with astigmatism and 1 eye with hyperopia with astigmatism). Follow up 2 months. Refraction and BCVA changes are demonstrated on scales. Refraction in the myopic group decreased from -16,3 (+/- 7,05) D sf.eq.preop. to -1,7 (+/- 2,45) D postop. Complications preop.: 3x undercorrection, 1x overcorrection, 3x residual astigmatism and 5x detritus at the interface. One case of early reoperation because of undercorrection is demonstrated. Short term results show that LASIK seems to be a very good methods of surgical correction of higher and high myopia and myopia with astigmatism with good predictability. It is possible to perform successful early reoperation with good centration of ablation zone and good functional outcome. LASIK eliminates postop. pain. There were no corneal hazes even with low term application of steroids in this group of 11 eyes. Promising results were achieved in hyperopia treated by LASIK.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Refractive laser surgery of the cornea].

The importance of refractive corneal laser surgery is increasing. Since the introduction of the Excimer laser in 1990 approximately 350.000 eyes were treated worldwide until the end of 1996. Postoperative refraction is mainly determined by the amount of intended correction: correction of myopia of up to -6 dpt using photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) has a success rate surpassing 93%, in higher myopic corrections the success rate drops to 30%. The complication rate is also directly related to the amount of correction: with corrections of up to 6 dpt it reaches up to 3% and in corrections of over 9 dpt manifest scars occur in more than 10%. Better results in myopias over -7 dpt are achieved using the laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), which is a combination of lamellar corneal surgery and the excimer laser. With LASIK the complication rate in corrections of up to 6 dpt is higher compared to PRK. The correction of hyperopia has still a fairly low success rate with both techniques that we suppose hyperopia to be a relative contraindication for corneal laser surgery.

Astigmatism↗
PubMed1997

Visual impairment in school children in southern India.

This study was done to determine the prevalence of visual impairment due to refractive errors and ocular diseases in lower middle class school children of Hyderabad, India. A total of 4,029 children, which included 2,348 males and 1,681 females, in the age range of 3 to 18 years from 9 schools were screened with a detailed ocular examination protocol. Among 3,669 children in whom visual acuity could be recorded, on presentation 115 (3.1%) had visual acuity < 6/18 in the better eye (equivalent to visual impairment), while 41 (1.1%) had visual acuity < or = 6/60 [corrected] in the better eye (equivalent to legal blindness) out of which 18 (0.5%) had visual acuity < 6/60 in the better eye (equivalent to economic blindness). Of 115 children who presented with initial visual acuity < 6/18, vision improved to > or = 6/18 with refraction in 109 (94.8%). No child was legally or economically blind after refractive correction. Prevalence of hyperopia was 22.6%, myopia 8.6% and astigmatism 10.3%. The prevalence of myopia was significantly higher among children > or = 10 years of age (P < 0.001). The maximum, mean and median values for myopia were 10.00, 1.35 and 0.75 D in the better eye. For hyperopia these values were 8.50, 0.65 and 0.50 D. The major causes for best corrected visual acuity < 6/9 in the worse eye for 51 (1.4%) children included amblyopia in 40 (1.1%), corneal diseases in 5 (0.1%), cataract in 2 (0.05%) and others in 4 (0.1%). Out of the total, 30 (0.7%) children had strabismus. These data support the assumption that vision screening of school children in developing countries could be useful in detecting correctable causes of decreased vision, especially refractive errors, and in minimising long term permanent visual disability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Shared mutations in NR2E3 in enhanced S-cone syndrome, Goldmann-Favre syndrome, and many cases of clumped pigmentary retinal degeneration.

OBJECTIVES: To determine if enhanced s-cone syndrome (ESCS), Goldmann-Favre syndrome (GFS), and clumped pigmentary retinal degeneration (CPRD) are caused by mutations in the NR2E3 gene and to characterize the clinical findings in patients with NR2E3 mutations. Patients One patient with ESCS, one with GFS, and 20 with CPRD. METHODS: The coding regions of the NR2E3 and NRL genes and part of the THRB1 coding region were scanned for mutations using single-strand conformation and direct sequencing methods. We evaluated visual acuity, refractive error, visual fields, fundi, final dark-adaptation thresholds, and electroretinograms (ERGs). RESULTS: The patients with ESCS and GFS and 9 of the 20 unrelated patients with CPRD had mutations in the NR2E3 gene. Six mutations were found in these 11 patients, including 2 novel mutations: the missense mutation Ala256Glu and the frameshift mutation Pro276del17 (the first obviously null allele reported). Three patients were mutant homozygotes, and 8 had 2 mutations. All but one of the mutations in the patients with ESCS and GFS were also found in patients with CPRD. All NR2E3 cases were hyperopes and had retinal vascular attenuation and reduced and delayed full-field ERGs. Clumped pigment deposits were recognized in the patients with ESCS and GFS. The CPRD patients without NR2E3 mutations had no detected mutations in NRL or THRB1. CONCLUSIONS: We found that ESCS, GFS, and CPRD can all have the same genetic basis. Clinical Relevance The combination of night blindness, hyperopia, and clumped retinal pigment deposits should raise the suspicion that a patient has NR2E3 disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Ocular findings in Kenny's syndrome.

In 1966, Kenny described two patients with an unusual congenital syndrome including dwarfism, thickened long bone cortex, transient hypocalcemia, and normal intelligence. These and other patients previously were incorrectly described as "myopic". Ocular findings in four subjects ranged from uncomplicated nanophthalmos with hyperopia to extreme pseudopapilledema, vascular tortuosity, and mucular crowding. Postmortem findings from one patient showed calcium deposits demonstrable only by special histochemical stains that were distributed uniquely in the cornea. This distribution differed greatly from the pattern seen in band keratopathy. Retinal calcification was also an unusual feature. Because one patient exhibited a pseudodoubling of the optic papilla, the literature was reviewed. We conclude that no convincing case of true doubling of the optic nerve has been described. Ophthalmologists should be alert for undiagnosed electrolyte abnormalities, especially hypocalcemia, in patients with Kenney's syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Persisting accommodative esotropia.

This report examines the persistence of many cases of accommodative esotropia well beyond the expected time of resolution (age 10 to 12 years) and the potential usefulness of any associated clinical features to predict timely or delayed disappearance. In a series of 202 patients, there was no discrete age of improvement and more than half persisted after age 10 years. The results were similar for both high and normal accommodative convergence/accommodation ratio cases. Initial hyperopia did not predict persistence; subsequent increases prior to age 7 years, and decreases thereafter, were different statistically but were clinically similar. Moreover, the occurrence of inferior oblique overaction and of dissociated vertical deviation, as well as a family history of strabismus, did not predict persistence or delayed improvement.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1996

Deletion of chromosome 21 in a girl with congenital hypothyroidism and mild mental retardation.

We report on a girl with a large interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21 and with mild mental retardation, congenital hypothyroidism, and hyperopia. The deletion [del(21)(q11.1-q22.1)] extends molecularly from marker D21S215 to D21S213. The distal breakpoint is not clearly defined but is situated between markers D21S213 and IFNAR. This patient has the largest deletion of chromosome 21 known without having severe mental retardation or malformations. The deletion does not involve the "Down syndrome chromosome" region, the region of chromosome 21 which in trisomy causes most of the manifestations of Down syndrome. Apparently, the proximal part of the long arm of chromosome 21 does not include genes that are responsible for severe clinical effects in the event of either deletion or duplication, since several reported patients with either trisomy or deletion of this region have mild phenotypic abnormalities. Congenital hypothyroidism is much more common in Down syndrome than in the average population. Thus, the congenital hypothyroidism of the present patient might indicate that there is one or several genes on the proximal part of chromosome 21, which might be of importance for the thyroid function.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Induced refractive anomalies affect chick orbital bone structure.

Experiments have shown that it is possible to induce ametropias (myopia and hyperopia) in the eyes of young animals by distorting early visual experience through the use of negative and positive defocussing lenses mounted over the eye. Defocus lenses (+15 and -15 diopters) were mounted unilaterally over one eye of day old broiler chicks using a contact lens-goggle and velcro combination. Refractive states and ocular dimensions were measured by retinoscopy and ultrasound during the experiment. On the seventh day the birds were killed after which the eyes were removed, weighed and measured with calipers. The remaining heads were cleaned of all soft tissue to leave only the bones of the skull. Axial and equatorial orbital dimensions were then measured with vernier calipers. The frontal bone was prepared for histological analysis and sections were used to determine the relative proportions of formed bone to primitive mesenchymal cells. Prior to treatment there were no differences in refractive states or dimensions of the two eyes. After one week of defocus, the treated eyes were longer or shorter as well as more myopic or hyperopic than the contralateral eye by amounts close to the powers of the defocussing lenses (-12.3 and +11.8 diopters). Orbital sizes varied substantially. Orbital axes of myopic eyes were significantly (P < or = 0.05) longer (on average 0.77 +/- 0.23 mm) than the contralateral control orbits. The orbital axes associated with the hyperopic eyes were significantly (P < or = 0.05) shorter (on average 0.69 +/- 0.18 mm) than the contralateral control orbits. Similarly, significant differences (P < or = 0.05) were recorded for a variety of equatorial measures (naso-temporal, superior inferior, oblique (nasal-superior, temporal-superior). Histological analysis reveals that the frontal bone of the myopic chick is in a more mature state of development compared to the frontal bone of the hyperopic chick. The eyes and orbits of chicks with induced ametropias that were allowed to the recover were not significantly different from the control eyes and orbits. This study clearly shows that, in chicks, ocular refractive development is associated with orbital development and that experiments related to growth factors and retinal processing of defocus information should also consider growth and development of tissue beyond the ocular globe.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

A new syndrome in the group of euhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Pilodental dysplasia with refractive errors.

A new form of ectodermal dysplasia was observed in two siblings, offspring of healthy non-consanguineous parents. The main findings in both children are: hypodontia, abnormally shaped teeth, scalp hypotrichosis, pili annulati, follicular hyperkeratosis on the trunk and limbs, intensified delineation and reticular hyperpigmentation of the nape, and hyperopia; one of the siblings also has astigmatism. As both patients have normal nails and are euhidrotic, this is an ectodermal dysplasia of the pilodental subgroup. The cause is probably genetic and autosomal-recessive inheritance is most likely.

Child↗