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At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

A review and update of animal toxicoses associated with fumonisin-contaminated feeds and production of fumonisins by Fusarium isolates.

During the 1989 corn harvest season, numerous reports of equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) outbreaks and a pulmonary edema (PPE) syndrome in swine from several regions of the United States were received by the National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL), Ames, Iowa. Previous and concurrent research linked Fusarium moniliforme and fumonisin-contaminated feeds to both diseases. Chemical and mycological investigations revealed fumonisin B1 (FB1) concentrations of 20 to 360 ppm in suspect swine feeds and 8 to 117 ppm in suspect equine feeds. Nonproblem feeds contained concentrations below 8 ppm. Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum were isolated from both problem and nonproblem equine and swine feeds. When cultured on autoclaved corn, the F. moniliforme and F. proliferatum isolated produced respective FB1 and fumonisin B2 (FB2) that range from less than 5 to more than 2450 ppm and less than 5 to more than 1000 ppm, respectively. Isolates from both problem and nonproblem feeds produces high levels (greater than 500 ppm) in culture. Reported here is a review of chemical and mycological data resulting from the study of several cases of PPE and ELEM.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

Experimental reproduction of ELEM. A study to determine the minimum toxic dose in ponies.

An experiment to gain insight into the minimum toxic dose of fumonisins was conducted by feeding ponies rations with known fumonisin concentrations. Naturally contaminated corn screenings (CS) were blended with pellets, corn, and molasses to formulate individual daily diets. One group of 4 ponies was fed a ration with fumonisin B1 (FB1) varying from less than 1 ppm to 22 ppm. A second group of 5 ponies was fed a ration at varying rates containing 8 ppm FB1 for 180 days. A panel of clinical chemistry parameters was evaluated twice weekly for both groups. One pony in the first group died of equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) after 225 days of which the final 55 days' diet contained 22 ppm FB1. Approximately 9 days prior to death, this animal experienced elevated liver chemistry values. All 5 ponies in the second group experienced mild, transient, clinical signs; were euthanized at 180 days; and had mild, histopathological brain lesions.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1995

CT of a peripatetic intracranial foreign body.

We report the CT appearances of a low-velocity missile that lodged within the brain and which subsequently migrated spontaneously back along the entry path. We review the literature of similar instances of migration and draw conclusions about the presurgical radiological management.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Neuronal ischemic injury: light microscopy, ultrastructure and biochemistry.

A uniform, predictable pattern of cellular abnormalities is seen after complete, irreversible ischemic injury to the central nervous system. This is in contrast to the heterogeneous, multifocal picture which characterizes incomplete ischemia. The range of abnormalities in neuronal soma after an arterial occlusion changes considerably as a function of time and site. There is no single pattern of neuronal alteration that can be ascribed exclusively to ischemia. Red neurons are a relatively late (about 18 h) indicator of ischemia and are seen only in areas where blood supply is marginal. In addition to depletion of high-energy-phosphate reserves, brain ischemia results in characteristic alterations of amino acid concentrations in the ischemic tissue. Glutamate, glutamine, and aspartate either decrease or remain constant while alanine increases. Proportional decreases in the former three amino acids may be explained by simple dilution due to edema. Increases in alanine relative to glutamate and aspartate may be utilized as a biochemical index of perfusion to various brain regions.

Alanine↗
PubMed1986

Frequency and prognostic significance of germinal matrix hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, and pontosubicular necrosis in preterm neonates.

The occurrence of germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH), periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), and pontosubicular necrosis (PSN) was evaluated in a material of 96 preterm infants. All cases were born at less than 38 weeks of gestation, and died within 30 days after birth. The frequency of GMH (50%) and PVL (24%) was within the range of previous observations, but the 59% occurrence of PSN argues against the assertion that intraventricular hemorrhage is the most common neuropathological finding in preterm neonates. However, different combinations of these injuries were found in more than half the cases affected. Of the 48 infants with GMH, 36 (75%) showed either PSN (19 cases), PVL (2 cases), or both lesions (15 cases), and the frequency of additional damage was related to the severity of hemorrhage. Thus, neonatal mortality may be more related to additional hypoxic/ischemic lesions than to the severity of hemorrhage per se. Clinical follow-up studies on subpopulations of preterm infants with and without GMH have shown no difference in frequency of mild and moderate psychomotoric deficiencies. The 35% occurrence of PSN as a solitary lesion in the 48 cases without GMH was similar to the frequency of PSN as a single additional lesion in 48 cases with GMH (40%). This finding makes PSN and not GMH the most likely cause of at least less severe handicaps.

Brain↗
PubMed1978

Studies on ATP: thiamine diphosphate phosphotransferase activity in rat brain.

The experiments described in this paper serve as a contribution to the solution of the discrepancies which exist in the assay of ATP:thiamine diphosphate phosphotransferase activity (EC 2.7.4.15), presently in use as a tool for the diagnosis of Leigh's disease (SNE, subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy). The results obtained with this phosphotransferase assay can, in part, be explained by the presence of thiamine triphosphate (ThTP) in the preparation of thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) used as a substrate, by the inhibition by ATP of the ThTP phosphohydrolase activity, present in fractions of rat brain homogenates, and by the stimulation by ThDP of the ATPase activity. When [2(-14)C-thiazole]thiamine was used for the synthesis of [14C]ThTP in fractions of rat brain, it was found that after chromatographic separation of thiamine and its phosphates, 14C radioactivity could be demonstrated in the ThTP fractions, even in the absence of an enzyme source. Probably a complex is formed between [14C]thiamine and a phosphate ester which behaves chromatographically as ThTP. It is concluded that the assay system for the measurement of ThTP synthesis in its present form is, in our hands, not suitable for diagnostic purposes.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Toxicity of field samples and Fusarium moniliforme from feed associated with equine-leucoencephalomalacia.

Feed samples of corn, pelleted feed, and oats associated with equine leucoencephalomalacia (ELEM) were obtained from North Carolina, Illinois, Indiana, and Oklahoma. These samples contained a high colony density of Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon which ranged from 64 to 87% of the total fungi. Fifty-nine F. moniliforme strains were isolated. Isolates of F. moniliforme in feed samples from Illinois, Indiana, and Oklahoma were cultured on corn. The fermented corn, mixed with regular feed and fed to one-day-old ducklings, effected a high mortality coefficient (average 55%). Methanol extracts of corn fermented with each of 14 representative F. moniliforme isolates from North Carolina feed were toxic to mice and some caused rabbit skin necrosis. Vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol), T-2 toxin, zearalenone, and moniliformin were not detected in feed samples or fermented corn. However, 4 to 10 ng of aflatoxin B1 per gram of feed was present in the four North Carolina samples. Bikaverin (C20H14O8), a characteristic red pigment of Fusarium sp., was found in the North Carolina feed samples. This is the first report of bikaverin in feed samples associated with ELEM.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1994

Mycoflora of the toxic feeds associated with equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) outbreaks in Brazil.

The mycoflora of 39 feed samples associated with 29 Equine Leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM) outbreaks was studied from 1988 to 1990, in Brazil. Microbiological examination indicated Fusarium spp. as the most frequent mold which occurred in 97.4% of samples followed by Penicillium spp. in 61.5% and Aspergillus spp. in 35.9%. The moisture content of feed implicated in death of horses was above 15% which can favor the development of Fusarium spp. From the genus, F. moniliforme was the predominant species with an occurrence of 82.0%. Two additional species, not commonly associated with animal toxicosis, were isolated in low frequency, F. proliferatum (12.8%) and F. subglutinans (2.6%). It is important to emphasize that the isolation of F. proliferatum and F. subglutinans from feed obtained from the epizootic areas has not been documented previously in Brazil.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1998

Cranio-cerebral erosion: delayed diagnosis and treatment.

Cranio-cerebral erosion is a well-known complication of calvarian fracture with underlying dural tear and cerebral injury in infancy and early childhood. The anatomy, pathogenesis and natural evolution of these lesions remain obscure. The common clinical symptoms are seizures, focal neurological deficits, impairment of consciousness and a soft subgaleal mass. Three patients of cranio-cerebral erosion who underwent delayed surgery in their adult lives are presented to illustrate the common and uncommon features, and their long-term outcome is discussed.

Adolescent↗