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At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Gangliosides in human chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.

Gangliosides were analysed by elaborated overpressured thin-layer chromatography (OPTLC) in 6 cell samples from 5 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) of B-cell origin, and 4 individual lymphocyte preparations from normal blood donors. The principal difference in the ganglioside profile between these two counterparts appears to be the presence of GD3 and the predominance of the less polar compounds (GM3, GM2, GM1) in CLL cells. Qualitatively, GD3 accounted for about 5.5% of the total CLL gangliosides, whereas it was not detectable in normal lymphocytes. Quantitatively, GM3 constituted more than 81% of the total CLL gangliosides, a proportion more than twice as high as that found in normal lymphocytes. Three other minor gangliosides were isolated from CLL cells; these were shown to be GM2 (trace amounts), GM1 (7.7%), and GD1 (4%). The expression of individual gangliosides varied greatly among the various CLL samples obtained from different patients, and even from the same patient, if examined at different times. No gangliosides were found in the supernatant collected from CLL cells subjected to a temperature shift (0 degrees C to 37 degrees C) or in the cell-free medium harvested from the CLL cells kept in overnight culture.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Correlation between cytogenetic data and ganglioside pattern in human meningiomas.

Partial or total loss of chromosome 22 is often associated with tumors of the central nervous system and in particular with meningiomas. As in the case of other tumors, the ganglioside pattern is modified in transformed tissues. Cytogenetic analysis of 30 human meningiomas has been performed and the results compared to biochemical analysis of ganglioside distribution on the membrane surface. The meningiomas were divided into 2 groups on the basis of the presence or absence of chromosome 22. Thirteen tumors exhibited partial or total monosomy of the chromosome, whereas 17 were normal or showed other chromosomal anomalies. The GM3 and GD3 content of the meningiomas belonging to the 2 groups revealed a significant correlation between amount and reciprocal ratio of these 2 gangliosides and cytogenetic data. Tumors with monosomy 22 had a higher content of ganglioside GD3 than samples without monosomy 22, where the main ganglioside was GM3. Other gangliosides such as GM1, GD1a, GD1b and GT were present in various amounts in the 2 groups. Considering the biosynthetic pathway of gangliosides, we hypothesize the involvement of a gene located on chromosome 22 in the regulation of the enzymes which catalyze either GD3 synthesis (sialyltransferase 2, SAT-2) or its degradation to GM3 (neuraminidase).

Adult↗
PubMed1992

A novel O-acetylated ganglioside detected by anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies.

Murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) 3F8 was previously shown to react with disialoganglioside GD2, but not with GD3, GT1b, GD1b, GD1a, GM1, GM3 and GM4. However, when the base-treatment step was ommitted from the standard neuroblastoma ganglioside extraction procedure, immuno-thin-layer-chromatography (ITLC) using 3F8 and other anti-GD2 MAbs revealed a new ganglioside band, abbreviated as NG (Rf 0.342) besides GD2 (R 0.183). It migrated below GD3 (Rf 0.358) on high-performance (HP) TLC plate and its binding to 3F8 on ITLC could be inhibited by rat anti-3F8 idiotypic antibody Idio-2, while the binding of GD2 to MAb 3F8 was not affected. Immunochemical analysis showed that this new neuroblastoma ganglioside contained alkali-sensitive O-acetylated sialic-acid residues recognized by MAb DI.I. After base treatment, its subsequent identity on ITLC was confirmed to be GD2. Lactonization of GD2 yielded 2 major bands, with Rf values (0.401, 0.583) distinct from that of the new ganglioside band. In addition, MAb DI.I did not bind to any of these GD2 lactones. Of 15 anti-GD2 MAbs studied, 13 reacted strongly with the novel ganglioside NG. By ITLC, this NG was found in ganglioside extracts of fresh surgical tumor specimens (4/4 neuroblastomas, I/I schwannoma and I/I anaplastic astrocytoma), and nude mice/rat xenografts (2/2 neuroblastomas, 2/2 osteogenic sarcomas). These data provided the first evidence that O-acetylated GD2 is a naturally occurring ganglioside derivative in human tumors and that it could cross-react with most anti-GD2 antibodies.

Acetylation↗
PubMed1993

Gangliosides and organ-specific metastatic colonization.

To investigate whether metastatic specificity is associated with a variation in the ganglioside profile of the parent cell lines, we have analyzed and compared the ganglioside content of subcutaneous (s.c.) tumors to that of the corresponding metastases. C57BL/6 mice were injected with either the Lewis lung carcinoma (3LLc) or its cloned variants, M27, exclusively metastatic to the lung, and H59, metastasizing preferentially to the liver. Gangliosides were extracted, purified and separated on HPTLC. H59 liver metastases contained significantly more GM2 (27.8%) than the H59 s.c. tumor (7.6%). The ganglioside profiles of 3LLc or M27 s.c. tumors were no different from those of their corresponding metastases. GM2 predominated in the liver (90.8%) while GM3 (48.8%) and GM2 (33.8%) were prevalent in the lung. Unidentified gangliosides designated G1, G2, G4 and G5 were present in tumor cells but absent from normal lung and liver. This study indicates that the ganglioside compositions of the 3LLc cell line and of its M27 variant were not modified under the influence of different sites of growth. Furthermore, the ganglioside profiles of the metastases were distinct from those of their respective target organs. The results of these studies suggest a possible relationship between GM2 and the establishment of H59 metastases in the liver.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Synergism between gangliosides and basic fibroblastic growth factor in favouring survival, growth, and motility of capillary endothelium.

The experiments reported were motivated by the observation that in vivo gangliosides promoted angiogenesis when the dose of the angiogenic factor was too low to be effective (Ziche et al.: Laboratory Investigation 61:629-634, 1989). As an approach to understanding the mechanism of this modulatory effect, we analysed the influence that gangliosides have on survival, growth, and migration of capillary endothelium when an angiogenesis factor like basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was present in the culture medium. Clones of bovine capillary endothelium were cultivated in media unable to sustain survival over a 72 h period. With this experimental approach, cell survival was evaluated after addition of either bFGF or gangliosides or both to the medium. The Boyden chamber procedure was utilized to measure the influence of bFGF or gangliosides on cell mobilization across a micropore filter. Low doses of both molecules, ineffective when added singly to the culture media, improved all three parameters when added in combination. A synergic effect between bFGF and the gangliosides (GM1, GD1b, GT1b) was observed for the improvement of survival or growth and for the acceleration of endothelial cell migration. The removal of sialic acid from the ganglioside molecule prevented any effect on all three parameters. The addition of sialic acid alone to cultures was also totally ineffective. In the adult organism most angiogenic events occur under conditions of tissue damage. The synergism between gangliosides and bFGF can be interpreted as the initial phase of a process for which endothelial cell survival is the indispensable first step in the formation of a new vascular network.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Modulation of murine macrophage metabolism by glycolipids: inhibition of LPS-induced metabolism by specific gangliosides.

We have investigated the ability of gangliosides isolated from murine brain to modulate macrophage metabolism. LPS elicits a profound increase in glucose consumption by cultured resident macrophages. When highly purified mouse brain gangliosides are added to macrophage cultures, a modest inhibition of baseline glucose utilization occurs. Both disialogangliosides and trisialogangliosides mediate this effect. In the absence of serum, these gangliosides may be toxic to cultured macrophages. GT1b is the only brain ganglioside tested that specifically inhibited LPS-induced macrophage metabolism. Sialic acid appears to be a necessary component of the gangliosides, although it is not sufficient to induce inhibition. Asialoganglioside and free sialic acid have no effect on macrophage metabolism in comparison with intact gangliosides. The inhibition of LPS-induced metabolism may be explained by the ability of LPS to form stable molecular complexes with both disialogangliosides and trisialogangliosides. These experiments also suggest that the ganglioside content of macrophages may influence functional responses of macrophages to exogenous stimuli.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Gangliosides' dual mode of action: a working hypothesis.

Using in vitro preparations, we have tested the hypothesis that gangliosides, and more specifically GM1, may prevent progressive neural damage following a trauma by means of complex intracellular mechanisms that might be triggered originally by ganglioside interaction with neuronal membranes. We have recently shown that 2-hr ganglioside incubation in vitro stimulates the membrane Na/K pump in neuromuscular preparations. However, 5-6-hr incubation or in vivo treatment for 3 days with a daily injection of gangliosides at a dose of 1 or 10 mg/kg prevents the depolarization that normally occurs after several hours of exposure to K+-free solutions. In such undepolarized muscles, the electrogenic Na+/K+ pump does not seem to be activated. Hippocampal slices subjected to hypoxia undergo depolarization, which is reversed after oxygen readmission. The recovery phase is characterized by a huge hyperpolarization, probably reflecting electrogenic pump activity. In control preparations the depolarization occurs after 3.15 +/- 0.4 min and has a value of 48.7 +/- 5.7 mV; GM1 treatment for at least 4-5 hr increases the latency to 7.3 +/- 2.3 min, and the depolarization is reduced to 31.8 +/- 4.5 mV. This protective effect is accompanied by a reduced hyperpolarization in treated preparations. The ionic studies performed on neuromuscular preparations indicate that the protective effect may not be solely dependent on K+ leakage; however, the experiments are not conclusive and must be repeated with more direct methods. The results obtained indicate a dual mode of action for gangliosides. The early one seems characterized by membrane-enzyme activation, perhaps in relationship to their incorporation in the membrane, which could be compatible with previously described effects, such as enhancement of neuronal sprouting and neuritogenesis. The late one, occurring 4-5 hr after ganglioside addition in vitro, might reflect intracellular events and be compatible with the protective action exhibited by gangliosides against neural damage.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Ganglioside metabolism in the hippocampus after septal lesion in rats.

The changes in ganglioside composition and metabolism of deafferentiated rat hippocampus were estimated after septal lesion. A significant decrease in total ganglioside concentration was found 7 days after the lesion. The reduced level of total gangliosides persisted at 17 and 25 days. Relative increase in the proportion of GD1b and GX (O-acetylated GT1b) and decrease in GM1 were found in hippocampus only at 25 days post-lesion. The incorporation of 3H-N-acetylmannoseamine into gangliosides was examined in rats whose hippocampi were lesioned 25 days prior to radioprecursor injection. Differences in the labeling pattern of total and individual gangliosides were found. Increases in the label in GM1, GD3, and GD1a and decreases in GT1b and GQ1b were found 10 hr after isotope injection. However, decreases in the specific activity of all gangliosides except GT1b and GQ1b were observed 24 hr after 3H-N-acetylomannosamine injection, suggesting the activated turnover of gangliosides in postlesioned hippocampus. The significance of these changes has been discussed in terms of cellular damage and repair in the hippocampal tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Ganglioside structures and distribution: are they localized at the nerve ending?

Gangliosides generally provide a small portion of the complex carbohydrate content of cell surfaces. An exception is the central nervous system where they comprise up to 5--10% of the total lipid of some membranes. This tissue is unique in that the quantity of lipid-bound sialic acid exceeds that of the protein-bound fraction. Over 30 different molecular species have been characterized to date. These range in complexity from sialosylgalactosyl ceramide with 2 sugars to the pentasialoganglioside of fish brain with 9 carbohydrate units. Virtually all cellular and subcellular fractions of brain that have been carefully examined contain gangliosides to one degree or another, but the majority of brain ganglioside is located in the neurons. Their mode of distribution within the neuron has not been entirely clarified by subcellular studies. Calculations based on reported values for axon terminal density and synaptosomal ganglioside concentration in the rat reveal that nerve endings contribute less than 12% of total cerebral cortical ganglioside. It is concluded that the plasma membranes of neuronal processes contain most of the neuronal ganglioside. These and other considerations suggest the possibility that gangliosides may be distributed over the entire neuronal surface.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Ganglioside patterns of metastatic and non-metastatic transplantable hepatocellular carcinomas of the rat.

In previous investigations, we correlated levels of sialic acid, gangliosides, and ganglioside glycosyltransferases with tumorigenesis over a 24-week continuum of growth of hepatocellular neoplasms of the rat induced by the carcinogen N-2-fluorenylacetamide. However, metastatic tumors developed only rarely and were not analyzed. To investigate surface changes associated with metastasis, well-differentiated and poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas were transplanted to syngeneic recipient rats. From those, several metastatic and nonmetastatic isolates were obtained and compared. Both total and ganglioside sialic acid amounts in transplantable hepatomas were elevated above control liver values but were significantly lower for metastatic lines than for nonmetastatic lines. The nonmetastatic lines were characterized by ganglioside patterns depleted in the precursor ganglioside GM3 (sialic acid-galactose-glucose-ceramide) and elevated in the products of the monosialoganglioside pathway. In contrast, metastatic isolates exhibited a restoration of GM3 and nearer normal amounts of other gangliosides. The findings point to differences in sialic acid-containing glycolipids, comparing metastatic and nonmetastatic hepatocellular carcinomas, and further extend the concept that ganglioside alterations do not cause tumorigenesis but are the end result of a cascade of events which apparently continue beyond the onset of metastasis.

2-Acetylaminofluorene↗
PubMed2006

Gangliosides promote platelet adhesion and facilitate neuroblastoma cell adhesion under dynamic conditions simulating blood flow.

BACKGROUND: Aberrant gangliosides are produced and shed by some tumors into the extracellular milieu. Their concentration is related to disease progression in children with neuroblastoma and in experimental models. The mechanism for this tumor promoting effect is not known. PURPOSE: Here, we investigated the effect of gangliosides on platelet and tumor cell adhesion under shear forces simulating venous and arterial flow. RESULTS: High shear force increased platelet adhesion 2.5-fold compared to low force. Pre-incubation of platelets with gangliosides increased adhesion at low shear to a level comparable to high shear alone. The addition of gangliosides to platelets perfused at high shear did not further increase adhesion. LAN1 neuroblastoma cells are adherent to collagen in static assays. No effect of either shear or gangliosides was observed on cell adhesion under dynamic conditions. However, when perfused in the presence of platelets, an increase in binding of tumor cells was observed at both shear forces compared to cells alone. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that shear and gangliosides increase dynamic platelet adhesion to collagen. In addition, platelets facilitate tumor cell binding. Therefore, by acting as a mediator of platelet activation, gangliosides may promote blood borne metastasis by increasing platelet binding to the vessel wall and in turn facilitate tumor cell arrest in circulation.

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMed1998

Analysis of 3- and 6-linked sialic acids in mixtures of gangliosides using blotting to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes, binding assays, and various mass spectrometry techniques with application to recognition by Helicobacter pylori.

A convenient approach to analyze 3- and 6-linked sialic acids in mixtures of biologically active gangliosides was developed. The procedure was adapted to work on small amounts of material and included parallel tests, which allowed direct analysis of structure and activity. The initial step in the procedure was separation of a mixture of gangliosides by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and blotting to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. The gangliosides were then analyzed (a) by direct desorption from the membrane and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB MS), (b) by membrane-binding assay using the NeuAcalpha3- and NeuAcalpha6-specific lectins from Maackia amurensis and Sambucus nigra, respectively, and (c) by TLC binding assay with radiolabeled bacteria. All experiments were performed on a mixture of gangliosides from human leucocytes, which contained species with affinity for the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. The procedure was used with good results for gangliosides with up to seven sugars per ceramide. A three-sugar ganglioside was identified as GM3 with ceramides composed of sphingosine (d18:1) and 20:0, h20:0, and 24:0 fatty acids. The sequences of four bands in the five-sugar region were consistent with sialylparagloboside (NeuAcalpha3/6Galbeta4GlcNAcbeta3Galbeta4GlcbetaCer). The ceramides were composed of d18:1 and 24:1 fatty acid in the first and third bands, and d18:1 and 16:0 fatty acid in the second and fourth bands from the top. The sialic acid was shown to be 3-linked in the upper two bands and 6-linked in the lower two bands. The same distribution of sialic acid and ceramides but the sequence elongated with one N-acetyllactosamine unit was observed in the less resolved interval containing seven-sugar glycosphingolipids. The direct comparison of binding of lectins and radiolabeled bacteria showed that H. pylori recognized 3-linked sialic acid only. These results were supported by a novel technique of analysis of the sialic acid linkage position by trifluoroacetolysis and gas chromatography/MS. Direct membrane/FAB MS was ineffective for species migrating below the seven-sugar region on the TLC. In this case, the membranes were instead cut in bands and the gangliosides extracted by methanol before analysis by FAB MS.

Blotting, Western↗
PubMed1993

Gangliosides elicit a T-cell independent antibody response.

Antibodies to glycolipids have recently been found to be elevated in a substantial proportion of patients with motor neuron diseases, various neuropathies and classical ALS. Several features of these antibody responses suggest that they may be produced by a T-cell independent B lymphocyte response: (1) antibodies are predominantly of IgM class; (2) antibodies against gangliosides are directed against the carbohydrate component of the gangliosides; and (3) antiganglioside antibodies are difficult to suppress. In this study we have asked whether gangliosides can induce T-independent responses, in T-cell deficient and T-cell competent mice. Homozygous nude mice (nu/nu), which lack T-cells, and heterozygous controls (nu/+) with intact T-cells, were immunized and rechallenged with the ganglioside GM1 in liposomes. Antibodies were measured by an ELISA method. Both nude mice and controls produced high titers of IgM class antibodies to the ganglioside GM1. The antibody titers peaked by 7 days after each immunization and declined by 14 days. The maximum titer rose progressively after each immunization. No significant amount of IgG antibody to GM1 was produced by either nu/nu or nu/+ mice, even after repeated immunization. These results suggest that gangliosides elicit prominent T-cell-independent antibody responses. The implications of these findings for neurologic disorders associated with anti-ganglioside antibodies are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Autoantibodies to the GM2-1 islet ganglioside and to GAD-65 at type 1 diabetes onset.

The GM2-1 islet ganglioside has been sequenced, found to be a novel ganglioside structure with a sialic acid moiety in the terminal position and two residues of non-acetylated galactosamine and also shown to be a target of autoantibodies in a subset of ICA+ relatives of type 1 diabetic patients who subsequently progressed to the overt disease. In the present study we determined whether antibodies to GM2-1 or to other pancreatic gangliosides (a) are also expressed at disease onset and (b) are correlated with other diabetes-associated autoantibodies. Pancreatic gangliosides were extracted from human pancreas and purified by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Anti-ganglioside autoantibodies were determined using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique performed directly on TLC plates in the following groups of patients: (a) newly diagnosed type 1 diabetic subjects before insulin therapy (n = 45); all were tested for GAD65 autoantibodies in a fluid-phase RIA using 35S-methionine-labelled recombinant human GAD65. Of these patients, 24 were also tested for insulin autoantibodies (IAA) by a competitive fluid phase radioimmunoassay and 21 were tested for GAD67 reactivity. (b) Forty-two age- and sex-matched normal control subjects. Autoantibodies to GM2-1, but not to other pancreatic gangliosides (GM3, GD3, GD1a), were expressed in 31 of 45 new-onset type 1 diabetic subjects and in one of 42 normal controls (P < 0.01), while anti-GAD65, IAA and anti-GAD67 were found in 31 of 45, 12 of 24 and three of 21 patients respectively, but not in the control group of subjects. Interestingly, occurrence of GM2-1 autoantibodies was significantly correlated (P < 0.005) with positivity for GAD65 autoantibodies, but not for IAA or GAD67 autoantibodies. It is of note that both GAD and gangliosides are mainly expressed in islets and in neuronal tissues and, therefore, type 1 diabetes may be regarded as a neuroendocrine autoimmune disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Biosynthesis and transport of gangliosides in peripheral nerve.

Radiolabelled glucosamine was injected into L-7 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of rabbits. At several different times after injection DRG, lumbosacral trunks (LST) and sciatic nerves (SN) removed and gangliosides extracted. Two and 3 weeks after injection the amounts of radioactivity in the ganglioside fractions of LST SN were significantly higher than at days 1 and 2. The TCA soluble radioactivity decreased dramatically over the same time period. Colchicine prevented the appearance of radiolabelled lipid in LST and SN. From these experiments we conclude that some ganglioside is synthesized in the neuronal cell bodies of DRG and transported in the axons of the sciatic nerve. In another experiment the sciatic nerve was transected and ends separated to prevent regeneration. Ganglioside synthesis and transport were studied in these animals the same way as the previous experiment. There was no difference the amount of radiolabelled ganglioside that was isolated from DRG or LST of transected compared with control nerves. The behavior of several potential acid soluble contaminants was studied in several steps used to isolate gangliosides. Of those studied only CMP-NeuAc could cause significant contamination of the final ganglioside preparation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Exogenously administered gangliosides fail to increase in vivo metastatic frequency or in vitro growth of murine neoplastic cells.

The influence of gangliosides on tumor growth and frequency of metastasis in vivo, as well as growth of neoplastic cells in vitro, was tested utilizing the mouse fibrosarcoma cell line MN4. In mice receiving intramuscular tumor transplants, injections of a ganglioside mixture twice daily did not influence the tumor volume or the number of spontaneous metastases per animal. Furthermore, in mice receiving the cells by tail vein injection, injections of a ganglioside mixture once or twice daily did not affect the number of metastatic foci in the lungs. Preincubation of neoplastic cells with the ganglioside mixture decreased the number of metastatic foci in the lungs of mice receiving the cells by tail i.v. injection. The addition of ganglioside mixture to the culture medium for up to a 48-h incubation period had no effect, independently of the cell density utilized, on either the rate of DNA synthesis or the relative numbers of neoplastic cells as compared to controls; at higher ganglioside concentrations, growth was actually reduced. These results are interpreted to indicate that gangliosides, under the present conditions, do not influence tumor growth and metastatic neoplastic capacity in vivo, and growth in vitro.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Ganglioside-induced terminal differentiation of human keratinocytes: early biochemical events in signal transduction.

Previous studies have indicated that GQ1b, a tetrasialoganglioside containing two disialosyl residues, may be an important regulator of cellular differentiation in murine keratinocytes. In the present study, we examined the effect of gangliosides on the differentiation of human keratinocytes. Current evidence indicates that GQ1b induces cornified envelope formation and enhancement of transglutaminase (TGase) activity, which are characteristic parameters of terminal differentiation in human cultured keratinocytes, while the other gangliosides, GT1b and GM1, are much less effective. The mass contents of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (1,4,5-IP3) and the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) were also measured in keratinocytes exposed to gangliosides. A rapid increase in 1,4,5-IP3 occurred at 30 s following stimulation, but no significant difference at the maximum level was observed among the three gangliosides in contrast to the finding in murine keratinocytes. In addition, [Ca2+] increases occurred concurrently with the 1,4,5-IP3 generation by the three gangliosides. On the other hand, [Ca2+] transients were unaffected by chelating extracellular Ca2+ with EGTA. It is thus considered that the mobilization by 1,4,5-IP3 from internal stores plays a crucial role. These [Ca2+]i profiles were also indistinguishable between the gangliosides. Taken together, in human keratinocytes, gangliosides differentially affect some other as yet unidentified site(s) in the post-calcium transmission pathway(s) which leads to TGase activation.

Calcium↗
PubMed1985

Spinal ganglia and peripheral nerves from a patent with Tay-Sachs disease. Morphological and ganglioside studies.

We examined the spinal ganglia and peripheral nerves from a patient with Tay-Sachs disease, comparing the other nervous tissues morphologically and lipid-biochemically. The spinal ganglia and peripheral nerves showed numerous membranous cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (MCBs), which are characteristic of GM2-ganglioside storage in the neuronal cell bodies of the patient brains. In spinal ganglia, all neurons and satellite cells around the neurons contained membrane-bound lipid materials. In peripheral nerves, Schwann cells and myelinated axons except for enlarged axons were devoid of MCBs. Major ganglioside stored in both spinal ganglia and peripheral nerve was also GM2-ganglioside. The contents of ganglioside in the spinal ganglia and peripheral nerves were 50 and 10 times more than those from normal tissues, respectively. The spinal cord contained a slightly higher amount of gangliosides than the normal control. The cerebral white matter totally demyelinated in this patient accumulated a much higher amount of gangliosides than the cerebral gray matter. The retinal tissue showed GM2-ganglioside as the major one also.

Cerebral Cortex↗