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PubMed1997

[Relationship-enhancement and relative self-effacement].

Two studies investigated the tendency of people to enhance their close relationship and to efface oneself in front of their partners. In Study 1, 193 college students estimated the extent to which their best friendship is better than other's best friendship. Overall, they showed a strong tendency of enhancing own relationship; they rated their best friendship to be better than the average. Within the close relationship, however, they showed self-effacement; they rated their best friends, compared with themselves, in more positive way. In Study 2, 41 husband-wife couples attended as subjects. Again, they showed marital relationship-enhancement and relative self-effacement. Furthermore, their subjective happiness was mainly explained by own relationship enhancement. These results were discussed from several points.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Healthcare reform's moral, spiritual issues. The problems are not just political.

Although President Clinton's proposals were defeated in 1994, healthcare reform is an issue that will not go away. But it is an especially complex issue because it is moral and spiritual as well as political. Catholic social teaching could help free us Americans from our confusion on the topic. For example, the Catholic ideas of justice, subsidiarity, and the common good could help us address the crux of the healthcare reform debate, which questions the fairness of forcing more fortunate people to provide healthcare for those who are sick and poor. Catholic social teaching tells us that our healthcare decisions must be made not only on the basis of what is good for me but what is good for us as a community. By the same token, we might find that several specifically spiritual ideas are helpful. Christianity says, for example, that sickness can be a gift because it is a window on immortality for us; that we should not prize life above all other values; and that friendship--including the civic friendship involved in healthcare--is a way we can enter full friendship with God. These moral and spiritual ideas lead us to certain political conclusions: Healthcare reform should be politically realistic, relatively simple. and inclusive. Because healthcare is a good like no other, it can be a powerful occasion for realizing God's own compassion, healing, and justice.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2000

Gender differences in adolescents' behavior during conflict resolution tasks with best friends.

This study examined gender differences in adolescents' behavior during conflict resolution tasks with their best friends. It also examined gender differences in adolescents' descriptions of those friendships. Thirty-nine adolescents were videotaped while discussing unresolved problems with their best friends. In addition, adolescents completed the Friendship Questionnaire (Furman & Adler, 1982). The results indicated that there were significant gender differences. On the conflict resolution tasks, females were rated lower in withdrawal and higher in communication skills and support-validation than were males. On the Friendship Questionnaire, males rated their relationships with best friends higher in conflict than did females. Methodological considerations are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The impact of HIV antibody status on gay men's partner preferences: a community perspective.

As more gay men are tested for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), serostatus may influence the formation of primary partner bonds in this community. We compared seropositive (n = 157), seronegative men (n = 205), and those who had not been tested (n = 158) from our ongoing AIDS Behavioral Research Project (total response in 1988 = 540). Subjects responded to mailed surveys regarding sexual behavior, relationship status, HIV antibody testing and serostatus preference when forming relationships for romance and friendship. Sixty-eight percent of seropositive gay male respondents reported no serostatus preference in partners for romance, while 83% of seronegative respondents and 74% of untested respondents preferred seronegative partners for romance. In addition, 15% of seronegative respondents and 12% of untested respondents preferred seronegative individuals for friendship. Seropositive individuals were much less likely to be desired for romance or friendship by seronegatives and those who have not been tested--at a time when emotional support and companionship are obviously needed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Social network predictors of bullying and victimization.

This study examined whether bullies, victims, and aggressive victims (those who are both bullies and victims) differed on classroom social network variables, gender, and ethnicity. Survey data were collected from a primarily Latino and Asian sample of 1,368 Southern California 6th graders (mean age = 11.3 years). Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine whether network characteristics and ethnicity were associated with each of the outcome variables. Consistent with social cognitive theory, friends' participation in aggressive behaviors was positively associated with being a bully or an aggressive victim, and negatively associated with being a victim. Consistent with social dominance theory, the number of friendship nominations received was negatively associated with being a victim. Female bullies received fewer friendship nominations, but had a higher proportion of reciprocated friendships. Victims were disproportionately Asian. The findings suggest that bullying prevention efforts targeting highly aggressive students may also diffuse to their friends, and that assertiveness training in handling aggressive situations may successfully combat bullying and aggression.

Aggression↗
PubMed1997

The peer relations of dropouts: a comparative study of at-risk and not at-risk youths.

Little research has been devoted to exploring the relationship between high school disengagement and friendship network changes. In this study, the characteristics of friends, the environments of the friendship network and the nature of peer relations of students at-risk and not at-risk of dropping out of high school were compared. A questionnaire was given to 191 high school students (109 males, 82 females) from a middle class environment at the beginning and end of the school year. Results indicated that at-risk students had more dropout friends, more working friends, fewer school friends and fewer same-sex friends. Sex differences were discovered in several areas. Findings are discussed in relation to research and theories pertaining to dropouts and adolescent development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Personality, peer relations, and self-confidence as predictors of happiness and loneliness.

This study is set out to examine to what extent peer relations, self-confidence, and school performance correlated with self-rated happiness (OHI) and loneliness (UCLA LS) in adolescents. Personality traits (EPQ), self-confidence (PEI), friendship and school grades were all significantly oppositely correlated with happiness and loneliness. Regressional analysis revealed that extraversion and neuroticism were direct predictors of happiness and self-confidence, while psychoticism and extraversion were direct predictors of loneliness. The effect of sex on happiness and loneliness was moderated by friendship and neuroticism, and by neuroticism and psychoticism, respectively. Extraversion was also a significant predictor of general confidence and social interactions which directly influenced loneliness whilst psychoticism was a direct predictor of loneliness. Self-rated school performance was the only direct predictor of happiness whereas general confidence and social interactions were related to adolescents' self-reported loneliness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Toward a general model of health-related quality of life.

A health-related quality of life (HRQOL) model that fitted data collected in previous studies from two separate samples--patients with chronic physical illness and patients with chronic mental illness--was adapted and tested on a representative sample drawn from the normal population. This model, which implied that both physical and mental health influenced number of friendships, personal growth, and job satisfaction, fitted the data very well. However, an alternative model reversing the directions of the pathways so that friendships, personal growth, and job satisfaction affected physical health and mental health, with the latter two having a mutual effect on each other, fitted the data even better. This suggests that, although a medical model of HRQOL may be more important when it comes to alleviating illness, a psychosocial model of HRQOL may be more important when it comes to maintaining health and preventing illness. Moreover, the fact that essentially the same five-factor structural model fits three distinct populations, healthy and unhealthy, suggests that there may be a general model of quality of life applicable to all populations. The implications of these findings for clinical theory, policy, and practice are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Love: addiction or road to self-realization, a second look.

One aspect of self-realization is to work on constructive intimate relationships in which another person adds to the richness of our existence and expands our horizons. The other person is not a substitute for our self-development nor someone who can make up for our developmental deficits. (Or if this is the case, at least one should become aware of it, since such a relationship is most likely not completely free of some contamination from the past.) When we are in touch with our active, striving, self-realizing self, we have the freedom and choice to "love." Loving implies that we can accept the person for what and who he is, apart from our compulsive needs from him. Certain needs are real and if not met, the relationship is not gratifying. Sharing warmth, caring, affection, and mutual growth as individuals as well as a couple are aspects of a constructive relationship. Hopefully, we will also expand our horizons to include friendships (outside marriage), relationships between equals, whether of the same sex or not, which include intimacy, loyalty, sharing that is unconditional and unselfish. Though it has been said that friendship, in the true sense of the word, is the most singularly uncultivated capacity in American social relations, when we do achieve it, it can add tremendously to our existence.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Protective processes in adolescence: matching stressors with social resources.

Working within the "matching theory" of social supports, this research focuses on depressed mood and examines how resilience to stress during adolescence is shaped by developmental constraints on the use of support for coping with problems in the family, peer, and personal arenas. The sample is 1,036 adolescents systematically drawn from 3 community high schools in the Boston area. Predictions center on the efficacy of peer and family supports, and two intraindividual protective factors: sense of mastery and sense of social integration. Findings indicate little evidence of cross-domain stress buffering (where family support buffers the effects of peer stress on mood, and vice versa), suggesting that family and peer domains are more distinct during this stage of development. Protective effects for friendship stresses are evidenced, but boys are more able than girls to marshal their personal and support resources in managing friendship problems. Discussion centers on matching theory and the role of development in shaping coping responses to stress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Acculturation and health status among African-Caribbean, Bangladeshi and White British adolescents--validation and findings from the RELACHS study.

OBJECTIVE: This paper reports the validation process for research questions that measure cultural identity in a survey of adolescents from a multi-ethnic urban area. METHOD: Four questions that tapped preferred cultural origins of friends and clothing were used to classify subjects into categories for cultural identity described by Berry (1980). We assessed face, content and construct validity of these questions by: i) investigating the meaning of cultural identity from an African-Caribbean, Bangladeshi, and White British perspective in three focus groups; ii) asking participants to comment on the questions and their suitability for studies of cultural identity; and iii) using data from the Research with East London Adolescents: Community Health Survey (RELACHS) study of adolescents to test hypotheses about associations of acculturation with health outcomes (physical and mental) in order to assess whether these trends are consistent with previous research, and are in accord with trends predicted by the Berry model. RESULTS: Questions about the cultural origins of friends and clothing showed good face and content validity. However, only the questions on friendship choices showed some associations in the predicted directions, with some associations that were unexpected. The most significant findings were that, in comparison with marginalised pupils, for African-Caribbean pupils assimilation was associated with more tiredness (OR=40.7, 3.8-432.8,p<0.001) and traditionalism with less obesity (OR=0.1, 0.02-0.5, p<0.001). For Bangladeshi pupils integration was associated with a lower risk of depression (OR=0.4, 0.2-0.8, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Questions on friendship choices can be used to assess cultural identity, but associations with health and health risk behaviours are different for each ethnic group.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1998

The TAPS project 32: social networks of two group homes ... 5 years on. Team for the Assessment of Psychiatric Services.

Long-stay psychiatric patients discharged to two group homes from Friern Hospital were studied 1 year and 5 years after discharge. A much greater cohesiveness of social relationships was noted in the smaller home at both time points, whereas in the larger home residents had failed to develop friendships and intimacy within their social group. A number of hypotheses were explored to explain this difference. None of the factors investigated provided an explanation, including the mental state of the patients prior to discharge, their problems of social behaviour, the size of the group homes, whether they were staffed or unstaffed, and the patients' age. However, the development of friendships and intimacy over a 5-year period was strongly determined by the quality of the patients' social networks while in hospital. Consequently, when selecting groups of patients to share homes in the community, it is deemed advisable to form groups that fully reflect the range and diversity of their social networks.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2000

Suicidal acts and ideation in homosexual and bisexual young people: a study of prevalence and risk factors.

BACKGROUND: Suicide attempts are the most robust clinical predictor of suicide, which is now the second cause of death among young people in many countries. Previous research has shown an increased risk of attempted suicide associated with a homosexual orientation. However, the mechanisms underlying this increased risk are not yet clear. This study therefore aimed to determine the risk of attempted suicide and the effect of potential risk factors on the occurrence of suicidal ideation and behaviour among homosexual youngsters. METHODS: The association between suicidal ideation and behaviour and potential risk factors was assessed by means of a questionnaire in a general population sample of homosexual or bisexual young people and a control sample consisting of school pupils. RESULTS: A twofold increased risk of suicidal ideation was found associated with a homosexual or bisexual orientation. A significantly increased risk of attempted suicide associated with homosexuality or bisexuality was found in females. Independent of sexual orientation, depression was identified as a significant risk factor for suicidal ideation, while suicidal behaviour was associated with low self-esteem, higher levels of hopelessness and suicidal behaviour in someone close. Among homosexual or bisexual young people, less satisfying homosexual friendships were an additional risk factor for suicidal behaviour. CONCLUSIONS: The identified increased risk of suicidal ideation among homosexual or bisexual young people is associated with depression and may lead to suicidal behaviour, independent of sexual orientation, especially in the presence of a role model of suicidal behaviour, and among those with unsatisfying friendships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Peer contagion of depressogenic attributional styles among adolescents: a longitudinal study.

This study examined longitudinal associations between adolescents' and their friend's depressive symptoms and depressogenic attributional style. Participants included 398 adolescents in grades six through eight at the outset of the study. Adolescents completed peer nominations to identify reciprocated and unreciprocated best friendships as well as measures of depressive symptoms and depressogenic attributional style at an initial time point, and again 11 months later. Results revealed that best friends' reported level of depressive symptoms was prospectively associated with adolescents' own depressive symptoms and with adolescents' depressogenic attributional style. Moderator effects suggested that friends' attributional styles were prospectively associated with adolescents' own attributional styles for those involved in reciprocated friendships. Lastly, findings offered preliminary support for adolescents' Time 2 depressive symptoms as a mediator of the association between friends' depressive symptoms and adolescents' attributional style. Findings have important implications for cognitive and interpersonal models of adolescent depression, as well as the study of peer contagion effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

False consensus and adolescent peer contagion: examining discrepancies between perceptions and actual reported levels of friends' deviant and health risk behaviors.

Adolescents' perceptions of their friends' behavior strongly predict adolescents' own behavior, however, these perceptions often are erroneous. This study examined correlates of discrepancies between adolescents' perceptions and friends' reports of behavior. A total of 120 11th-grade adolescents provided data regarding their engagement in deviant and health risk behaviors, as well as their perceptions of the behavior of their best friend, as identified through sociometric assessment. Data from friends' own report were used to calculate discrepancy measures of adolescents' overestimations and estimation errors (absolute value of discrepancies) of friends' behavior. Adolescents also completed a measure of friendship quality, and a sociometric assessment yielding measures of peer acceptance/rejection and aggression. Findings revealed that adolescents' peer rejection and aggression were associated with greater overestimations of friends' behavior. This effect was partially mediated by adolescents' own behavior, consistent with a false consensus effect. Low levels of positive friendship quality were significantly associated with estimation errors, but not overestimations specifically.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

The letters of William Stewart Halsted and John Chalmers DaCosta.

William Stewart Halsted and John Chalmers DaCosta are two of the most distinguished surgeons in the history of medicine in the United States. Although their personalities were completely opposite, they enjoyed a long and devoted friendship. During their relationship, a fairly continuous correspondence was maintained. This essay has examined their friendship through an analysis of their personal letters, which are published herein for the first time.

General Surgery↗
PubMed1995

The impact of social interaction factors on menstrual synchrony in the workplace.

The two objectives of this study were: (1) to examine the impact of social interaction variables (e.g., friendship, time working together, and activity) on the occurrence of menstrual synchrony; (2) to examine the menstrual synchrony of women who work together in an office. The sample consisted of 72 women soldiers in two army bases, and a civilian sample of 36 office workers. None of the samples showed significant synchrony. However, social interaction variables were found to be important factors contributing to the relative degree of synchrony. Friendship, mutual activity, and length of time working together were significantly related to the degree of synchrony.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Cross-sectional and longitudinal relations among peer-reported trustworthiness, social relationships, and psychological adjustment in children and early adolescents from the United Kingdom and Canada.

Trustworthiness was examined in children and early adolescents from two countries. In Study 1,505 children in the fifth and sixth school years in the United Kingdom (mean age = 9 years 7 months) were tested across an 8-month period. In Study 2,350 sixth- through eighth-grade Canadian children and early adolescents (mean age = 12 years 11 months) were tested across a 1-year period. Participants completed measures assessing trustworthiness (ratings of promise and secret keeping by peer group and also by best friend in Study 1), assertiveness (Study 1), prosocial behavior (Study 2), social relationships (friendships and peer preference), and psychological adjustment (self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and loneliness). Peer-reported trustworthiness was positively associated with, and predicted changes across time in, the number of friendships. The observed relations were found to be statistically independent of peer preference and peer-reported assertiveness or prosocial behavior. Trustworthiness was found to be positively associated with peer preference (Study 1 and Study 2) and psychological adjustment (Study 1).

Adaptation, Psychological↗