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PubMedDate not supplied

Toward an integrative approach in the analysis of dependency problems.

This article takes some preliminary steps towards an integrated analysis of dependency problems e.g., long-term tranquillizer use, alcohol dependence, problematic use of narcotics. It argues for the need to outline important theoretical, epistemological, and methodological prerequisites in the analysis of the complex dynamic developmental processes involved in dependency problems. The dynamic process leading to dependence can be studied by the aid of an artificial science neural network approach in combination with a mixed method strategy including a clarification of a combination of different epistemological positions. It is intended that the empirical output of this complex strategy will provide a starting point for a new theoretical analysis which, in turn, will lead to new and more relevant input variables in the neural network approach that will help us to extend our knowledge of the dynamic processes leading to dependency.

Comorbidity↗
PubMed1985

Imagery and combat stress in Vietnam veterans.

Greater exposure to combat in Vietnam leads to higher levels of Vietnam-linked imagery, as shown by three different measures: a) an experimental task; b) the Impact of Event Scale, a measure of intrusion and avoidance of imagery within the past week; and c) a measure of imagery experienced since return from Vietnam. The results support previous findings from analogue studies and civilian populations concerning the relationship between degree of stress and posttraumatic imagery.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Pseudoseizures in the era of video-electroencephalogram monitoring.

Psychogenic seizures may be difficult to distinguish from epileptic seizures lacking electrographic correlate. The presence of concomitant epilepsy or Munchausen syndrome by proxy may increase diagnostic difficulty. Clinical seizure characteristic, suggestion, prolactin levels, and continued recording after medication withdrawal may be useful in reaching a diagnosis. Dissociative disorders may be very common in psychogenic seizure patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Hypnosis, memory and amnesia.

Hypnotized subjects respond to suggestions from the hypnotist for imaginative experiences involving alterations in perception and memory. Individual differences in hypnotizability are only weakly related to other forms of suggestibility. Neuropsychological speculations about hypnosis focus on the right hemisphere and/or the frontal lobes. Posthypnotic amnesia refers to subjects' difficulty in remembering, after hypnosis, the events and experiences that transpired while they were hypnotized. Posthypnotic amnesia is not an instance of state-dependent memory, but it does seem to involve a disruption of retrieval processes similar to the functional amnesias observed in clinical dissociative disorders. Implicit memory, however, is largely spared, and may underlie subjects' ability to recognize events that they cannot recall. Hypnotic hypermnesia refers to improved memory for past events. However, such improvements are illusory: hypermnesia suggestions increase false recollection, as well as subjects' confidence in both true and false memories. Hypnotic age regression can be subjectively compelling, but does not involve the ablation of adult memory, or the reinstatement of childlike modes of mental functioning, or the revivification of memory. The clinical and forensic use of hypermnesia and age regression to enhance memory in patients, victims and witnesses (e.g. recovered memory therapy for child sexual abuse) should be discouraged.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Hysteria: its nature and explanation.

Hysteria is a concept that has led to much confusion and controversy. It is argued that a phenomenon exists which needs to be explained. The main contemporary approaches to hysteria are considered and all are shown to have serious weaknesses. It is argued that the illness behaviour/sick role model does have at least heuristic value in that it leads to asking a rather different set of questions about hysteria which should prove more amenable to experimental investigation. It also avoids the logical difficulties inherent in most of the alternative theories.

Conversion Disorder↗
PubMed2002

Causes of eating disorders.

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa have emerged as the predominant eating disorders. We review the recent research evidence pertaining to the development of these disorders, including sociocultural factors (e.g., media and peer influences), family factors (e.g., enmeshment and criticism), negative affect, low self-esteem, and body dissatisfaction. Also reviewed are cognitive and biological aspects of eating disorders. Some contributory factors appear to be necessary for the appearance of eating disorders, but none is sufficient. Eating disorders may represent a way of coping with problems of identity and personal control.

Cognition Disorders↗
PubMed1996

Recognition of hallucinations: a new multidimensional model and methodology.

Both from the clinical and mathematical perspectives, symptom recognition has received less attention than disease recognition. To redress this balance, it is imperative that multidimensional models are constructed for each and all mental symptoms. This paper offers one such model for "hallucinations', and a set of prototypical data comparing the performance of pattern recognition techniques (cluster and discriminant analyses) and neural networks (Kohonen and backpropagation). It is concluded that multidimensional models are less wasteful of information than (current) categorial ones. Because of this and of the fact that symptom structure is likely to be "isomorphic' with the brain region where the corresponding signal is generated, it is recommended that multidimensional models are preferentially used in neurobiological research.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1992

DSM-IV and new diagnostic categories: holding the line on proliferation.

The authors discuss aspects of the decision-making process for including "new" diagnostic categories in DSM-IV. They detail the different kinds of new categories proposed for inclusion in DSM-IV and discuss the risks and benefits of incorporating them. The authors comment on whether new diagnostic categories should be included in official nosologies as a stimulus for research or as a culmination of research. They also highlight problems with "sunsetting" diagnoses. The criteria for change in DSM-IV--a way to deal with the expanding array of proposals for additional diagnostic entities--are discussed. The authors also offer a series of specific examples of the different kinds of new categories being considered for inclusion in DSM-IV.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed2001

Prediction of psychological outcomes one year after a motor vehicle accident.

OBJECTIVE: The authors' goal was to identify predictors of 1-year outcomes for consecutive patients in a hospital emergency department following motor vehicle accidents and to describe the prevalence and course of four types of psychiatric outcomes after such accidents. METHOD: Consecutive patients aged 17-69 years who attended a general hospital emergency department following a motor vehicle accident were identified. Medical information for these patients was extracted from case notes, and the patients completed self-report questionnaires at baseline (soon after the accident), 3 months after the accident, and 1 year after the accident. Measures included a self-report scale for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and questions about phobic travel anxiety. Logistic regression was used to examine predictors of outcome. RESULTS: Different frequencies and courses of PTSD, phobic travel anxiety, general anxiety, and depression were reported by a third of the subjects at both 3-month and 1-year follow-up. Many of the subjects reported improvements between 3 and 12 months, but others described late onset of psychiatric outcomes after the accident. There were differences in baseline and 3-month predictors of each type of 1-year outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The four types of psychiatric outcomes after a motor vehicle accident that were noted overlap, are persistent, and have different early predictors. These findings have implications for the early recognition of psychiatric consequences of motor vehicle accidents that would enable early intervention.

Accidents, Traffic↗