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At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Research on HIV sexual risk: social relations-based approach in a cross-cultural perspective.

In opposition to individual-oriented approaches to sexual risk taking, new theoretical approaches have emerged that strive to encompass all of the social relations--that is to say, the connections that structure the components of relations between groups and go beyond simple adaptations to a given interaction--that prevail in a sexual relationship. This paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of such an approach for understanding HIV risk-related behaviour. The analysis is based on data from European surveys of sexual behaviour in the general population, with special attention paid to the data from the Belgian survey, which used a relation-based approach to risk-related behaviour. The analysis shows that sexual behaviour and preventive behaviour patterns of men and women appear to be linked to women's status in a given society. The data also tend to show that the social and preventive contexts also help structure the relations that develop between partners when it comes to negotiating about using a condom. Finally, the same people behave differently depending on the relationship's context. In particular, the balance of power within the couple, which is strongly interconnected with gender relations issues, and even characteristics of the former relationship help explain these behaviour differences.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed2001

Perspectives of adolescent boys on the risks of unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections: Kenya.

Sexual debut for boys in Kenya occurs mostly by mid-adolescence. This study looks at the perspectives of adolescent boys aged 15-19 attending schools in rural, eastern Kenya on the dual risks of unwanted pregnancy, STDs and HIV, based on qualitative data from eight focus group discussions with 90 boys. Despite a high knowledge of sexual risks, fear of HIV and awareness of the protective value of condoms, the young men exhibit high risk behaviour. They feel the need to conform to social prescriptions of male prowess, early sexual experience, and having more than one partner, yet their feelings about this behaviour are ambiguous and contradictory. They consider getting girls pregnant and having had a treatable STD as marks of masculinity, blame girls for not protecting themselves (and girls' parents), and want to boast about their sexual conquests to their peers. Yet they feel embarrassed and reticent about discussing sexual issues with adults, and are unwilling to get condoms from places where anonymity is not assured as they know their sexual activity is not sanctioned. There is a clear need for educational programmes that confront male sexual norms, address issues of gender power relations, promote communication skills, informed choice and sexual responsibility among boys as well as girls, and provide a consistent supply of good quality condoms free or at affordable prices.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Eating disorders in athletes: a review of the literature.

Over the last two decades an increasing amount of research has begun to examine the issue of eating disorders in athletes. While a number of studies in this area have been published, the results have not been able to clarify the nature of the relationship between athletic involvement and eating problems. This review critically evaluates existing studies of eating disorders in athletes, highlighting various methodological limitations. Studies are grouped under three main headings: uncontrolled studies; controlled studies; and studies comparing athletes with different body type requirements. A fourth section of the paper evaluates studies which have addressed the issue of gender differences in eating disorders among athletes. Suggestions are made for guidelines that will improve future research in this area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Developmental psychopathology: concepts and challenges.

The defining features of developmental psychopathology concepts include attention to the understanding of causal processes, appreciation of the role of developmental mechanisms, and consideration of continuities and discontinuities between normality and psychopathology. Accomplishments with respect to these issues are reviewed in relation to attachment disorders, antisocial behavior, autism, depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and intellectual development. Major research challenges remain in relation to measurement issues, comorbidity, gender differences, cognitive processing, nature-nurture interplay, heterotypic continuity, continuities between normal variations and disorders, developmental programming, and therapeutic mechanisms in effective treatments.

Child↗
PubMed2000

The importance of community in a feminist analysis of domestic violence among American Indians.

There are over 500 native communities in the United States alone. Although popular conceptions in the majority culture commonly refer to these as a single American Indian group, native communities are in fact extremely diverse and heterogeneous. Issues of gender, class, and power are discussed from a feminist perspective with an emphasis on the diversity among native communities. Available evidence, while sketchy, suggests that male authority, male restrictiveness, and socioeconomic stress are associated with violence, but that the levels of these factors vary widely across native groups. For example, some native tribes practice matrilineal descent while others are patrilineal. This diversity has far-reaching implications for the community context in which domestic violence occurs. An approach that integrates both feminist and community approaches seems best suited to address the problem of domestic violence in native North America.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents: a review and analysis.

Only recently has the mental health community recognized the applicability of diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents, including a consideration of specific age-related features. This paper provides a current review of the literature on PTSD pertaining to children and adolescents. Following a discussion of issues on diagnostic criteria and assessment of this affective disorder in this population, there is an overview of the existing literature on prevalence, comorbidity, risk factors, parental and family factors, and issues of gender and age of onset. The remainder of the paper focuses on the range of traumatic stressors in children and adolescents that can result in PTSD, including natural or human disasters, war and violence, chronic or life-threatening medical conditions, community violence and the witnessing of traumatic events, and physical and/ or sexual abuse and other forms of interpersonal violence. Throughout the paper, there is an emphasis on the importance of considering developmental factors. Finally, implications of the existing literature for future areas of research are addressed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Dual diagnosis: HIV and mental illness, a population-based study.

This is a cross-sectional, population-based (n = 378,710) study using hospital discharge abstract data to determine the relative risk associated with having a dual diagnosis of mental illness and HIV/AIDS. The analysis addresses issues of gender, race, and age, as well as types of mental illness. Persons with a mental illness are 1.44 times more likely to have HIV/AIDS. Women are at increased risk of being dually diagnosed. There are no risk differences by race. Those with a specific diagnosis of substance abuse or a depressive disorder are more likely to have a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1997

Women's mental health: some directions for research.

Some key issues regarding gender differences in the prevalence of mental disorders, the course of mental illness, and the use of services are reviewed, along with their diagnosis and psychopharmacologic treatment. Implications for clinical practice are examined, as are directions for future research that will ensure the presence of women's mental health as a major element in the national agenda on women's health.

Female↗
PubMed1995

Gender-power relations and safer sex negotiation.

This paper examines the gender-power relations in heterosexual relationships and discusses the implications for women in attempting to negotiate safer sex. Whilst acknowledging the need for examining both male and female perceptions of sexuality, the paucity of research on men's heterosexual experiences has restricted this paper to the consideration of the woman's standpoint. Reviewing the literature, the complexities of sexual relationships are explored in terms of the power imbalance which arises from the ideologies of femininity and masculinity. The implications for safer sex promotion by practice nurses working in primary health care teams are then discussed within the context of gender divisions of labour and gender role conflict.

Female↗
PubMed2001

The concept of care in male nurse work: an ontological hermeneutic study in acute hospitals.

AIMS: The aims of the study were to facilitate reflection upon an aspect of practice chosen by the participants, to explore and analyse these experiences and compare them with current literature on the concept of care in nursing practice. BACKGROUND: The concept of care is commonly used in the attempt to define what is unique about the role of the nurse, and both nursing and the concept of care are frequently associated with womanhood. Little research has been undertaken in relation to male nurse experiences and views on the concept. METHODS: The study used ontological hermeneutics to explore the concept of care in male nurse work in the acute general hospital setting. Eight male voluntary subjects from acute general hospital areas participated in the study and were asked to complete a summary of an experience from their practice that they felt exemplified care. Data for the study included the participants choice of practice experience, their subsequent reflections, the interview itself, the field journal and relevant literature and research. RESULTS: Six of the participants selected positive experiences in which they felt that their performance was satisfactory even though the events chosen for reflection were difficult and/or sad. The remaining two participants chose to reflect further on the difficulties they had within the experience. A conceptual model was constructed showing that the meeting of needs, effective communication and information giving were central to these nurses' explanations of care within their practice. All but two of the participants broadened their gaze to include the significant others of the patient. CONCLUSIONS: The reflections of these participants emphasize the emotional load of practice and a sensitivity on their part to the male stereotype of being able to cope with such pressures. It is suggested therefore that those providing and managing clinical supervision take into account the possible reluctance of male nurses to seek such support. Issues of gender should be emphasized in nurse education, as these nurses were sensitive to the impact of gender on their practice, both with patient/clients and their significant others, and with colleagues.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Personal safety, violence, and home health.

A critical issue facing the health care industry today is the potential impact of community and interpersonal violence on home health care. The purposes of this study were to (1) serve as a source for understanding the personal safety risk issues facing home care staff in a large Midwest region and its surrounding rural areas; (2) provide an understanding of how perceived threats to personal safety may impact patient care and patient outcomes; (3) identify strategies for increasing the personal safety of direct care staff; and (4) identify organizational, educational, and procedural issues that impede or enhance staff safety. A triangulated qualitative design was used including focus groups, in-depth individual interviews, critical event narratives, and a participant self-report form. The study used a purposive sample consisting of 5 men and 56 women who were either administrators or direct care staff from 13 home health agencies. Seven major themes emerged: (1) unsafe conditions that direct care staff must face; (2) organizational and administrative issues that impede or promote the personal safety of staff; (3) ethical issues staff face daily; (4) protective factors associated with maintaining safety; (5) issues of gender, race, age, and experience; (6) education and training; and (7) the potential impact that staff's fear of interpersonal and community violence can have on patient care and patient outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mentoring benefits and issues for public health nurses.

New public health nurses (PHNs) move from novice to expert status with enormous expectations from their organization, their peers, and themselves. These expectations lead to stress that may be beyond the level of endurance. Mentoring is an important answer to this problem. Mentoring is the greatest gift PHNs can give to each other, especially for PHNs who self-identified themselves as minority cultural group members. This article describes definitions, roles, benefits, and responsibilities of mentors and mentees and includes mentoring concerns, current and proposed mentoring programs, and mentoring issues for gender and race. Organizational mentoring programs can be created that will facilitate the development of mentoring relationships. These programs help experienced PHNs bridge the gap between the theory and reality of nursing for themselves and inexperienced colleagues.

Cultural Diversity↗