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PubMed1981

Implementing comprehensive health education: educational innovations and social change.

The effectiveness of health education is ultimately determined by whether it is implemented, and how it is implemented. Although a given health education innovation may be designed and experimentally assessed to promote well-being with some measure of effectiveness and efficiency, the actual impact of the innovation will depend upon the manner in which it is disseminated, initiated, and maintained. The implementation of health education programs in schools or elsewhere is a function of the types of innovations available, certain characteristics of those innovations that influence their use, and the manner in which the innovations are brought into practice. This paper has been prepared to review, synthesize, and apply current and relevant information about educational innovations and social change to provide a conceptual base for the design, execution, and analysis of efforts to implement health education in schools. The American system of public and private schools could be an agent vitally important to the realization of a second public health revolution. Indeed, in a democratic society, the implementation of health education in schools seems a condition necessary for such a revolution. By analyzing and learning from our own health education efforts, as well as the efforts of those experienced with implementing other types of educational innovations in schools, we might ensure that future populations are informed sufficiently about factors that influence their health and well-being.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The effectiveness of differing dental health education programmes in improving the oral health of adults with mental handicaps attending Birmingham adult training centres.

There are few published data available relating to dental health in adults with handicaps, or to the effectiveness of dental health education in this group. The present study involved 382 people attending four different adult training centres in Birmingham, UK. Following baseline examinations all participants were given oral hygiene instruction and a scale and polish. Each of the centres was then randomly allocated to one of the four treatment regimens. No specific treatment was provided for the control group; daily supervised toothbrushing was carried out by the participants in the other three groups, with the addition of a three-monthly scale and polish and reinforcement of oral hygiene instruction in group 3 and one-monthly input in group 4. The participants were re-examined after three months and then at six-monthly intervals until 24 months after the baseline examination. The results showed that those people left to their own devices to carry out toothbrushing at home following instruction were not achieving an acceptable standard. Those who were reminded, encouraged and motivated by the adult training centre staff were obviously capable of better standards of oral care. The input of an experienced dental hygienist on a regular basis improved the periodontal condition considerably. Although there were significant differences between the groups throughout the study, particularly in the presence of calculus, the differences between the one-monthly and three-monthly hygienist input were not clinically very apparent after two years, and therefore a one-monthly input would be difficult to justify on a cost benefit basis.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Research publication trends in health education journals.

The study presented here reviews the trends in the publication of research reports from 1957-1978 in the official journals of four professional organizations of health education: International Journal of Health Education (IJHE), Health Education Monographs, Health Education and Journal of School Health. Each article was classified into one of five categories: programme evaluation research, general research, professional preparation, literature reviews, and other. The percentage of articles in each category was calculated and graphed in 4-5 year intervals to show the twenty-two year trends. The results of this study show that the IJHE has led in the publication of research articles. During the 22 year period 30.83% of the articles IJHE has published were research reports. IJHE also showed the largest increase (30.37%) from the earliest period to the most recent, especially in the category programme evaluation research (17%). For all four journals combined, 5.18% of the articles published were on professional preparation, 3.2% were literature reviews and 69.95% were programme descriptions, conceptual or theoretical articles and other non-research topics. Although there are trends towards an increase in the publication of research reports in health education journals, during the period covered less than one-third of the articles in any of the journals reviewed was devoted to research.

Health Education↗
PubMed1988

Health careers--a method of health education at school for adolescents.

An innovative health education curriculum, "Health Careers", intended for adolescents leaving school, was evaluated using a quasi-experimental pre-/post control group design. The objective of the project was the modification of knowledge, attitudes and behaviour in relation to health. Attempts were made to counteract factors restricting the effect of traditional health education at school. Changes were estimated using questionnaires. Two types of schools were studied, schools A and B, student age averaged 17.3 years and 15.5 years, respectively. The number of students in the experimental groups was 220 and 112, respectively. At school B, in addition, 35 parents participated voluntarily in evening courses arranged by the project staff. Significant improvement was shown in two variables of a possible 60 at school A and in four variables at school B. Analysis by subgroups, however, demonstrated improvements in merely one variable at school B. It is evident that the innovative curriculum did not induce significant behavioural improvement in relation to health. Frame factors of the school--obligatory student participation and teacher role perception--may explain this outcome.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The future of the health education profession: implications for preparation and practice.

The health education profession has come to a critical point in its development. If health education is to fulfill its promise as a worthwhile strategy to improve health, the specific competencies of health education specialists and, concomitantly, the educational preparation that they need must be clearly defined. In the past, no clear definition was possible because of the diversity of preparatory programs, the absence of commonly accepted accreditation standards, educators, inconsistent employment requirements, inadequate manpower data, and poor mechanisms for quality assurance. Health educators are examining the various forms of credentialing--accreditation, licensure, and certification--with a view to their use as a means of strengthening the profession's preparation and practice standards. A Role Delineation Project undertaken by the National Center for Health Education, San Francisco, under a contract with the Bureau of Health Professions of the Health Resources Administration, has been completed. Activities that will be carried out subsequent to role delineation are expected to enable the health profession to resolve systematically fundamental issues in respect to manpower standards.

Credentialing↗
PubMed1984

Health education practice and the literature.

A body of meaningful research on the effectiveness of some health education interventions is developing. The emerging health education literature changes the value of innovation for health educators. The growing availability of well-researched methods requires that health educators favor tested programs over innovation in most circumstances. But it is largely up to leaders in the field of health education to assure that, as the literature becomes more meaningful, health educators have access to that meaning. This could be accomplished in part by an ongoing program of small conferences among leading health educators designed to produce clear statements on the practice implications of new research findings. The availability and promotion of these perspectives on health education practice would help health educators deliver research-based programs despite the demand for trivia they frequently face.

Attitude↗
PubMed1981

Developing a model for health education interventions in the hospital setting.

Health education interventions in hospitals represent a factor of major influence with regard to the effectiveness of treatment and the prevention of relapse. A purposeful health education system aimed at patients, their families and friends has therefore been developed in the USSR after due experimentation. As regards patients, focus is placed on raising their level of knowledge about adequate health behaviour during hospitalization and after discharge, in order to prevent relapses, acute states and complications. Topics covered include regimen, diet, physical exercise, developing resistance to cold, giving up harmful habits (smoking, for example), etc. This includes individual, semi individual, semi group and group activities at all stages of the patient's stay in hospital. The mass media supplements this approach through hospital radio and TV programmes and popular scientific literature from the hospital library. For patients' relatives and friends, a programme of individual talks has been developed. Another facet of health education involves correspondence with patients and their relatives, to whom special leaflets are distributed. Preliminary evaluation carried out by public health administrators and health education workers indicates that the system yields satisfactory results.

Family↗
PubMed2001

The credentialing of a population-based health profession: lessons learned from health education certification.

This article summarizes research and issues related to health education certification. Health education's experience with certification provides valuable insight for other public health professions because of the credential's population-based emphasis, its recent development, and its broadly defined cross-cutting skill set. Although data are still emerging on the outcomes of health education certification, most studies indicate that it has had a positive impact across multiple dimensions. Critical to this success has been providing profession-wide opportunities for input, communicating with key stakeholders, establishing an independent credentialing agency, and basing the credential on scientifically and legally defensible competencies that are linked to job responsibilities.

Certification↗
PubMed1983

A study of the high school principal's role in health education.

The role of the principal in secondary school health education is explored in this paper. Using the social process theory, the ideal role is developed through a review of current literature and the actual role through a survey of high school principals and health education teachers in Chicago. A consensus regarding the role functions of the principal related to school health education as perceived by principals, health education teachers and authorities in school administration was revealed. The principal's role is one of leadership related to curriculum and instruction. The physical education teacher was responsible for health education in all the schools. No consensus emerged regarding the priority of health education within the school.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1996

Knowledge about sexually transmitted diseases in rural and periurban communities of the Asaro Valley of Eastern Highlands Province: the health education component of an STD study.

Community health education played a major role in a study of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and other reproductive tract infections which we conducted in rural and periurban communities of the Asaro Valley near Goroka in the Eastern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea. We found that most women had little knowledge about STDs, which they often did not realize were sexually transmitted. Even major signs and symptoms were thought to be normal and many women had not sought treatment until irreversible damage was done. Knowledge of the complications of STDs, such as infertility and stillbirth, was also slight in these women. It is apparent that there is a desperate need for more reproductive health education at the community level. In developing our health education methods, we found that simple line drawings of male and female reproductive organs and of people with different signs of STDs proved useful. These were quick and easy to produce from readily available materials. It was important to separate men and women into different groups with educators of the same sex, and to create a very informal atmosphere, encouraging free-ranging discussion. Following health education and sensitive interviewing, almost all the women selected for the community-based study of the prevalence of reproductive tract infections consented to vaginal examination, even if they were asymptomatic. Additionally, many nonselected women requested examination.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Health promotion and health education with particular emphasis on bone diseases among rural population in Poland.

Osteoporosis and osteoarthrosis are the most common diseases of bone tissue affecting both rural and urban populations. The aim of the study was to investigate the level of education and requirement for health promotion within the scope of common diseases of the skeletal system among rural population in Poland. This was an exploratory study with a cross-sectional design performed between May 2004-September 2005 in rural areas of 16 Voivodeships (main provinces) of Poland. The study population comprised of 404 (62.9%) rural women and 238 (37.1%) rural men (total 642). All subjects were randomly sampled and recruited by personal contact in primary health care centres. Study data were obtained using a specially prepared questionnaire. The most commonly reported diseases were: arterial hypertension (26.1%), joint degenerative disease (24.6%) and osteoarthritis (14.7%). The occurrence of osteoarthritis and joint degenerative disease increased with age and was highest in the group aged over 50 (21% and 38.7% respectively). Osteoarthitis was more frequent in women compared to men (16% and 12.2% respectively). In most cases, the basic information about methods of prevention and treatment given by a General Practitioner or a specialist was characterized as "satisfactory" (73.6% and 62.9% respectively). The most popular prophylactic action performed in local communities was bone densitometry (14.1%), and the most important source of knowledge - TV and radio (65%). Populations living in rural areas have limited access to health education and health prophylaxis actions, irrespective of the geographical region of Poland. Inhabitants with secondary or higher education, as well as those with a higher household income, have better knowledge about skeletal system diseases compared to those with a lower educational level. The practical implications of this study suggest the necessity for paying more attention to etiology, symptoms and methods of prevention and treatment of bone diseases when attending to patients in specialist practice.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Possibilities of dental health education in the socialist school].

The possibilities of dental health education in the socialist school are dealt with. They consist in the direct influence of the stomatologist and his auxiliaries on the pupils and in the indirect influence via the teachers, educationalists and public organizations. The dental health education in the school must be brought into line with the extra-curricular dental health education. In the school, dental health education may be mentioned in many subjects of instruction. As to the extra-curricular dental health education, it seems that the co-operation with the "Young First-Aiders" is especially important. A planned, concerted action is advisable in dental health education.

Child↗
PubMed2005

An example of health education in the early 17th century: Naturall and artificial Directions for Health by William Vaughan.

In 1600, William Vaughan, a Doctor of Civil Laws, published the first edition of his health education manual entitled Naturall and artificial Directions for Health. In all, seven editions appeared over the next 33 years. Changes were made to the title and contents, but the same six general areas were covered in each, i.e. (1) Air, fire and water, (2) Food and drink, (3) Sleep and early rising, (4) Evacuations, (5) Infirmities and death, and (6) Restoration of health. Although Vaughan was writing before the scientific revolution, and had to base his advice on the current theories of the four humours, miasma, stars and the supernatural, research over the intervening four centuries has proven many of his messages to be correct, e.g. clean air and water, a balanced diet, olive oil, low animal fat, red wine, fibre, exercise, and avoiding tobacco use, to mention but a few. In Vaughan's day, these messages were new to many readers and the method of health education used was simply to present the information for people to act on. Behavioural research carried out in the last century has changed the approach to health education by involving decision-making processes, self-efficacy building and social support.

Health Education↗
PubMed1977

Community oriented videotapes - action tools for health educators.

Over the last 4 years the Health Education Project (HEP) at the College of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey in Newark, New Jersey has established health education activities in the Outpatient Department waiting room of Martland Hospital and in various community settings. Bilingual, community-oriented videotapes are used consistently in these settings as teaching tools to inform consumers about critical health information. All videotapes are tailored to specific health education teaching objectives and are interwoven into health education discussion groups conducted by skilled group leaders.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed2002

Interdisciplinary and distance education in the Delta: the Delta Health Education Partnership.

The purpose of this article is to describe the activities and outcomes of the Delta Health Education Partnership (DHEP), an interdisciplinary and distance education program developed to promote 'anytime, anywhere' education. The goal of the project is to recruit, educate, and retain interdisciplinary groups of primary care health practitioners to increase access to health care in medically underserved and health professional shortage areas of the lower Mississippi Delta. The targeted health providers are certified nurse midwives, physician assistants, and family nurse practitioners. The DHEP program spans six universities across four primarily rural states. Primary health care students in the lower Mississippi Delta region are taught using asynchronous technology strategies including Internet-based coursework. Opportunities to expand educational options for distance learners and geographically bound students are explained. In addition, methods of building community partnerships in an effort to recruit and retain primary care providers are also explained. The advantages and limitations of the asynchronous Internet-based courses are explored as part of the program evaluation.

Arkansas↗