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Results for “Expressed Emotion”

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PubMed1990

Expressed emotion and first-admission schizophrenia. Nine-month follow-up in a French cultural environment.

A study of 36 French-speaking families in Geneva identified 66% of high-EE household. At nine-month follow-up, the relapse rate for the high-EE group (33%) was significantly higher than for the low-EE group (0%). These results seem to confirm the relevance of EE as predictor of relapse. However, in our sample, it appears that one component of EE, critical comments, was principally responsible for the prognostic validity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Patient psychopathology and expressed emotion in schizophrenia.

The relationship of a full range of psychiatric symptoms to EE was examined in 40 men with BPRS and SANS diagnoses of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Patients from high-EE families had significantly higher ratings of positive symptoms, anxious depression, and overall psychopathology, but not negative symptoms, than did those from low-EE families. In predicting relapses of schizophrenia, account may need to be taken of an interaction between subtle differences in symptoms and relatives' attitudes.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Expressed emotion in staff working with the long-term adult mentally ill.

Staff-patient relationships in long-term settings were examined in 35 staff and 61 patients. Measures were also taken of the staff's general health, their coping style in relation to work events, and job satisfaction. A range of ratings of EE was evident in staff descriptions of patients under their care. Strain and criticism in the relationship were not associated with identified stressors in the workplace, or the general health of the carer. When patients were grouped according to high-EE and low-EE interviews, there were no significant differences in their symptoms. Criticism was associated with other patient characteristics, including aggressive and attention-seeking behaviour, underactivity, and limited social interaction. The findings have implications for staff training and for the maintenance of optimal staff-patient relationships in services supporting severely disabled patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Links between expressed emotion and burden of care in relatives of patients with schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Findings that the EE level of a relative may change over time support the idea that EE may represent the circumstances of the relationship between patient and caregiver. The present study examines to what extent EE levels in relatives are related to relatives' burden of care and their perceptions of patients' deficits in social role performance. METHOD: Fifty patients recently admitted to hospital with DSM-III-R diagnoses of schizophrenia or schizophreniform disorder were assessed for positive and negative symptoms. Fifty relatives who were living or were in close contact with these patients were interviewed for the assessment of EE and burden or care, and to provide information about patients' social role performance and social and behaviour problems. RESULTS: High-EE relatives had considerably higher mean scores for burden of care then low-EE relatives relatives (12.5 v. 6.8, respectively, P = 0.002), and perceived more deficits in patients' social functioning than low-EE relatives (means: 16.2 v. 6.9, respectively, P = 0.004). The employment status of relatives was the only socio-demographic characteristic of relatives and patients associated with EE levels, those who were working being less likely to be high EE. Patients' psychopathology was not associated with EE levels and burden of care. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that EE and the burden of care are related. EE and burden both measure aspects of the relationship between relatives and patients. These findings suggest that EE and burden of care are more dependent on relatives' appraisal of the patient condition than on patients' actual deficits.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Does the Organization of Emotional Expression Change Over Time? Facial Expressivity From 4 to 12 Months.

Differentiation models contend that the organization of facial expressivity increases during infancy. Accordingly, infants are believed to exhibit increasingly specific facial expressions in response to stimuli as a function of development. This study tested this hypothesis in a sample of 151 infants (83 boys and 68 girls) observed in 4 situations (tickle, sour taste, arm restraint, and masked stranger) at 4 and 12 months of age. Three of the 4 situations showed evidence of increasing specificity over time. In response to tickle, the number of infants exhibiting joy expressions increased and the number exhibiting interest, surprise, and surprise blends decreased from 4 to 12 months. In tasting a sour substance, more infants exhibited disgust and fewer exhibited joy and interest expressions, and fear and surprise blends over time. For arm restraint, more infants exhibited anger expressions and anger blends and fewer exhibited interest and surprise expressions and surprise blends over time. In response to a masked stranger, however, no evidence of increased specificity was found. Overall, these findings suggest that infants increasingly exhibit particular expressions in response to specific stimuli during the 1st year of life. These data provide partial support for the hypothesis that facial expressivity becomes increasingly organized over time.

Journal Article↗