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PubMed1992

Support exchange patterns of the elderly in the Republic of Korea.

The authors examine support of the elderly in South Korea, with a focus on the future implications of demographic aging. "Owing to socio-economic development in the Republic of Korea and the country's success in reducing mortality and fertility, the proportion and number of elderly in the population is rapidly rising. Co-residence with adult children is the most important pattern of support for the elderly. But the elderly also contribute support in the form of financial and material assistance as well as services such as care of grandchildren. The article concludes that, because of the rapid increase in the absolute size of the elderly population, government services need to be expanded to assist in providing care for the elderly."

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Labor migration, 1960s vs. 1990s].

The author reviews labor migration trends in the Netherlands in the 1960s and the 1990s. "In the 1960s and early 1970s foreign labourers were recruited from Mediterranean countries. The number of immigrants from these countries, for the major part employed in industry, exceeded 30 thousand in some years. In the early 1990s labour migrants were less numerous. [In] the past few years most labour migrants came from Western European countries and other economically developed countries, like the United States and Japan." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Demography↗
PubMed2003

Microcapitalism and the mega-corporation.

More than 100 miles from Bangalore, India, there's a rural area called Kuppam where one in three citizens is illiterate, more than half of the households have no electricity, and there's a high rate of AIDS. It's exactly this challenging atmosphere that prompted Hewlett-Packard to choose Kuppam as one of its first "i-communities" initiatives. Through the program, HP creates public-private partnerships to accelerate economic development through the application of technology while simultaneously opening new markets and developing new products and services. HP brings to these initiatives the management disciplines of a successful technology business. For example, it unearths customer needs using an iterative cycle that involves prototyping products and services and then closely observing residents' experiences with them. It fields a diversely talented team that brings many skills to the initiative, including deep technical ability, management acumen, and market knowledge. It takes a systems approach, simultaneously examining all the elements that must come together to create a working solution to a given problem. It establishes a "leading platform" on which other players--comapnies, nonprofits, and government agencies--can build technologies and applications. Practices like these help ensure that HP's investment yields real, sustainable results for the community in question. But HP also sees returns to its own business. In Kuppam, the company is discovering the need for (and developing) new products like a solar-powered digital camera, with printer, that fits in a backpack. By engaging the community and its leaders and working with them to design valuable new tools and capabilities, HP is gaining the knowledge it needs to be a stronger competitor in other developing regions.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1985

[Developing countries. Health education in the primary prevention of alcoholism].

In most developing countries alcoholism hampers economic development in the same way as illiteracy or disease. Several studies reveal the extent of the problem in Latin America where the consumption of alcoholic beverages is rooted in national traditions. In Chile, the population includes 5% of alcoholics and 15% of people who drink excessively. The authors have developed a programme to control alcoholism in Pudahuel, a district of Santiago where there is much poverty. The programme includes four stages. The first consists in informing community leaders, teachers and parents of how to carry out primary prevention. During the second stage, teachers are shown how to use the didactic material available. The third stage concerns programmed activities for students and parents. The last stage is devoted to preventive activities in the community. The evaluation of this ambitious programme has not yet taken place.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[30 years' development of economic theories in confrontation with facts].

In 1969, R. Frish and J. Tinbergen received the first Nobel Price in Economics. 200 years after Quesnay's "economic tables", economics were at last considered as a science. During the last thirty years, economics haven't lost their scientific reputation, but, confronted with different situations in the world and in France, economics have been unable to bring appropriate solutions to every problem. Nowadays, economics are quite far from the promises born after the Second World War: indeed, until the 1974 world crisis, Keynes' theory (from a macro-economic point of view) and Walras' formalisation of the markets (from a micro-economic point of view) were sufficient to give satisfying representations of any economic reality and mechanism. Nevertheless, these theories were unable to deal with both growing unemployment and raising inflation in the late 70's and early 80's. Today, economics present a wide variety of efficient analysis of society. Game theory, behaviour theory or econometrics are new means used to found new kinds of reality representation. Therefore, if economics can no longer be considered as an exact science, it remains nevertheless scientific.

Economics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The Swiss gatekeeper system--a model for improving capacity development and economic effectiveness].

The German as well as the Swiss health care system are facing similar problems. However, in Switzerland different gatekeeper systems to improve the capacity and economic efficiency were successfully tried and tested. The main structures of gatekeeping are the HMO health centres and different GP systems. Central to this idea is the primary care physician functioning as a gatekeeper. He has to control the demands of medical services according to the patient's needs to fulfil integral, comprehensive and economic criteria. Although data processing has not yet been completed yet, first results show clear advantages of the gatekeeper system in respect of the costs and quality of health care compared with the customary Swiss health insurance. Although in Switzerland there are still relatively few persons insured according to the gatekeeper system, it is expected that particularly the family physician systems will expand considerably in the future. Reorganisation and rearrangements of the medical care providers are likely.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Is development really the best contraceptive? A 20-year trial in Comilla district, Bangladesh.

"This article examines which public programmes and which socio-economic development indicators have had an impact on contraceptive practices and fertility in a selected group of villages in Comilla district of Bangladesh. It finds that equitable, even-handed development may be a good 'contraceptive', but is not a realistic alternative to family planning effort.... This research, undertaken in 1985, replicates a similar knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP) type study undertaken in these same villages some 20 years earlier, in 1967/68....Thus, the two studies provide a unique look at demographic behavioural characteristics when these agricultural development programmes were in an early stage and then 20 years later."

Asia↗
PubMed2004

Coca-colonization of diets in the Yucatan.

Over the past three decades, tourism-based economic development has transformed social and economic conditions in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Mayan communities have become directly involved in the changing economy as the main source of inexpensive labor for construction and service jobs at tourism centers, and as sites of ecotourism and archeotourism. In this paper, we address how these macro-processes of change intersect locally with the commoditization of food systems, diets and nutrition in four Yucatec Mayan communities with differing relationships to the tourist economy. Yucatec Mayan diets have become increasingly dependent on purchased foods, and reflect a greater consumption of commercialized processed foods. Coca-Cola, an international icon of US culture, along with other local and internationally owned calorie-dense but nutrient-poor snack foods, is now a common element of Mayan diets, leading to what we call "coca-colonization." The consequences of this diet, likely exacerbated by the increased consumption of snack foods, include an apparent increase in overweight and obese adults as well as signs of growth stunting in children. The Maya we talked with recognize both the potential disruption that tourism brings to all aspects of their lives and the necessity of jobs that tourism creates to meet their families' basic needs.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed2002

The economic payoffs of integrated malaria control in the Zambian copperbelt between 1930 and 1950.

It has long been suggested that malaria is delaying the economic development of countries that are most severely affected by the disease. Several studies have documented the economic consequences of malaria at the household level, primarily in communities engaged in subsistence farming. A missing element is the appraisal of the economic impact of malaria on the industrial and service sectors that will probably become the backbone of many developing economies. We estimate the economic effects of integrated malaria control implemented during the colonial period and sustained for 20 years in four copper mining communities of the former Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). Integrated malaria control was characterized by strong emphasis on environmental management, while part of the mining communities also benefited from rapid diagnosis and treatment and the use of bednets. The programmes were highly successful as an estimated 14,122 deaths, 517,284 malaria attacks and 942,347 work shift losses were averted. Overall, 127,226 disability adjusted life years (DALYs) were averted per 3-year incremental period. The cumulative costs of malaria control interventions were 11,169,472 US dollars (in 1995 US dollars). Because the control programmes were so effective, the mining companies attracted a large reservoir of migrant labourers and sustained healthy work forces. The programmes averted an estimated 796,622 US dollars in direct treatment costs and 5,678,745 US dollars in indirect costs as a result of reduced work absenteeism. Within a few years of programme initiation, Northern Rhodesia became the leading copper producer in Africa, and mining generated the dominant share of national income. Copper production and revenues, which increased dramatically during malaria control interventions, amounted to the equivalent of 7.1 billion US dollars (in 1995 US dollars). Integrated malaria control in copper mining communities was a sound investment. It had payoff for public and occupational health, generally, and without it copper extraction and social and economic development would have been impossible.

Absenteeism↗