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At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

The FAST method, a rapid approach of the nutritional quality of heat-treated foods.

The FAST method is based on the determination of maximal fluorescence emission when exciting at 330-350 nm, which corresponds to molecular structures formed between reducing sugars or oxidizing lipids and lysine residues of proteins. This fluorescence is dependent on heat treatment and related to protein nutritional loss. Applied to a soluble extract of the food and corrected for the protein concentration of the solution obtained, using Trp fluorescence, the method allows to calculate the FAST index (FI), an indicator of the nutritional damage during heat process. The method, firstly validated on milk samples, is demonstrated here to well correlate with lysine damage on various food products, such as heat-treated milk and breakfast cereals, essentially modified by the Maillard reaction, and roasted soybean or cooked salmon, where interactions between oxidizing lipids and proteins better take place. Independently on the food product or the type of heat process, the FAST index appears always well correlated (r2: 0.84-0.98) to the lysine loss, the latter being estimated by determination of acid-released lysine, fluorescamine-reactive lysine or infrared. Shortly, roasted corn flakes appeared to be more damaged than extrudated flour (FI 100 and lysine blockage 40% instead of 55 and 30%), condensed milk more than UHT milk (FI 150 and 85% of acid-released lysine instead of 80 and 94%), and steam-cooked salmon much less than pan-fried (FI 28 instead of 372). Roasted soy can reach FI of more than 300 corresponding to chemical lysine loss of 40% and poultry-digestive lysine loss of 100%. As a conclusion, the FAST method, once precisely calibrated with pertinent nutritional indicators, should be of great interest for controlling or adapting a process in order to ensure a better nutritional quality for the food product.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Recombinant ob-gene product reduces food intake in fasted mice.

The ob-gene encodes for a protein of 167 amino acids which is expressed exclusively in white adipose tissue. The ob-gene product is probably released from adipocytes as a soluble hormone of 146 amino acids and has been proposed as a satiety factor. To test this hypothesis, the soluble portion of the ob-gene product devoid of signal sequence was expressed in E. coli and purified. The purified protein, which contains two Cys residues, was recovered from the periplasm in an oxidized form. After a single intravenous injection, the ob-gene product decreased food intake after fasting in normal mice. The results show that recombinant ob-gene product can be obtained in a functionally active conformation and provide direct proof that this protein is a satiety factor.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Hypotensive and regional haemodynamic effects of exercise, fasted and after food, in human sympathetic denervation.

1. In human sympathetic denervation due to primary autonomic failure, food and exercise in combination may produce a cumulative blood pressure lowering effect due to simultaneous splanchnic and skeletal muscle dilatation unopposed by corrective cardiovascular reflexes. We studied 12 patients with autonomic failure during and after 9 min of supine exercise, when fasted and after a liquid meal. Standing blood pressure was also measured before and after exercise. 2. When fasted, blood pressure fell during exercise from 162 +/- 7/92 +/- 4 to 129 +/- 9/70 +/- 5 mmHg (mean arterial pressure by 22 +/- 5%), P < 0.0005. After the meal, blood pressure fell from 159 +/- 8/88 +/- 6 to 129 +/- 6/70 +/- 4 mmHg (mean arterial pressure by 22 +/- 3%), P < 0.0001, and further during exercise to 123 +/- 6/61 +/- 3 mmHg (mean arterial pressure by 9 +/- 3%), P < 0.01. The stroke distance-heart rate product, an index of cardiac output, did not change after the meal. During exercise, changes in the stroke distance-heart rate product were greater when fasted. 3. Resting forearm and calf vascular resistance were higher when fasted. Calf vascular resistance fell further after exercise when fasted. Resting superior mesenteric artery vascular resistance was lower when fed; 0.19 +/- 0.02 compared with 0.32 +/- 0.06, P < 0.05. After exercise, superior mesenteric artery vascular resistance had risen by 82%, to 0.53 +/- 0.12, P < 0.05 (fasted) and by 47%, to 0.29 +/- 0.05, P < 0.05 (fed). 4. On standing, absolute levels of blood pressure were higher when fasted [83 +/- 7/52 +/- 7 compared with 71 +/- 2/41 +/- 3 (fed), each P < 0.05]. Subjects were more symptomatic on standing post-exercise when fed. 5. In human sympathetic denervation, exercise in the fed state lowered blood pressure further than when fasted and worsened symptoms of postural hypotension.

Cardiac Output↗
PubMed1984

Fasting and food-stimulated plasma gastrin levels in chronic Chagas' disease.

Chagas' disease is known to be associated with extensive lesions of the intramural neurons of the digestive tract. In order to evaluate the contribution of the intramural plexuses to the control of plasma gastrin levels in man, we performed the following measurements: (a) fasting plasma gastrin in 18 chagasic patients and 16 control subjects; (b) integrated gastrin response to food in 9 chagasic patients and 10 controls, (c) basal acid secretion and gastric acid responses to graded doses of pentagastrin in 14 chagasic and 13 controls. Fasting plasma gastrin levels and integrated gastrin response were significantly higher in chagasics than in controls. Basal and maximal acid secretion and responsiveness of acid-secreting gastric cells were lower in chagasics. These results indicate that the intramural plexuses play a role in the control of gastrin release in man.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The fasting and food-stimulated serum gastrin concentration in 151 duodenal ulcer patients compared to 41 healthy subjects.

The basal and postprandial serum gastrin concentrations (SGC) were compared between 151 duodenal ulcer (DU) patients and 41 non-dyspeptic volunteers. All DU patients had an eventful history and were submitted to us for surgery. The basal SGC was significantly higher in DU patients (40 +/- 30 vs 17 +/- 8 pg/ml). The peak post-prandial SGC was also significantly higher (123 +/- 83 vs 52 +/- 28 pg/ml) and the integrated gastrin output twice as high as in healthy subjects (5311 +/- 3879 vs 2554 +/- 1995 pg/ml x min; P less than 0.01). A statistically significant linear correlation for fasting and maximal postprandial SGC was found. No statistically significant interrelation between gastrin and acid parameters existed. In the DU patients no differences in SGC were found according to age. Fifteen patients complained of nonalimentary vomiting as part of their ulcer symptoms. They had significantly higher SGC although no differences in acid secretion were found. No significant differences in gastrin or acids were related to ulcer complications.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pharmacokinetics of pyrazinamide under fasting conditions, with food, and with antacids.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine intrasubject and intersubject variability in, and the effects of food and antacids on, the pharmacokinetics of pyrazinamide (PZA). DESIGN: Randomized, four-period, crossover phase I study. SUBJECTS: Fourteen healthy men and women volunteers. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects ingested single doses of PZA 30 mg/kg under fasting conditions twice, without a high-fat meal and with an aluminum-magnesium antacid. They also received standard dosages of isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Serum was collected for 48 hours and assayed by gas chromatography with mass selective detector. Data were analyzed by noncompartmental methods and a compartmental analysis using nonparametric expectation maximization. Both fasting conditions produced similar results: mean PZA Cmax 53.4+/-10.4 microg/ml, Tmax 1.43+/-1.06 hours, and AUC(0-infinity) 673+/-79.7 microg x hr/ml. Fasting results are similar to those in previous reports. In the presence of antacids, subjects had a mean Cmax of 55.6+/-9.0 microg/ml, Tmax of 1.43+/-1.23 hours, and AUC(0-infinity) of 628+/-88.4 microg x hr/ml. In the presence of the high-fat meal, mean Cmax was 45.6+/-9.44 pg/ml, Tmax 3.09+/-1.74 hours, and AUC(0-infinity) 687+/-116 microg x hr/ml. CONCLUSIONS: These small changes in Cmax, Tmax, and AUC(0-infinity) can be avoided by giving PZA on an empty stomach whenever possible.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Pharmacokinetics of rifampin under fasting conditions, with food, and with antacids.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Determine the intrasubject and intersubject variability in, and the effects of food or antacids on, the pharmacokinetics of rifampin (RIF). DESIGN: Randomized, four-period crossover phase I study. SUBJECTS: Fourteen healthy male and female volunteers. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects ingested single doses of RIF, 600 mg, under fasting conditions twice, with a high-fat meal, and with aluminum-magnesium antacid. They also received standard doses of isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Serum was collected for 48 h and assayed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Data were analyzed using noncompartmental methods and a compartmental analysis using nonparametric expectation maximization. Both fasting conditions produced similar results: a mean RIF maximal serum concentration (Cmax) of 10.54+/-3.18 microg/mL, the time at which it occurred (Tmax) of 2.42+/-1.32 h, and the area under the curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0-infinity) of 57.15+/-13.41 microg x h/mL. These findings are similar to those reported previously. Antacids did not alter these parameters (Cmax of 10.89+/-5.22 microg/mL, Tmax of 2.36+/-1.28 h, and AUC0-infinity of 58.37+/-18.49 microg x h/mL). In contrast, the Food and Drug Administration high-fat meal reduced RIF Cmax by 36% (7.27+/-2.29 microg/mL), nearly doubled Tmax (4.43+/-1.09 h), but reduced AUC0-infinity by only 6% (55.20+/-14.48 microg x h/mL). CONCLUSIONS: These changes in Cmax, Tmax, and AUC0-infinity can be avoided by giving RIF on an empty stomach whenever possible.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid under fasting conditions, with food, and with antacids.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine the intra- and intersubject variability in and the effects of food or antacids on the pharmacokinetics of isoniazid (INH). DESIGN: Randomized, four-period cross-over Phase I study in 14 healthy male and female volunteers. Subjects ingested single doses of INH 300 mg under fasting conditions twice, with a high-fat meal, and with aluminum-magnesium antacid. They also received standard doses of rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. RESULTS: Serum was collected for 48 hours, and assayed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Data were analyzed using noncompartmental methods and a compartmental analysis using nonparametric expectation maximization. Both fasting conditions produced similar results: a mean INH Cmax of 5.53 +/- 2.92 microg/ml, Tmax of 1.02 +/- 1.10 hours, and AUC0-infinity of 20.16 +/- 12.45 microg x hr/ml. These findings are similar to those reported previously. Antacids did not alter these parameters significantly (Cmax of 5.62 +/- 2.53 microg/ml, Tmax of 0.71 +/- 0.56 hours, and AUC0-infinity of 20.27 +/- 11.39 microg x hr/ml). In contrast, the high-fat meal recommended by the Food and Drug Administration reduced INH Cmax by 51% (2.73 +/- 1.70 microg/ml), nearly doubled Tmax (1.93 +/- 1.61 hours), and reduced AUC0-infinity by 12% (17.72 +/- 10.32 microg x hr/ml). CONCLUSIONS: These changes in Cmax, Tmax, and AUC0-infinity can be avoided by giving INH on an empty stomach whenever possible.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Pharmacokinetics of ethambutol under fasting conditions, with food, and with antacids.

Ethambutol (EMB) is the most frequent "fourth drug" used for the empiric treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and a frequently used drug for infections caused by Mycobacterium avium complex. The pharmacokinetics of EMB in serum were studied with 14 healthy males and females in a randomized, four-period crossover study. Subjects ingested single doses of EMB of 25 mg/kg of body weight under fasting conditions twice, with a high-fat meal, and with aluminum-magnesium antacid. Serum was collected for 48 h and assayed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed by noncompartmental methods and by a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model with zero-order absorption and first-order elimination. Both fasting conditions produced similar results: a mean (+/- standard deviation) EMB maximum concentration of drug in serum (Cmax) of 4.5 +/- 1.0 micrograms/ml, time to maximum concentration of drug in serum (Tmax) of 2.5 +/- 0.9 h, and area under the concentration-time curve from 0 h to infinity (AUC0-infinity) of 28.9 +/- 4.7 micrograms.h/ml. In the presence of antacids, subjects had a mean Cmax of 3.3 +/- 0.5 micrograms/ml, Tmax of 2.9 +/- 1.2 h, and AUC0-infinity of 27.5 +/- 5.9 micrograms.h/ml. In the presence of the Food and Drug Administration high-fat meal, subjects had a mean Cmax of 3.8 +/- 0.8 micrograms/ml, Tmax of 3.2 +/- 1.3 h, and AUC0-infinity of 29.6 +/- 4.7 micrograms.h/ml. These reductions in Cmax, delays in Tmax, and modest reductions in AUC0-infinity can be avoided by giving EMB on an empty stomach whenever possible.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Relaxation responses of the human proximal stomach to distension during fasting and after food.

The responses of the human proximal stomach to distension were studied in 22 healthy volunteers using an intragastric polyethylene bag, inflated progressively in 30-ml steps until the limit of tolerated volume was reached. Three successive inflations were carried out during the fasting state followed by a fourth inflation after ingestion of 250 ml of either a nutrient meal or isosmolar saline. The first inflation showed an initial nonlinear pressure rise (slope of logged pressure vs. volume = 114.6 +/- 10.0 log mmHg/ml x 10(-5)), which was then followed by the development of a plateau phase, in which further distension did not increase intragastric pressure. The slopes of the subsequent fasting inflations were significantly lower than that of the first inflation (P < 0.01) but were similar to each other (slope 83.0 +/- 5.4 and 79.8 +/- 5.7 log mmHg/ml x 10(-5)), indicating that distension-induced gastric relaxation had occurred. After saline ingestion, responses to distension were similar to those during the fasted state. After the nutrient meal ingestion, however, the slope decreased to 60.3 +/- 7.7 log mmHg/ml x 10(-5) (P < 0.01 vs. saline), indicating nutrient-induced gastric relaxation. Our study demonstrates that the pressure-volume characteristics of the proximal stomach are modulated both by distension and by the presence of nutrients in the upper gut, which appear to operate independently.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Effects of food deprivation and metabolic fuel utilization on the photoperiodic control of food intake in Siberian hamsters.

Unlike rats, Siberian hamsters exhibit seasonal changes in energy balance that are controlled by the photoperiod (daylength). In Siberian hamsters, body weight and fat, and food intake peak in long, summer-like days and reach nadirs in short, winter-like days. The purpose of the present experiments was to test whether metabolic challenges that increase food intake in laboratory rats also increase feeding in Siberian hamsters. Specifically, we asked the questions: (a) Is food intake increased following a fast?; (b) Is food intake increased following treatments that block metabolic fuel utilization, such as the glucose utilization blocker 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2 DG), or that enhance storage of metabolic fuels, such as short acting insulin (regular insulin)?; (c) Does the combination of food deprivation and decreased metabolic fuel utilization increase food intake?; and (c) Does the photoperiod affect the feeding and physiological responses to metabolic challenges? Food intake was measured in response to fasting, insulin or 2 DG treatment in adult female Siberian hamsters housed in long photoperiods. Following exposure to a short photoperiod, these hamsters were tested for their response to insulin and 2 DG, but not to fasting. Food intake did not increase following fasts of 12, 24, or 48 h. Food intake was increased in long day-housed hamsters given the lowest dose of 2 DG tested (125 mg/kg) 2, 4, and 6 h after treatment, but not in short days nor in long days with larger doses of the 2 DG. Similarly, food intake was increased by treatment with regular insulin in long days, but not short days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Dehydration anorexia is attenuated in oxytocin-deficient mice.

Evidence in rats suggests that central oxytocin (OT) signaling pathways contribute to suppression of food intake during dehydration (i.e., dehydration anorexia). The present study examined water deprivation-induced dehydration anorexia in wild-type and OT -/- mice. Mice were deprived of food alone (fasted, euhydrated) or were deprived of both food and water (fasted, dehydrated) for 18 h overnight. Fasted wild-type mice consumed significantly less chow during a 60-min refeeding period when dehydrated compared with their intake when euhydrated. Conversely, fasting-induced food intake was slightly but not significantly suppressed by dehydration in OT -/- mice, evidence for attenuated dehydration anorexia. In a separate experiment, mice were deprived of water (but not food) overnight for 18 h; then they were anesthetized and perfused with fixative for immunocytochemical analysis of central Fos expression. Fos was elevated similarly in osmo- and volume-sensitive regions of the basal forebrain and hypothalamus in wild-type and OT -/- mice after water deprivation. OT-positive neurons expressed Fos in dehydrated wild-type mice, and vasopressin-positive neurons were activated to a similar extent in wild-type and OT -/- mice. Conversely, significantly fewer neurons within the hindbrain dorsal vagal complex were activated in OT -/- mice after water deprivation compared with activation in wild-type mice. These findings support the view that OT-containing projections from the hypothalamus to the hindbrain are necessary for the full expression of compensatory behavioral and physiological responses to dehydration.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Inhibition of food intake by neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor antisense oligodeoxynucleotides.

The recently discovered rat neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor, the Y5 subtype, has been proposed to mediate the NPY-induced feeding response and therefore plays a central role in the regulation of food intake. These conclusions were based on studies with peptidic agonists. We now report studies in which phosphothioate end-protected antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) targeted to prepro NPY (prepro NPY antisense ODNs) or to the Y5 receptor (Y5 antisense ODNs) were used to assess the functional importance of this novel receptor subtype in vivo. NPY antisense ODNs given intracerebroventricularly to rats prevented the increase in hypothalamic NPY levels during food deprivation and inhibited fasting-induced food intake. Likewise, repeated intracerebroventricular injections of Y5 antisense ODNs prevented fasting-induced food intake in rats. Moreover, two Y5 antisense ODNs, targeted to different sequences of the receptor, significantly decreased basal food intake and inhibited the increase in food intake after intracerebroventricular injection of NPY. These effects proved to be selective, since the feeding response to galanin was not affected. Analysis of the structure of feeding behavior revealed that prepro NPY and Y5 receptor antisense ODNs reduced food intake by inducing decreases in meal size and meal duration analogous to the orexigenic effects of NPY that are mediated by increases in these parameters. Although changes in Y5 receptor density could not be measured, the results with Y5 antisense ODNs strongly suggest that this receptor subtype mediates the feeding response to exogenous and endogenous NPY. Selective Y5 antagonists may therefore be of therapeutic value for the treatment of obesity and eating disorders.

Animals↗