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PubMed1987

Smoking habits and their confounding effects among occupational groups in Sweden.

Smoking habits among different occupational groups in Sweden were estimated from nation wide surveys of living conditions in 1977 and 1980/81. These surveys were conducted by Statistics Sweden and consist of interviews covering the Swedish population aged 16-74 years. The sample includes about 12,000 persons for each of the two investigations. The results show that those who may be exposed to excess risks in their work environment, smoke more than those in other occupational groups. Transport and manufacturing workers, miners, wood and paper workers and painters, for example, have higher rates of daily smokers than the national average. The highest rates, however, were found among the category of early retired or unemployed. These findings confirm that an appropriate evaluation of occupationally-related diseases affected by smoking must take smoking data into consideration. If smoking data are available from other sources, adjusted work-related risks could be calculated. This presumes the absence of interaction effects. Procedures are given and illustrated. The paper also discusses the declining trends in smoking habits between 1977 and 1980/81 and possible reasons for differences in smoking habits between occupations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Health habits and risk behavior among youth in three communities with different public health approach.

BACKGROUND: There is a consensus today that comprehensive public health activities including many actors are needed for impact on health compromising behaviors. However, few studies are available to document long term effects regarding youth. We identified three rural, demographically comparable communities dominated by nuclear middle class families. One of these communities demonstrated comprehensive public health activities directed towards adolescents' needs and life-styles for a duration of at least 15 years, while the other two had an outspoken ideology of relying only on national health promotion. METHODS: Local health planners and pediatricians performed in-depth interviews with key people and checked relevant reports to trace the local public health history and to assess conventional and unconventional activities regarding health promotion for adolescents in the three communities. The outcome of at least 15 years of different policy regarding health promotion was studied in 1991 through self-reports of 915 subjects, 13-16 years old, with a questionnaire distributed through schools with questions on health, health habits and health compromising behaviors. The study itself turned out to be an important intervention. The two "inactive" communities changed their policy and methods. For this reason a second survey was done in 1993 with 593 subjects 13-16 years in the "active" and in one of the "inactive" communities. RESULTS: The adolescents in the "active" community with a long duration of energetic and comprehensive public health activities consistently demonstrated better mental health, health habits and less risk behavior in contrast to the state in the two "inactive" communities. Two years of active work in the "inactive" communities marginally improved health there. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that consistent and comprehensive public health activities might have reduced risk taking behavior and improved health and health habits during mid-adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Dietary habits of technical and vocational students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia--Part II. Eating between meals.

Dietary habits of 452 young adult male students at 6 technical institutes and vocational training centres in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia were investigated as part of a nutritional assessment survey. The eating-between-meals habit was found to be common among the majority (72.3%) of those students. The association between this habit and age cohorts, marital status, accommodation status, self assessment of weight and exercising are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Eating habits and attitudes among 10-year-old children of mothers with eating disorders: longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Children of mothers with eating disorders are at increased risk of developmental disturbance, but there has been little research in middle childhood, when disturbed eating habits tend to emerge. AIMS: To examine whether maternal eating disorders identified in the postnatal year are associated with the development of disturbed eating habits and attitudes in children at 10 years of age. METHOD: Follow-up comparative study of 56 families (33 mothers with eating disorders and 23 controls). Psychopathology of children, mothers and fathers was assessed by interview, and mother-child interaction observed. RESULTS: The index group of children scored higher than controls on three of four domains of eating disorder psychopathology and on a global score. Children's eating disturbance was associated with length of exposure to mothers' eating disorder and mother-child mealtime conflict at 5 years. There was some evidence of increased emotional problems in index children. CONCLUSIONS: The children of mothers with eating disorders manifested disturbed eating habits and attitudes compared with controls, and may be at heightened risk of developing frank eating disorder psychopathology.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

FRIGIDA-ESSENTIAL 1 interacts genetically with FRIGIDA and FRIGIDA-LIKE 1 to promote the winter-annual habit of Arabidopsis thaliana.

Studies of natural variation have revealed that the winter-annual habit of many accessions of Arabidopsis is conferred by two genes, FRIGIDA (FRI) and FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), whose activities impose a vernalization requirement. To better understand the mechanism underlying the winter-annual habit, a genetic screen was performed to identify mutants that suppress the late-flowering behavior of a non-vernalized winter-annual strain. We have identified a locus, FRIGIDA-ESSENTIAL 1 (FES1), which, like FRI, is specifically required for the upregulation of FLC expression. FES1 is predicted to encode a protein with a CCCH zinc finger, but the predicted sequence does not otherwise share significant similarity with other known proteins. fes1 is a complete suppressor of FRI-mediated delayed flowering, but has little effect on the late-flowering phenotype of autonomous-pathway mutants. Thus, FES1 activity is required for the FRI-mediated winter-annual habit, but not for the similar phenotype resulting from autonomous-pathway mutations. Epistasis analysis between FES1, FRI and another specific suppressor of FRI-containing lines, FRIGIDA-LIKE 1 (FRL1), indicates that these genes do not function in a linear pathway, but instead act cooperatively to promote the expression of FLC.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

[A trial production of a table of the optical crystallographic characteristics of crystalline drugs including crystal habits (study of crystalline drugs by means of a polarizing microscope. XIX].

It was clarified in previous report that the predominant faces of crystal habits mainly coincide with the morphologic crystal face at (001), (010), or (100), and therefore the two measurable key refractive indices are closely related to the principal sections of the two axial wave surfaces and coincide with the one or two of the three principal refractive indices. The three principal refractive indices of biaxial crystalline drugs were measured and tabulated in the "General Information" section of the National Formulary compiled by the American Pharmaceutical Association. A series of studies was conducted to measure the key refractive indices of the crystalline drugs listed in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia X or XI so that the data could be used to improve the quantitative analysis of their crystal habits. The purpose of the present study was to examine data on both the key and principal refractive indices and attempt to produce a general authorized table of optic crystallographic characteristics, including crystal habits, for simpler and more reliable polarizing microscopy studies.

Crystallization↗
PubMed1992

[Crystal morphological and habit investigations of crystalline drugs. I. Phenytoin].

Crystal morphology and crystal habit of phenytoin crystals were studied by the immersion method using a polarizing microscope. Several kinds of phenytoin materials, which had been confirmed to be lying on the same orientation by measuring key refractive indices, were photographed under crossed polars. The relationship between the patterns of retardation colors and the shapes of the phenytoin crystals were analyzed quantitatively using the chart indicating the relation of thickness to retardation colors, and concurrently several necessary facial angles were measured. On the basis of these results as well as edge angles measured under a microscope a stereographic projection was drawn finally, and an orthorhombic symmetry, an axial ratio and some facial angles were determined. Several kinds of crystal habits observed from the photographs were drawn by the classic crystallographic habit drawing method using the stereographic projection.

Crystallography↗
PubMed1993

[Crystal morphological and habit investigations of crystalline drugs. II. Amobarbital, barbital and ephedrine hydrochloride].

Crystal morphology, habit and refractive indices necessary for the analyses of amobarbital, barbital, phase III and ephedrine hydrochloride were studied using a polarizing microscope and partly using a reflexing goniometer. These substances, market products of Japanese Pharmacopoeia XII, were measured for optical properties including key refractive indices to confirm their modifications, and their possible facial angles along the zone of which axis is parallel to the elongated direction was also measured using a goniometer. Stereographic projections were drawn and the crystal habits of market products were shown by orthographic projections. It was also found that one of the key refractive indices of each modification was specially usable for the analyses of crystal habits including their crushed powders.

Amobarbital↗
PubMed1990

[Life styles and blood pressure: the protective effect of apple-eating habits on high blood pressure in a high-salt population].

Prospective epidemiological studies of blood pressure in a high-salt population in northeastern Japan were investigated along with dietary habits such as miso soup, rice, apple, fish, milk and sake consumption as well as smoking habits. Blood pressures of the populations in 3 villages were determined once or twice a year by mass surveys from 1954, 1957 or 1958 through 1975. The means and transitions of the personal blood pressure were calculated by regression analysis of the data obtained during each entire period. The number of persons was 1127 males and 1369 females and the response rate was 98.7 percent. The average number of times of determination of blood pressure for a person was 12.9. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were run with the means and transitions of systolic and diastolic blood pressure as the dependent variables and the life styles of the population in 1958 as an independent variable based on data of persons whose blood pressures were determined 5 or more times during the entire period. According to the backward stepwise method this study confirmed the positive relationship of age and sake drinking and the negative relationship of apple eating habits to blood pressure.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

[A comparison of smoking habits between nursing school and nursing college students].

This study was conducted through anonymous questionnaires in order to compare the smoking habits of nursing school students with those of nursing college students, and to identify factors that might possibly indicate causes of smoking habits, among students of two major courses (a 3-year nursing school course and a 4-year nursing college course) for becoming nurses. The subjects were students in two nursing schools and two nursing colleges in the Tokyo Metropolitan area. The results showed that the smoking prevalence among nursing school students in the first to the third grades was 26%, and that among nursing college students of the same grades was 12%. As to factors related to smoking habits of the students the smoking patterns of mothers and friends were shown to largely influence those of the nursing students. Among nursing college students, 21% agreed to a smoking ban in their schools, compared with 14% of the nursing school students.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[An association (population attributable fraction) between smoking habit and mortality from all causes, cancer and lung cancer: NIPPON DATA80, 1980-1999. National Integrated Projects for Prospective Observation of Non-communicable Diseases and its Trend in the Aged].

OBJECTIVES: The authors examined the relationship and the population attributable fraction (PAF) between smoking habit and death from all causes, including cancer and lung cancer. METHODS: The baseline data were collected in the National Cardiovascular Survey in 1980 carried out for all household members aged 30 years or older in 300 districts, which were randomly selected throughout Japan. The number of participants in the survey was 10,546. The vital status was ascertained in 1999, and he calculated the adjusted relative risk of mortality and the PAF of mortality attributable to stopping smoking. RESULTS: A total of 9,629 subjects were available for the final analyses. There were 165,190 person-years of follow-up, and 2,011 deaths from all causes, including 579 deaths from cancer and 106 deaths from lung cancer. After adjustment for age and other cancer risk factors, smoking habit was associated with mortality from all causes, cancer and lung cancer. These associations had positive trends. The PAF (%) from all causes was 9.0 (male), 1.6 (female). The PAF (%) from cancer was 29.5 (male), 2.7 (female) and that from lung cancer was 42.9 (male), 7.1 (female). CONCLUSIONS: After adjustment for age and other cancer risk factors, smoking habit was associated with mortality from all causes, cancer and lung cancer. These associations had positive trends. The PAF (%) from all causes was 9.0 (male), 1.6 (female). The PAF (%) from cancer was 29.5 (male), 2.7 (female) and that from lung cancer was 42.9 (male), 7.1 (female).

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Incisor toothwear caused by a dietary habit involving chillies-a case report.

Toothwear cases can vary dramatically in their presentation, with some displaying quite peculiar patterns. This case report outlines a patient's unusual eating habit that had led to a localized pattern of toothwear affecting his maxillary and mandibular central incisors. The patient had a habit of eating fresh chillies between his incisors after most evening meals; this was followed by immediate toothbrushing, which he had done for many years. This case illustrates that, not only is diet analysis important in identifying aetiological factors in toothwear cases, but also dietary habits.

Capsicum↗
PubMed1990

The relationship between dietary habits and beliefs in elderly people compared with younger people.

This study examined the habits and attitudes of a group of people aged 65 and over, in relation to their dietary beliefs and habits when compared with younger individuals. It was found that these older people had similar attitudes to food as those under 65, and these were in line with dietary advice given by health promotion experts. However they had not changed their habits to the same extent, nor did they intend to do so. Reasons for these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Survey of myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome and pathologic bruxing habits among dentists.

A survey of the presence of MPD syndrome and bruxing habits among 899 dentists was carried out at the 1973 ADA annual session. The findings reported here suggest that MPD syndrome occurs less frequently in dentists than in dental patients, and there is no difference in the incidence of pathologic bruxing habits between dentists and non-dentists. Of additional interest was the observation that dentists tend not to seek treatment for the relief of MPD. The most frequent form of treatment for both MPD and bruxing habits was occlusal equilibration.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Alcohol habits among teenagers in Sweden: factors of importance.

This study of 689 secondary school students (13-16 years of age) in Sweden investigates the association between alcohol habits, the availability of alcohol and age, gender, socioeconomic status, ethnic origin and family structure. Data were obtained by anonymous questionnaires in 1991. The availability of alcohol increased from the seventh grade to the ninth as did the proportion of alcohol consumers and students with regular alcohol consumption. Boys in the seventh and eighth grades showed somewhat more advanced alcohol habits than girls, but in the ninth grade the opposite was seen. Students with more advanced alcohol habits and a higher availability of alcohol more often belonged to a lower socioeconomic strata and they lived more often with a single parent. Students of foreign background drank alcohol (especially wine) more regularly. An association was also found between the parents' liberal attitude toward offering alcohol at home and frequent intoxication and the students' experience of illicitly produced liquor, especially among the youngest students. In spite of the Swedish alcohol policy the availability of alcohol is rather high among young people. Special attention in alcohol preventive work should be paid to girls, young people living with one parent, young people in lower socioeconomic groups and young people of foreign origin.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Changes in health habits of female shift workers.

This paper examines the effects of shift work on the lifestyles of female factory workers. As an indicator of healthy lifestyle habits, we used a scoring system (referred to below as the 'health score') based on Lester Breslow's health habits. The 'health score' of the women was higher than that of the men, but the shift workers' score was lower than that of the non-shift workers (p<0.01). In addition, the score of workers who had changed from non-shift work to double-shift work was remarkably low (p<0.01). These results suggest that, while the female shift workers manage to maintain relatively healthy lifestyles in comparison with the males, they have more difficulty maintaining these habits than do female workers who do not perform shift work. It can be concluded that, in addition to heightening women's consciousness of their own health, surrounding entities such as the work environment, the home, and the community in general need to pay due care to Japan's female shift workers.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sun exposure and sun protection habits among high-school adolescents in Porto Alegre, Brazil.

Adolescents constitute an important audience for photoprotection programs. Sun exposure and sun protection habits acquired during adolescence have a significant impact on skin cancer incidence. We administered a questionnaire to 724 students about ultraviolet radiation effects, opinions about tanning, total time of sun exposure per day, photoprotection and activities in the sun. About 90% were aware of the association between sun exposure and skin cancer, and mass media was the main source of information. However, the great majority believed that tanning improved their appearance, and that it was worth taking the risk. The most prevalent outdoor activity among boys was sports; girls preferred walks and sunbathing. Sun exposure was significantly longer in summer, when 90% of the students went to the beach. About 47% reported sunscreen use in summer and only 3% reported using sunscreen during winter. These results emphasize the need for the promotion of photoprotective habits in our population and the importance of engaging physicians and school teachers in developing campaigns directed at this issue to achieve effective, long-lasting results. Adolescents are aware of the effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin but campaigns have not successfully changed their sun exposure habits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Determining factors of smoking habit and its cessation during pregnancy in a urban locality in the southern region of Brazil].

A cross-sectional study of 873 pregnant women attending a prenatal care clinic was undertaken in Pelotas (Southern Brazil), over a one-year period (1989-90) for the purpose of identifying possible risk and prognostic factors for smoking during pregnancy. The prevalence of smoking at the beginning of pregnancy was 40.8%. The smoking habits of the woman's mother and partner, as well as her educational level, were associated with smoking at the beginning of pregnancy. Smoking in the partner was associated with an approximately two-fold increase in the risk of smoking. The smoking interruption rate, until the 15th-22nd gestational week, was of 35.6%. Family income, smoking habits of woman's mother and partner, age at starting, duration and intensity of the woman's habit were all associated with the interruption during pregnancy. The above results were not affected by adjustment for confounding variables made through stratified analysis.

Adult↗