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PubMed2006

Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM13241 as a probiotic in healthy adult cats.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with the probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM13241 in healthy adult cats. ANIMALS: 15 adult cats. PROCEDURES: Cats were fed a nutritionally complete dry food for 5 weeks. Fecal character was assessed daily, and a single fecal sample and 3-mL blood sample were collected for bacterial enumeration and hematologic analysis, respectively. Cats were then fed the same diet supplemented with L acidophilus DSM13241 (2 x 10(8) CFU/d) for 4.5 weeks. Repeat fecal and hematologic measurements were taken prior to the return to control diet for a 4-week period. RESULTS: The probiotic species was recovered from feces, demonstrating survival through the feline gastrointestinal tract. Probiotic supplementation was associated with increased numbers of beneficial Lactobacillus and L acidophilus groups in feces and decreased numbers of Clostridium spp and Enterococcus faecalis, indicating an altered bacterial balance in the gastrointestinal tract microflora. Fecal pH was also decreased suggesting a colonic environment selective for the beneficial lactic acid bacterial population. Systemic and immunomodulatory effects were associated with administration of L acidophilus DSM13241 including altered cell numbers within WBC subsets and enhanced phagocytic capacity in the peripheral granulocyte population. In addition, plasma endotoxin concentrations were decreased during probiotic feeding, and RBCs had a decreased susceptibility to osmotic pressure. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Probiotic strain L acidophilus DSM13241 fed at 2 x 10(8) CFU/d can alter the balance of gastrointestinal microflora in healthy cats. Furthermore, administration of this probiotic results in beneficial systemic and immunomodulatory effects in cats.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2004

Public health consequences of macrolide use in food animals: a deterministic risk assessment.

The potential impact on human health from antibiotic-resistant bacteria selected by use of antibiotics in food animals has resulted in many reports and recommended actions. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine has issued Guidance Document 152, which advises veterinary drug sponsors of one potential process for conducting a qualitative risk assessment of drug use in food animals. Using this guideline, we developed a deterministic model to assess the risk from two macrolide antibiotics, tylosin and tilmicosin. The scope of modeling included all label claim uses of both macrolides in poultry, swine, and beef cattle. The Guidance Document was followed to define the hazard, which is illness (i) caused by foodborne bacteria with a resistance determinant, (ii) attributed to a specified animal-derived meat commodity, and (iii) treated with a human use drug of the same class. Risk was defined as the probability of this hazard combined with the consequence of treatment failure due to resistant Campylobacter spp. or Enterococcus faecium. A binomial event model was applied to estimate the annual risk for the U.S. general population. Parameters were derived from industry drug use surveys, scientific literature, medical guidelines, and government documents. This unique farm-to-patient risk assessment demonstrated that use of tylosin and tilmicosin in food animals presents a very low risk of human treatment failure, with an approximate annual probability of less than 1 in 10 million Campylobacter-derived and approximately 1 in 3 billion E. faecium-derived risk.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Clinical significance of microbiological monitoring of infective agents in an urological hospital in the selection of antibacterial therapy regimens].

Individual microbiological examination of each patient can improve significantly the response of urological patients to antibacterial therapy. 6000 cultures of opportunistic microorganisms isolated from patients with various infectious-inflammatory diseases were studied. Most of them were gram-negative: P. aeruginosa, E. coli, Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp. Of gram-positive most frequently occurred Staphylococcus spp and Enterococcus faecalis. The cultures showed different spectrum of the sensitivity to antibacterial drugs used in urological practice. The choice of etiotropic therapy was the easiest in E. coli infection, the hardest in P. aeruginosa and Enterobacter pylori infection. Combined treatment of complicated urological infections with gentamycin, ampicillin, carbnicilline, azlocillin is much more effective than monotherapy. P. aeruginosa is more sensitive to cephalosporins, fluoroquinolins, carbapenems and combination of aminoglycosides with betalactame drugs.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Use of sparfloxacin (Sparflo) in treating complicated urologic infections].

The authors review the effectiveness of a novel fluoroquinolone drug sparfloxacine (Sparflo, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories) in the treatment of patients with complicated forms of pyelonephritis and prostatitis. Both gramnegative and grampositive agents causing complicated urologic infections were highly sensitive to sparfloxacine: Enterobacter spp.--40.8%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa--38.5%, Proteus spp.--42.6%, E. coli--91.4%, Staphylococcus spp.--80.0%, Enterococcus faecalis--21.4%. Sparfloxacine was used in the treatment of 43 patients with complicated pyelonephritis and prostatitis. The complicating factors were the following: urolithiasis, renal anomalies, hydronephrotic transformation, nephroptosis, benign prostatic hyperplasia. Clinical response reached 83.7%; microbiological--78.7%. Thus, sparfloxacin has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity and can be effectively used in patients with complicated infections of the urinary tract.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1992

[Sequential parenteral and oral therapy with ofloxacin in urogenital infections].

125 hospitalized patients (56 men and 69 women) suffering from urinary tract infection (UTI) and 15 women with endometritis or pelvic inflammatory disease were treated with ofloxacin 6 mg/kg/d i.v. divided into 2 doses. Two thirds of the patients were switched to oral ofloxacin using the same dose regimen after 4 days. The median duration of treatment was 10 days. 98 patients were evaluable for efficacy: 45 had complicated lower UTI, 32 had upper UTI (75% of them with complications), 13 had endometritis and 8 an uncomplicated lower UTI. The most frequent complications of UTI were: obstruction (n = 27), indwelling catheters (n = 23), urinary concrements (n = 12), residual urine (n = 8) and a neurogenic bladder (n = 6). 22 patients had diabetes mellitus. A total of 103 pathogens was isolated from the urine of 85 patients, the most frequent being E. coli, Proteus spp. and Enterococcus faecalis. 98% of patients with UTI and 85% of patients with endometritis were clinically cured. Adverse drug events were observed in 6 patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

In vitro activity of cefodizime.

Cefodizime is a bactericidal cephem with the typical broad spectrum activity of an aminothiazolyl cephalosporin, including both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria: its MIC90 is 0.125 mg/l for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes and other streptococci; and 0.05 mg/l for Haemophilus spp., Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Moraxella catarrhalis; while beta-lactamase positive strains of M. catarrhalis require 1 mg/l. Less than 1 mg/l is needed for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp. and Shigella spp. The MIC90 is 4 mg/l for methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, Morganella morganii, Providencia spp. and most strains of Serratia marcescens, Citrobacter spp. and Enterobacter spp. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis and most strains of Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. are considered cefodizime-resistant. Cefodizime is unaffected by plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases, but it is hydrolyzed by some chromosomally mediated enzymes, thus resembling other third-generation cephalosporins. Cefodizime has high affinity for PBP 3 and PBP IA and IB (Escherichia coli); in S. aureus it shows the highest affinity for PBP 1.

Bacteria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Utility of prolonged incubation and terminal subcultures of blood cultures from immunocompromised patients].

The value of blind terminal subcultures (7 and 30 days) and prolonged incubation (30 days) of blood cultures from immunosuppressed patients was analyzed in the Fundación Favaloro, the Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia and the Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez. A total of 2707 blood cultures and 369 patients were included (transplantation of solid organs 154, oncohematologic disorders 106 and solid tumors 109). Bact-Alert bottles were incubated at 35 degrees C for 30 days in the Bact-Alert System. Bottles with positive signals were routinely removed, and aliquots of the broth were Gram stained and subcultured aerobically in chocolate agar and Sabouraud agar. A total of 136 bacteremic episodes were obtained. The positivization time of blood cultures was 81.6% at 24 h, 93.3% at 48 h, 94.5% at 72 h and 97.7% within 7 days. Only 3 (2.2%) episodes were positive by blind terminal subcultures and 1 (0.75%) by prolonged incubation (14 days). The median time and range of positivization in hours were 13.8 and 2.2-168, respectively. The microorganisms isolated were coagulase negative staphylococci (n = 24), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 22), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 21), Escherichia coli (n = 18), Acinetobacter spp (n = 9), Candida spp (n = 8), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 6), Enterobacter cloacae (n = 5), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (n = 5), Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella spp and Capnocytophaga sputigena (n = 2), Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecium, Citrobacter diversus, Candida albicans, Klebsiella oxytoca, Chryseomonas luteola, Serratia marcescens, Abiotrophia spp, Campylobacter jejuni, Moraxella catarrhalis, Moraxella urethralis, Neisseria sicca, beta hemolytic group G streptococci, Rhodococcus equi, Micrococcus spp, Cryptococcus neoformans and Streptococcus mitis (n = 1). In our experience, blind terminal subcultures and prolonged incubation of blood cultures from immunosuppressed patients are unnecessary and cost expensive.

Bacteremia↗
PubMed2004

The possible influence of micro-organisms and putrefaction in the production of GHB in post-mortem biological fluid.

In recent years, the post-mortem production of the drug of abuse gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in biological fluids (e.g. blood and urine) has caused various interpretative problems for toxicologists. Previously, other researchers have shown certain microbial species (Pseudomonas spp. and Clostridium aminobutyricum) possess the necessary enzymes to convert GABA to GHB. A preliminary investigation involving putrefied post-mortem blood indicated there was no observed relationship between "endogenous" GHB concentrations and concentrations of common putrefactive markers (tryptamine and phenyl-2-ethylamine). Microbiological analysis identified the presence of various micro-organisms: Clostridia spp., Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Enterococcus faecalis and Aeromonoas spp. Equine plasma, human blood and urine samples were inoculated with these and an additional micro-organism (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and incubated at 22 degrees C for 1 month. Following comparison with control samples and pre-inoculation concentrations, the data indicated an apparent production of GHB in unpreserved P. aeruginosa inoculated blood (2.3 mg/l). All other fluoride-preserved and unpreserved samples (including controls) had GHB concentrations <1mg/l. Although this concentration is lower than is typically associated with "endogenous" post-mortem GHB concentrations, this paper proposes a potential microbial production of GHB with time.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Hospital acquired urinary tract infections in urology departments: pathogens, susceptibility and use of antibiotics. Data from the PEP and PEAP-studies.

Data from two internet-based studies on NAUTI in hospitalized urological patients are presented together: the Pan European Prevalence (PEP) study, which was a 1-day prevalence study in November 2003; and the Pan Euro-Asian Prevalence (PEAP) study, which was carried out in November 2004. Overall, 93 and 101 hospitals from the two studies, respectively, completed the hospital questionnaires and provided patient information for the present study. NAUTI was diagnosed according to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria in 727 of the 6033 patients hospitalized on study days in urological departments. The most commonly reported pathogen was Escherichia coli (31%), followed by species of Pseudomonas (13%), Enterococcus (10%), Klebsiella (10%), Enterobacter (6%) and Proteus (6%). Candida spp. and Pseudomonas spp. occurred significantly more frequently as causative agents in urosepsis than in other types of infections. The resistance of E. coli, Klebsiella and Proteus spp. was below 45% for the most commonly used antibiotics. Enterococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. however, had resistance rates above 70% to most antibiotics. A total of 56% of the hospitalized urological patients were receiving antimicrobial therapy on the study day; 46% for prophylaxis, 26% for microbiologically proven UTI, 21% for only clinically suspected UTI and 7% for other infections. The most commonly used antibiotics were fluoroquinolones (35%), cephalosporins (27%), penicillins (16%), aminoglycosides (15%), and co-trimoxazole (9%). Differences between countries and regions were highly significant. There is an urgent need for continuous surveillance of NAUTI and improvement of antibiotic policy to counteract the widespread increase of antimicrobial resistance.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Urinary tract infections in children.

From January 1981 to December 1987, 346 children with urinary tract infections, proved by urine culture, were admitted to the Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital. The ratio of male to female was 3.0 in children below 2 years, and 0.8 in children above 2 years, of age. The urine specimens were collected from suprapubic punctures in 281 cases (81.2%). Fever was the most common clinical manifestation. In children below two years old, other common symptoms and signs were body weight loss or poor gain, feeding problems, diarrhea, irritability, jaundice, and abdominal distension. In older children, urinary frequency, dysuria, enuresis, loin and abdominal pain were frequently found. Hematuria and edema were occasionally noted in all age groups. Microscopic examination of 329 centrifuged urine specimens revealed: 256 cases (77.8%) had more than 5 leukocytes per high power field, 233 cases (70.8%) had more than 10 leukocytes. Three hundred and seventy positive urine cultures were obtained from these patients. E. coli was isolated in 273 cases (73.6%), followed by Klebsiella spp., 34 cases (9.2%); Proteus spp., 27 cases (7.3%); Enterococcus, 21 cases (5.7%); Enterobacter spp., 9 cases (2.4%); Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 8 cases (2.2%); Citrobacter spp., 7 cases (1.9%); Morganella morganii, 6 cases (1.6%); Acinetobacter spp., 6 cases (1.6%); etc. Candida albicans was isolated from three patients. Two organisms were isolated in 26 cultures; 3 organisms, in 3, and 4 in 1.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

In vitro activities of tigecycline against clinical isolates from Shanghai, China.

To evaluate the in vitro activity of tigecycline, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of tigecycline against 1,201 strains of recent clinical isolates from 10 hospitals in Shanghai, China were determined and compared with selected comparators. Results showed that tigecycline had broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. It was highly active against Gram-positive cocci, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp., penicillin-intermediate Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium. Tigecycline also had good activity against most strains of Enterobacteriaceae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. However, it was poorly active against Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Tigecycline was highly active against anaerobic Gram-positive cocci such as Peptococcus spp. The in vitro activity of tigecycline was significantly better than that of minocycline and tetracycline. It was as active as or slightly more active than vancomycin and teicoplanin in the activity against resistant aerobic Gram-positive cocci. Tigecycline was bactericidal against all Gram-positive cocci tested except Enterococcus spp. Inoculum size but not pH of medium or concentration of human serum in broth had significant effect on the in vitro activity of tigecycline. Aged media (48-72 hours after preparation) used in the test and specific resistance problem in China may have some effects on MIC values of tigecycline.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1987

Etiologic organisms as independent predictors of death and morbidity associated with bloodstream infections.

We studied 385 episodes of nosocomial bloodstream infections occurring over 45 months to ascertain if the etiologic organisms were independent predictors of death and morbidity. Independent predictors of death included respiratory failure, oliguria, metabolic acidosis, hypotension, increased age, antibiotic therapy in cases where susceptibility data were unknown, and infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. If parameters associated with septic shock were excluded, increased age, severity of disease, and infection with Candida spp. or P. aeruginosa predicted death. Infection with P. aeruginosa, Enterococcus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae predicted hypotension; severity of disease, polymicrobial infection, and infection with Candida spp., Enterococcus, Enterobacter, or Serratia marcescens predicted oliguria; infection with Candida spp. or P. aeruginosa, increased age, severity of disease, and inability to meet hospital financial obligations without assistance predicted respiratory failure. Inability to meet hospital financial obligations without assistance and severity of disease predicted hypothermia; infection with Candida spp. or P. aeruginosa and sex (male) predicted metabolic acidosis.

Acidosis↗
PubMed1990

In-vitro studies with ramoplanin (MDL 62,198): a novel lipoglycopeptide antimicrobial.

Ramoplanin is a novel lipoglycopeptide antimicrobial complex, isolated from the fermentation products of a strain of Actinoplanes sp. (ATCC 33076), which comprises three closely related polypeptides, each containing chlorinated phenyl moieties and D-mannose. The in-vitro activity of ramoplanin was compared with those of vancomycin and teicoplanin. Ramoplanin was very active against Staphylococcus spp., irrespective of methicillin susceptibility, with all isolates inhibited by 1 mg/l or less. Concentrations of vancomycin and teicoplanin required to inhibit the same population of bacteria were 4 and 16 mg/l, respectively. Ramoplanin was also very active against Streptococcus spp. (alpha- and beta-haemolytic species, Str. pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis, Corynebacterium spp. (including Cory. jeikeium), Listeria monocytogenes, Gardnerella vaginalis, Propionibacterium acnes and Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria, with all isolates inhibited by 2 mg/l, or less. In general, the activity of ramoplanin against these species was either equal to or only slightly less than teicoplanin and equal to or somewhat greater than vancomycin. With the exception of Bacteroides melaninogenicus and Bact. bivius, ramoplanin was not active against Gram-negative bacteria.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2007

Molecular characterisation of the gut microflora of healthy and inflammatory bowel disease cats using fluorescence in situ hybridisation with special reference to Desulfovibrio spp.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common cause of chronic large bowel diarrhoea in cats. Although the aetiology of IBD is unknown, an immune-mediated response to a luminal antigen is thought to be involved. As knowledge concerning the colonic microflora of cats is limited and requires further investigation, the purpose of this study was to determine the presence of specific bacterial groups in normal and IBD cats, and the potential role they play in the health of the host. Total bacterial populations, Bacteroides spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Clostridium histolyticum subgp., Lactobacillus-Enterococcus subgp. and Desulfovibrio spp. were enumerated in 34 healthy cats and 11 IBD cats using fluorescence in situ hybridisation. The study is one of the first to show the presence of Desulfovibrio in cats. Total bacteria, Bifidobacterium spp. and Bacteroides spp. counts were all significantly higher in healthy cats when compared with IBD cats, whereas Desulfovibrio spp. (producers of toxic sulphides) numbers were found to be significantly higher in colitic cats. The information obtained from this study suggests that modulation of bacterial flora by increasing bifidobacteria and decreasing Desulfovibrio spp. may be beneficial to cats with IBD. Dietary intervention may be an important aspect of their treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Antagonistic effect of Enterococcus faecium J96 against human and poultry pathogenic Salmonella spp.

Production of antagonistic compounds was studied in a strain of Enterococcus faecium isolated from the intestinal tract of a free-ranging chicken. Production of lactic acid and a bacteriocin was observed in cultures of this bacterium, alone and in mixed culture fermentations with pathogenic Salmonella serotypes (i.e., Gallinarum, Pullorum, Enteritidis, and Typhimurium). Growth inhibition of these avian and human pathogens was observed after 4 h of incubation at 37 degrees C in CAm broth, a medium developed according to the nutrients present in chicken food. The antibacterial action was due to the combined effect of lactic acid and bacteriocin. Accumulation of these metabolites caused both a bacteriostatic and a bactericidal action against the gram-negative bacteria assayed.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Evaluation of the Phoenix system for identifying and determining the susceptibility of clinical isolates. Comparative study with the Microscan system].

The Phoenix system (BD Diagnostic Systems), a rapid ID/AST system, was compared with the MicroScan WalkAway-40 system for accuracy of identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test results. The 327 bacterial isolates, were comprised of 191 Gram-negative bacilli (187 Enterobacteriaceae and 4 Aeromonas spp.) and 136 Gram-positive cocci (27 Staphylococcus aureus, 53 coagulase-negative staphylococci, 45 enterococci and 11 beta haemolytic streptococci). The overall rate of agreement between the two systems for species level identification was 95.8% and 96.3% for Gram-negative bacilli and Gram-positive cocci, respectively. Enterococcus and Streptococcus species both achieved a 100% rate of species level agreement. The genus level agreement was >99% overall. Arbitration of the 8 Gram-negative bacilli disagreements resolved with 7 in agreement with the Phoenix identification. For the 5 Gram-positive cocci disagreements, 3 resolved in agreement with Phoenix. Overall, 3688 antimicrobial/organism combinations were evaluated in both systems. For Gram-negative isolates, the rate of essential agreement for the MICs was 98.5%, while the categorical agreement rate was 95.9%. Arbitration of 13 Gram-negative disagreements resolved with 11 in agreement with the Phoenix system. For Staphylococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. isolates, the essential agreement rates were 96.4% and 99% respectively. Categorical agreement rates for both genera were 94.7% and 96.1%, respectively. Arbitration of 5 staphylococci disagreements resolved with 2 in agreement with Phoenix system. Our results show that the Phoenix system is a rapid and reliable system for both identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of common clinical isolates.

Drug Resistance, Bacterial↗
PubMed2003

[Distribution and resistance trends of pathogens from urinary tract infections and impact on management].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the bacterial profile and pattern of antibiotic resistance of urinary tract infections (UTIs) pathogens and to determine its clinical impact on management. METHODS: Midstream urine samples were submitted for culture from 1998 to 2002, and 798 isolates were obtained for antimicrobial susceptibility testing including amikacin (AMK), ampicillin (AMP), cefzolin (CFZ), cefuroxime (CXM), ceftriaxone (CRO), ceftaxime (CTX), ceftazidime (CAZ), nalidixoc acid (NAL), ciprofloxacin (CIP), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT), nitrofurantoin (NIT) for Gram-negative bacteria and oxcillin (OXA), ampicillin (AMP), cefzolin (CFZ), ciprofloxacin (CIP), gentamicin (Gen), vancomycin (VAN), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT), nitrofurantoin (NIT) for Gram-positive cocci. beta-lactamases and ESBLs were tested when needed. RESULTS: Enterobacteriaceae was the most frequently isolated pathogen. Among all the isolates, Escherichia coli accounted for 66.0%, followed by Enterococcus (6.5%), Klebsiella spp. (6.0%), Staphylococcus (5.4%). High resistance rates to CIP (56.0%), SXT (67.0%) and AMP (78.9%) were observed among the E. coli. CIP-resistant E. coli strains are being isolated with increasing frequency. From 1998 to 2002 the incidence of CIP-resistant increased steadily from 46.6% to 59.4%. A higher resistance rate to NAL was apparent. In contrast, NIT displayed a resistance rate of 8.9%, and AMK 4.9%. The ESBLs positive rate was 12.9% among the E. coli and 33.3% among the Klebsiella spp. respectively. A high resistance rate to CIP was also observed among the Staphylococcus (38.1%), Enterococcus (61.5%) and Streptococcus (85.0%), and the beta-lactamases positive rate was 95.2% among the Staphylococcus, but a lower resistance rate to NIT among Staphylococcus (2.4%) and Enterococcus (11.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Resistance rates among common uropathogens continue to evolve and appear to be increasing to many commonly used agents especially to quinolones. Continued surveillance of resistance rates among uropathogens is needed to ensure appropriate recommendations for the treatment of the infections. Currently, the most appropriate agent for the empirical management of UTIs seems to be nitrofurantoin.

Ciprofloxacin↗
PubMed1997

Peptidase activity of human colonic bacteria.

Aminopeptidase activities of mixed faecal suspensions from four human donors and 12 of the most numerous species of human colonic bacteria were measured using alanine oligopeptides and various dipeptidyl- and amino acyl-arylamidase substrates. The pattern of hydrolysis of Ala(4)and Ala(5)in faecal suspensions, whereby Ala(2)was the first breakdown product, suggested that the main mechanism of peptide hydrolysis was dipeptidyl peptidase. Dipeptidyl p-nitroanilides and 4-methoxynaphthylamides were broken down more rapidly than amino acyl derivatives in three out of four individuals tested, consistent with this conclusion. The predominant Bacteroides spp. of the intestine also had greater dipeptidyl peptidase activity than amino acyl aminopeptidase activity, while Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Enterococcus and Propionibacterium spp. had a more variable pattern of peptidase activities. Thus, peptide hydrolysis in the human intestine, as in the rumen, appears to be mainly a two-stage process which is initiated by dipeptidyl peptidases present in the most numerous Bacteriodes spp.

Journal Article↗