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PubMedDate not supplied

Penetration of ofloxacin into prostatic fluid, ejaculate and seminal fluid.

The penetration of ofloxacin into prostatic fluid, ejaculate and seminal fluid was measured by a high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method after intravenous infusion (60 min) of 400 mg in six healthy male volunteers. The median concentration of ofloxacin in prostatic fluid was about one-third and that in ejaculate and seminal fluid about twice that in corresponding plasma. The results of the study indicate good penetration of ofloxacin into prostatic fluid, ejaculate and seminal fluid. Ofloxacin should thus be of value for the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis and vesiculitis.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

[Prostatitis syndrome. Changes in the ejaculate and effects on fertility].

Inflammation and infections of the male reproductive tract represent an important factor in male infertility that is potentially responsive to successful therapy. A standardized diagnostic procedure is a prerequisite for the exact evaluation of alterations of ejaculate specimens, especially in cases of the different forms of the prostatitis syndrome. Several alterations in ejaculate due to inflammation and infection have been identified that have a negative impact on the quality of sperm. Besides the influence of leuko- and bacteriospermia, the effect of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS), are being discussed as relevant pathomechanisms. These parameters just recently were incorporated into the conventional range of diagnostic criteria. Clinical studies that investigate the quality of ejaculate in the different forms of the prostatitis syndrome yielded contradictory results. Only antimicrobial therapy has been sufficiently described as a therapeutic option. In the future, it will be decisive to include novel functional and molecular parameters to define an interaction of urogenital infection and male infertility.

Bacterial Infections↗

PubMed1987

Disruption of ejaculates by male copulation in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus).

Six experiments were conducted to analyze possible disruption of sperm transport occurring when one male deer mouse copulates soon after another male ejaculates. When a second male mated soon after the first, females had significantly fewer uterine sperm 1 hr later than when a delay of 7 or 15 min was imposed between males. However, it was impossible to detect any effect of such disruption on pregnancy initiation. Similarly, artificial stimulation soon after an ejaculation was ineffective in disrupting pregnancy initiation. No effect of a rapid resumption of copulation could be detected on litter composition in a sperm competition situation. Although it is clear, from these and other data, that the phenomenon of ejaculate disruption occurs in deer mice, technical difficulties may interfere with experimental analysis.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Neonatal treatment of male rats with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist impairs ejaculation and fertility.

Pituitary-gonadal suppression of neonatal male rats with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist N-Ac-D-Nal(2)1,D-p-Cl-Phe2,D-Trp3,D-hArg(Et2)6,D-Ala10 -GnRH (RS 68439; Syntex; 2 mg/kg/day) during days 1-10 of life resulted in infertility of adult animals, when studied at the age of 90, 115 and 150 days. Numbers of fertile animals per rats tested at these ages were 1/10, 2/14 and 4/14, respectively, in the antagonist treated animals (vs. 8/10, 9/13 and 9/13 in controls; p less than 0.01-0.05). The numbers of mounts and intromissions were unaffected by the antagonist treatment, but none of the treated animals (n = 10) ejaculated in four subsequent behavior tests. However, if the vaginal smears were checked in a group of rats after caging the males separately with a normal female for 8 days before the behavior tests, each male had ejaculated but the females were not fertilized. When the neonatally GnRH antagonist-treated rats were followed in the long-term, fertility slowly recovered, and at the age of 220 and 350 days, the number of successful pregnancies was similar to that of age-matched controls. It is concluded that short-term neonatal pituitary-gonadal suppression with GnRH antagonist results in impaired ejaculation and infertility of adult male rats, but fertility slowly recovers within a year.

Aging↗

PubMed1980

The effect of selection for fertility of frozen-thawed semen on spermatozoa oxygen uptake, motility and concentration, and ejaculate volume in the chicken.

The response to 3 generations of selection for duration of fertility of frozen-thawed semen on fertility and hatchability of fresh and frozen-thawed semen, spermatozoa oxygen uptake, motility and concentration, and ejaculate volume was measured in a broiler line of chickens. The selected line, as compared to the control, had significantly higher levels for all fertility traits of frozen-thawed semen but not hatchabilities. For fresh semen, the lines differed only for duration of fertility. The only difference in semen quality traits was in oxygen uptake by spermatozoa of frozen-thawed semen. The differences between lines for the other parameters were not significant but were in a direction that supported the hypothesis that selection had resulted in improved reproductive capacity. All estimates of fertility within an ejaculate were positively correlated (P<0.01). Correlations between corresponding fertility estimates of fresh and frozen-thawed semen were positive, low and generally non-significant. The proportion of variation as determined by stepwise regression, in fertility estimates accounted for by the measurements of oxygen uptake and motility of fresh and frozen-thawed spermatozoa, ejaculate volume and spermatozoa concentration ranged from 12 to 19 percent.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1989

Diagnostic aids for the detection of urine in the equine ejaculate.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate three commercially available test kits, the Azostix, Multistix and Uric-acid test, for the detection of urine in the equine ejaculate. Azostix, which tests for urea nitrogen, consistently detected urine in the equine ejaculate. Urine contamination was evident when a color change occurred in the reagent pad, going from yellow to green after 10 sec of exposure. The sensitivity of Azostix to urea nitrogen in contaminated samples was 39 mg/dl. The Multistix test kit also successfully detected urine in semen. In the Multistix nitrite pad the color changed from yellow to organge after 3.5 min of exposure to urine-contaminated semen. The Uricacid test kit did not accurately detect urine-contaminated samples. It constantly elicited false positive results in all the control trials. The results of this study show that Azostix and Multistix are cost effective ($1.25 per analysis) and accurate diagnostic aids for detecting urine in the stallion ejaculate.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1994

Quantitation of boar spermadhesins in accessory sex gland fluids and on the surface of epididymal, ejaculated and capacitated spermatozoa.

Spermadhesins are multifunctional proteins involved in boar sperm capacitation and gamete recognition. Using anti-AWN antibodies, we have followed the fate of spermadhesin AWN along the maturation and capacitation stages of boar spermatozoa. In addition, the amount of spermadhesins AQN-1, AQN-2, and AQN-3 relative to that of AWN was determined by amino acid analysis after reverse-phase HPLC isolation. Our data show that AWN-1 is the only spermadhesin on the surface of epididymal sperm and that a large amount of AQN-1, AQN-2, AQN-3, AWN-1 and AWN-2 become coated on ejaculated spermatozoa. The number of spermadhesin molecules on ejaculated sperm (12-60 x 10(6)/spermatozoa) is sufficient to form a many-molecules-thick coat over the sperm head. However, 50-75% of the AQN-1, AQN-2, and AQN-3 population, and around 90% of coated AWN (1 + 2) are released from ejaculated sperm during capacitation. This indicates that a large subpopulation of each boar spermadhesin is loosely associated to the sperm surface and may function as decapacitation factors. The remaining spermadhesin molecules, which are tightly bound to the sperm head's surface may play a role as either positive capacitation factors and/or in gamete recognition and binding.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Effect of different procedures of ejaculate collection, extenders and packages on DNA integrity of boar spermatozoa following freezing-thawing.

Whole ejaculate or sperm-rich fraction, collected from four sexually mature boars, was frozen in an extender containing lactose-hen egg yolk with glycerol (lactose-HEY-G) or extender containing lactose, lyophilized lipoprotein fractions isolated from ostrich egg yolk and glycerol (lactose-LPFo-G), and Orvus Es Paste, respectively. The sperm samples were also frozen in a standard boar semen extender (Kortowo-3), without the addition of cryoprotective substances. Sperm DNA integrity was assessed using a modified neutral comet assay. Sperm characteristics such as motility, plasma membrane integrity (SYBR-14/PI), mitochondrial function (rhodamine 123) and acrosome integrity were monitored. Freezing-thawing caused a significant increase (P<0.05) in sperm DNA fragmentation, irrespective of the procedures of ejaculate collection and extender type. Sperm DNA fragmentation was significantly lower (P<0.05) in the whole ejaculate compared with the sperm-rich fraction, indicating that spermatozoa maintained in the whole seminal plasma prior to its removal for freezing-thawing procedure were less vulnerable to cryo-induced DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, spermatozoa frozen in lactose-HEY-G or lactose-LPFo-G extender exhibited lower (P<0.05) DNA fragmentation than those frozen in the absence of cryoprotective substances. The levels of sperm DNA damage, as expressed by comet tail length and tail moment values, were significantly higher (P<0.05) in sperm samples frozen in the absence of cryoprotective substances. The deterioration in post-thaw sperm DNA integrity was concurrent with reduced sperm characteristics. It can be suggested that evaluation of DNA integrity, coupled with different sperm characteristics such as motility, plasma membrane integrity and mitochondrial function, may aid in determining the quality of frozen-thawed boar semen.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Use of diamide-acridine orange fluorescence staining to detect aberrant protamination of human-ejaculated sperm nuclei.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of human sperm nuclear chromatin on fertilization. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Assisted reproductive technology unit at a university teaching hospital. PATIENT(S): Fifty men starting an IVF-ET program. INTERVENTION(S): Epifluorescent microscopic observation of human-ejaculated sperm nuclei stained with diamide-acridine orange. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of extracted sperm nucleoproteins. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Usefulness of diamide-acridine orange in analysis of human sperm nuclear chromatin and fertilization ability. RESULT(S): There was no correlation between the semen parameters and the diamide-acridine orange observation. A positive correlation was observed between the fertilization rate after conventional IVF and the green-type increase ratio (percentage of green-pattern sperm after diamide-acridine orange staining/percentage of green-pattern sperm after acridine orange staining). Furthermore, it was suggested by SDS-PAGE that structural differences were noticed between the fertile men and the men with sperm immaturity diagnosed after diamide-acridine orange staining. CONCLUSION(S): Diamide-acridine orange staining was a more precise method for detecting chromatin abnormalities in human-ejaculated sperm and evaluating fertilization ability than acridine orange staining alone. This method can be used as a diagnostic tool to assess the fertilization ability of human-ejaculated spermatozoa before IVF procedures.

Acridine Orange↗

PubMed1979

Better postcoital test for oligospermic patients using split ejaculate artificial insemination.

In 25 oligospermic patients who had negative postcoital tests, artificial inseminations were performed with the whole semen and split ejaculates. After 30 minutes, a sample of cervical mucus was obtained and examined microscopically for the presence of motile spermatozoa. There was a significant improvement of 64% using the split ejaculate, as compared with 44% using whole semen. We found a significantly higher sperm count and progressive motility in the split ejaculate (18 patients, 72%).

Cell Count↗

PubMed1979

An estimate of the fertility potential of the fractions of the split ejaculate in terms of the motile sperm count.

The motile sperm count is a simple index which is equivalent to the product of sperm density (millions of sperm per milliliter) and percentage of motility (motile sperm per 100 sperm x 0.01). Since other studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between this index and the pregnancy rate, it has been hypothesized that the motile sperm count could be useful for expressing the potential fertility of individual semen specimens. Collection of semen by the split ejaculate technique and subsequent artificial insemination homologous (AIH) with the best split fraction has been used for the treatment of oligospermia. We calculated the motile sperm count for whole semen and the first fraction of split ejaculates from 45 men who were studied for infertility. Subsequently, 15 couples agreed to AIH with the first fraction of the split ejaculate. The data indicate that the motile sperm count may be a reasonable index for comparing the potential fertility of the semen specimens and thereby estimating the chances of successful AIH.

Cell Count↗

PubMed1992

Sperm acrosin activity and fluorescence microscopic assessment of proacrosin/acrosin in ejaculates of infertile and fertile men.

OBJECTIVE: To compare biochemically active with immunoreactive sperm acrosin in fertile and infertile men. SETTING: This study was conducted in a tertiary care center, the Andrology Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, University of L'Aquila. PATIENTS: We evaluated the males in 40 infertile couples with no recognized cause of female infertility and 20 fertile men. INTERVENTIONS: Ejaculates were collected under standardized conditions of abstinence. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Total sperm acrosin activity was measured on a spectrophotometer in washed sperm stored at -80 degrees C for 1 to 6 days. The percent of spermatozoa immunostained by an antiserum against proacrosin/acrosin by indirect immunofluorescence (IFL) was determined on methanol fixed sperm smears. RESULTS: Biochemically active acrosin was correlated to immunoreactive acrosin (P = 0.0028), and both were inversely correlated to the percent of spermatozoa with an abnormal head (P = 0.00024 for acrosin activity and P = 0.0013 for IFL). Biochemically active and immunoreactive acrosin were lower in infertile compared with fertile men (P = 0.0012 and P = 0.0009, respectively). Sixty-eight percent of ejaculates with an acrosin activity lower than the limit value observed in fertile men showed a normal sperm morphology and a normal immunoreactivity for acrosin. CONCLUSIONS: A low sperm acrosin activity in teratospermic ejaculates is because of a lack or a defect of the immunogenic and functional domains of the protein. A low sperm acrosin in infertile men with normal semen parameters results from a possible functional defect of the enzyme that is immunohistochemically detected in spermatozoa.

Acrosin↗

PubMed1994

Impaired hamster egg penetration by human sperm from ejaculates with low acrosin activity but otherwise normal.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if a low acrosin activity in otherwise normal ejaculate from infertile patients is associated with an impairment of sperm functions involved in the hamster egg penetration. SETTING: A tertiary care center, the Andrology Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, University of L'Aquila. PATIENTS: Nine infertile patients with low acrosin activity in otherwise normal ejaculate (including normal immunoreactivity for acrosin) were studied; nine fertile men served as a control group. The two groups were homogeneous for seminal parameters. INTERVENTIONS: The hamster egg penetration assay and the acrosome reaction rate assessment were performed on capacitated sperm suspensions in basal conditions and after ionophore challenge. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The penetration rate, the penetration index, and the acrosome reaction rate were measured and compared between the groups. RESULTS: No penetration was achieved in seven patients and a low penetration was achieved in two cases. The difference with the control group was significant. The ionophore challenge was associated to penetration of hamster eggs in seven of nine patients, but the penetration index was significantly lower than the controls. Acrosin activity was correlated to hamster egg penetration. Both spontaneous and induced acrosome reaction rate were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: A low sperm acrosin activity in otherwise normal ejaculate is associated with an impaired hamster egg penetration. This impairment does not seem to be due to altered dynamics of acrosome reaction.

Acrosin↗

PubMed1997

Fertilization and pregnancy rates after intracytoplasmic sperm injection using ejaculate semen and surgically retrieved sperm.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the fertilization rates and pregnancy rates (PRs) in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) using sperm from ejaculates of normal and abnormal semen, epididymal sperm, and testicular sperm of obstructive and nonobstructive azoospermic patients. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: The Egyptian IVF-ET Center. PATIENT(S): Three hundred fifty patients underwent 366 ICSI cycles. INTERVENTION(S): ICSI, epididymal sperm aspiration, and testicular biopsy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Fertilization rates and PRs. RESULT(S): Patients were divided into five groups according to the quality and source of sperm. Patients in group 1 underwent 102 cycles of ICSI using ejaculated abnormal semen, group 2 underwent 44 cycles using epididymal sperm, group 3 underwent 82 cycles using testicular sperm from obstructive azoospermia, group 4 underwent 80 cycles using testicular sperm from nonobstructive azoospermia, and group 5 underwent 58 cycles using normal semen. There was no significant difference in the fertilization rates and PRs among groups 1, 2, and 3. In group 4, the fertilization rate and PR were significantly lower than in all other groups. In group 5, the fertilization rate was significantly higher than in all other groups. CONCLUSION(S): The fertilizing ability of sperm in ICSI is highest with normal semen and lowest with sperm extracted from a testicular biopsy in nonobstructive azoospermia. There was no significant difference in fertilization rates and PRs between ejaculated sperm of different parameters and surgically retrieved sperm in obstructive azoospermia.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Testicular sperm aspiration and intracytoplasmic sperm injection for persistent infection of the ejaculate.

OBJECTIVE: To report the successful use of testicular sperm aspiration and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in the presence of an Escherichia coli-infected ejaculate that previously caused repeated embryo degeneration. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: University medical center. PATIENT(S): A 38-year-old woman who did not conceive for 6 years with repeated IVF attempts. Escherichia coli was isolated from both the oocyte culture dish and her male partner's ejaculate. INTERVENTION(S): Testicular sperm aspiration and intracytoplasmic sperm injection followed by ET. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Clinical outcome. RESULT(S): Establishment of a pregnancy delivered at term. CONCLUSION(S): Patients undergoing IVF treatment who have repeated embryo degeneration caused by bacterial infection originating in the ejaculate may be treated successfully with testicular sperm aspiration and intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Effects of cadmium chloride administration on the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of ejaculates from Chios ram-lambs.

The effects of cadmium chloride on the volume of the ejaculate, semen density, total number of spermatozoa per ejaculate, viability, grade of motility, and morphological abnormalities were studied in 3-month-old ram-lambs of the Chios breed. Two groups of seven animals each were used. For a period of 7 months, one group was treated with a daily oral dose (3 mg/kg b.w.) of cadmium chloride and the other group received the corresponding volume of doubly distilled water. Blood samples were collected for cadmium determinations, whereas semen was collected weekly. In the cadmium-treated animals, cadmium concentration in the whole blood was increased and the testes weight was lower. The volume of the ejaculate, the semen density and the total number of spermatozoa were significantly reduced by the administration of cadmium chloride. No differences were observed in the viability, the grade motility of spermatozoa, or the percentage of dead and morphologically abnormal spermatozoa between the control and the cadmium-treated animals. Histopathological examination in the cadmium-treated animals revealed the presence of lesions in the Sertoli cells, the seminiferous tubules, the primary and the secondary spermatocytes and the spermatides, whereas in the Leydig cells no significant lesions were evident.

Aging↗

PubMed1994

Effect of seminal plasma on the motility of epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa of the ram and bull during the cryopreservation process.

Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of seminal plasma on sperm motility during the cryopreservation process. Ejaculated and epididymal spermatozoa from the ram and the bull were washed by centrifugation and resuspended in either seminal plasma or a modified Tyrode's medium (TALP) prior to dilution in medium suitable for cryopreservation. Resuspension of washed ejaculated ram spermatozoa in seminal plasma resulted in higher percentages of motile spermatozoa than resuspension in TALP after the spermatozoa were cooled to 5 degrees C (52 vs 35%), and after thawing (14 vs 9%), respectively. Resuspension of epididymal ram spermatozoa in seminal plasma had no beneficial effect in maintaining sperm motility after cooling (78 vs 73%); however, seminal plasma was beneficial to epididymal ram spermatozoa after thawing (34 vs 3%), respectively. Resuspension of washed ejaculated bull spermatozoa in either seminal plasma or TALP had no effect on the percentage of motile spermatozoa after cooling to 5 degrees C (73 vs 75%) or after thawing (60 vs 60%), respectively. In addition, seminal plasma had no beneficial effect on the percentage of motile epididymal bull spermatozoa when compared with that of TALP-treated spermatozoa after cooling (75 vs 72%) or after thawing (66 vs 63%), respectively. Seminal plasma from different sires (ram and bull) affected epididymal sperm motility. The ability of sperm cells to withstand damage during cryopreservation, however, appears to reside in the sperm cells themselves, probably due to sperm cell composition.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

Impact of prostatitis NIH IIIB (prostatodynia) on ejaculate parameters.

OBJECTIVES: Prostatitis NIH IIIB is defined by chronic pelvic pain without evidence of inflammation in prostate secretions or ejaculate. The relations between chronic prostatitis and fertility are discussed controversially. In this context, we analysed fertility data of a well defined collective of patients with prostatitis NIH IIIB. METHODS: We analysed prospective fertility data of a group of 30 patients with chronic prostatitis NIH IIIB and compared these data with the duration of symptoms as well as with an age-matched control group. RESULTS: The prostatitis group and the control group differed significantly in terms of ejaculate volume, motility and fructose concentration. The remaining parameters did not differ significantly. An azoospermia was present in 3 patients of the prostatitis group versus none of the control group. The duration of symptoms did not correlate with the sperm parameters (sperm density, motility and morphology). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with prostatitis NIH IIIB have changes in their ejaculate with a reduction of motility and a reduced fructose concentration. This supports a somatic aetiology of the chronic pelvic pain syndrome.

Adult↗