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At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Comparative analysis of cranial suture complexity in the genus Caiman (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae).

The variation in degrees of interdigitation (complexity) in cranial sutures among species of Caiman in different skull regions was studied by fractal analysis. Our findings show that there is a small species effect in the fractal dimension of cranial sutures, but most variation is accounted for by regional differentiation within the skull. There is also a significant interaction between species and cranial regions. The braincase sutures show higher fractal dimension than the facial skull sutures for all three species. The fractal dimension of nasal-maxilla suture is larger in Caiman latirostris than in the other species. The braincase sutures show higher fractal dimensions in C. sclerops than in the other species. The results suggest that different regions of the skull in caimans are under differential functional stress and the braincase sutures must counteract stronger disarticulation forces than the facial sutures. The larger fractal dimension shown by C. latirostris in facial sutures has probably a functional basis also. Caiman latirostris is known to have preferences for harder food items than the other species.

Alligators and Crocodiles↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Nurse's conception about the national health system: a way without return].

This study aimed to analyze the conception of the nurse on the National Health System principles and lines of direction and to point the limits, advances and perspectives of the nurse facing the health municipally process in Itabuna-BA. Data were collected through semi-structured interview. The subjects were 13 nurses. For data analysis it was used the hermeneutic dialetic method. Results point that nurses conceive the Health System in its principles and lines of direction; the knowledge and the awareness of the nurse on the Naional Health System are important for her adhesion and involvement in the municipally process; nurses see as limits, the established care model, the sevice disarticulation and, mainly, the lack of autonomy. Related to the perspectives, it is expected that the National Health System will be effetive and healthcare will be expanded with increase in quality.

Brazil↗
PubMed2006

[Nursing training and the drugs phenomenon in the South of Brazil: nursing students' attitudes and beliefs on care].

This is a descriptive study about the formation of nurses regarding to the drug phenomenon. It was conducted with last periods students of Nursing Schools from five Federal Educational Institutions in southern Brazil. It presents and discusses Nursing students attitudes and beliefs about care, when facing the drug phenomenon. The data collection happened from October 2003 to February 2004, with intentional sample constituted of 105 students. An instrument was applied to them, with a scale asking about nurses attitudes and beliefs regarding to alcoholism and drugs. The study showed that the students understand knowledge about the drug phenomenon as fundamental to the profession, and they incorporate the care of people involved with psychoactive substances, as nurses role. The study also showed clearly a disarticulation between theory and practice, course s contents centered on medical and moral models, and interpersonal communication difficulties.

Brazil↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Four-legged broiler chicken with two cloacae and three ceca.

This case report examines an Arbor Acres female x Peterson male crossbred 6-wk-old female broiler chicken with four legs, two cloacae, and three ceca. The intestines occupied the caudodorsal portion of the abdominal cavity with three ceca attached to the terminal end of the ileum. The left lateral cecum was larger and had a divided distal end that terminated into 2-cm-long blind sacs. The rectum was dilated and divided into two cloacae that each opened on the dorsolateral aspect of both the right and left cloacal elevator muscles. The two extra legs were attached to the pygostyle by cartilage and skin tissue. Both femoral heads of the extraneous legs were fused together. The extra legs were smaller in size (approximately 17 cm in length) compared with the normal legs (approximately 22 cm). The femoral heads of the two normal legs were disarticulated from the acetabulum.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

The bite plate--an adjunct in periodontic and orthodontic therapy.

This report reviews bite plate therapy and describes several variations of bite plates. Bite plates may be useful as an adjunct to periodontic and orthodontic therapy. They may be used as a diagnostic appliance, to take mobile teeth out of trauma by disarticulating them, to allow teeth to extrude and shallow out associated osseous deformities, and to eliminate the superimposed occlusal trauma that may be caused by the parafunctional habits that can develop during orthodontic tooth movement. The change in vertical position of the dentition and the decrease in overbite are primarily due to eruption of the posterior teeth and not intrusion of the lower anterior teeth. The decrease in overbite may be accompanied by an increase in overjet and an alteration of the mesio-distal and bucco-lingual occlusal landmarks. In some cases the use of a bite plate may cause the development of an anterior open bite. Any such occlussal alterations produced by the bite plate should be corrected by occlusal adjustment or orthodontic therapy and occlusal adjustment.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1994

Anatomical restraints to dislocation of the second metatarsophalangeal joint and assessment of a repair technique.

The aim of this study was to determine the anatomical restraints to dislocation of the second metatarsophalangeal joint and to assess the biomechanical efficacy of a technique that is commonly used to stabilize this joint. Cadaveric feet were disarticulated at the ankle, with preservation of the long flexor tendons at the medial malleolus. The hindfoot was transfixed to an aluminum jig, and a contoured nylon block was secured to the dorsum of the second metatarsal. A Kirschner wire was passed transversely through the proximal phalanx and was attached to a wire loop through which a constant vertical displacement was applied with a universal testing machine. A preload of five newtons was applied, followed by a constant displacement of two millimeters per minute, and the load-displacement curves were measured. The volar plate and the collateral ligaments were divided in five feet each. In another ten feet, both of these structures were divided simultaneously. Each load cycle was repeated four times. The force required to dislocate the joint, in the position in which testing was performed, was reduced by a mean of 30 per cent when the volar plate was divided and by a mean of 46 per cent when the collateral ligaments were divided. Division of both of these structures created an unstable joint, which dislocated at an applied load of five to ten newtons. The metatarsophalangeal joint was then repaired with use of a flexor tendon transfer in all twenty feet. This repair technique restored the load-displacement curves to that of the normal toe.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1996

Continuous postoperative infusion of a regional anesthetic after an amputation of the lower extremity. A randomized clinical trial.

We performed a prospective, randomized clinical trial to determine whether continuous infusion of bupivacaine hydrochloride decreased the use of narcotics for the relief of pain after an amputation. Twenty-one patients who were to have an amputation of the lower extremity because of ischemic necrosis secondary to peripheral vascular disease were divided into two groups with use of a table of random numbers. Group A (the treatment group) included nine patients who were to have a transtibial amputation, one patient who was to have a disarticulation at the knee, and one patient who was to have a transfemoral amputation. Group B (the control group) included seven patients, two patients, and one patient, respectively. After the amputation had been performed, a Teflon catheter was placed adjacent to the transected end of the sciatic or posterior tibial nerve. Postoperatively, the patients received continuous infusion of either bupivacaine (Group A) or normal saline solution (Group B) for seventy-two hours. Intravenous administration of morphine with use of a patient-controlled pump also was permitted during this period. The amount of morphine that was used was recorded meticulously. The patients in Group A used less morphine during the first and second days after the operation than did those in Group B. There was no difference between the groups with regard to the amount of morphine used on the third postoperative day. Over-all, eleven of fourteen patients who completed questionnaires reported a decrease in pain between the three and six-month evaluations. We concluded that continuous perineural infusion of an anesthetic appears to be a safe, effective method for the relief of postoperative pain but that it does not prevent residual or phantom-limb pain in patients who have had an amputation of the lower extremity because of ischemic changes secondary to peripheral vascular disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Enchondroma of the distal phalanx of the hand.

We saw five patients who had enchondroma of the distal phalanx, a relatively uncommon site for that lesion. Three patients had pain secondary to a pathological fracture and were managed with curettage and bone-grafting through a palmar longitudinal incision. The other two patients had severe deformities of the fingertip and nail. One was managed with disarticulation of the distal interphalangeal joint and the other, with curettage and grafting through a dorsal approach followed by reconstruction of the nail matrix. We believe that the palmar incision in the pulp of the finger has few, if any, complications.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Tibia-hindfoot osteomusculocutaneous rotationplasty with calcaneopelvic arthrodesis for extensive loss of bone from the proximal part of the femur. A report of two cases.

We report a new technique to create an effective lower extremity weight-bearing stump for two patients who had extensive segmental loss of femoral bone proximal to the distal femoral condyles. One patient had previously had complete resection of the proximal part of the femur because of an infection following the insertion of a custom femoral replacement and hip arthroplasty prosthesis. The other patient had had débridement of the femur from the subcapital line to the femoral condyles because of post-traumatic osteomyelitis after failure of a reconstruction with a massive allograft. Both patients were managed with a tibia-hindfoot osteomusculocutaneous rotationplasty after transtarsal (Chopart) amputation, with calcaneopelvic arthrodesis to create stable fixation of the extremity to the pelvis; this fixation allowed flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction of the hip by means of the retained tibiotalar and subtalar joints. At the time of the latest follow-up (at thirty-three and forty-four months), both patients were bearing full weight, without pain, with the use of a standard above-the-knee-amputation prosthesis. We report this procedure as a useful alternative to disarticulation at the level of the hip in patients who have massive loss of femoral bone and destruction of the hip joint in association with scarred and previously infected soft tissues and are not considered to be candidates for other forms of limb-preservation reconstruction. The patient must be willing to accept the equivalent of a low above-the-knee amputation and recognize the potential value of a weight-bearing stump.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The effect of fibular malreduction on contact pressures in an ankle fracture malunion model.

Nine fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens were disarticulated through the knee, and the soft tissues, except for the interosseous ligaments and interosseous membrane, were removed to the level of the ankle. The subtalar joint was secured with screws in neutral position (approximately 5 degrees of valgus). Contact pressures in the tibiotalar joint were measured with use of low-grade pressure-sensitive film, which was placed through an anterior capsulotomy. For each measurement, 700 newtons of load was applied to the specimen for one minute. The film imprints were scanned, and the contact pressures were quantitated in nine equal quadrants over the talar dome. A fracture-displacement device was secured to the distal end of the fibula; the device allowed for individual or combined displacements consisting of shortening, lateral shift, and external rotation of the fibula. The ankle was maintained in neutral flexion. The ligamentous injury associated with a pronation-lateral rotation fracture of the ankle was simulated by dividing the deep fibers of the deltoid ligament, the anterior-inferior tibiofibular ligament, and the interosseous membrane to a point that was an average of fifty-three millimeters proximal to the ankle joint. Baseline contact area and contact pressure in the joint were determined, followed by measurements after two, four, and six millimeters of shortening of the fibula; after two, four, and six millimeters of lateral shift of the fibula; and after 5, 10, and 15 degrees of external rotation of the fibula. The three types of displacement were tested individually as well as in combination. The simulated deformities were found to cause a shift of the contact pressure to the mid-lateral and posterolateral quadrants of the talar dome, with pressures as high as 4.1 megapascals. A corresponding decrease in the contact pressures was noted in the medial quadrants of the talar dome. The highest pressures were recorded for maximum shortening of the fibula, the combination of maximum shortening and lateral shift, the combination of maximum shortening and external rotation, and the combination of maximum shortening, lateral shift, and external rotation. In general, increases in each displacement variable corresponded to increasing contact pressures.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Superior compressive strength of a calcaneal fracture construct augmented with remodelable cancellous bone cement.

Twenty-six paired, fresh-frozen cadaveric feet were disarticulated at the ankle joint, and the dome of the talus was potted. Stress-risers were placed along the medial, lateral, and posterior aspects of the calcaneus, and the specimen was loaded rapidly to failure in a testing machine to produce a type-IIB displaced intra-articular fracture according to the classification system of Sanders et al. One specimen of each pair was treated with standard internal fixation with bone-grafting (the control group), and the other was treated with similar fixation but with SRS (Skeletal Repair System) calcium phosphate bone cement placed in any osseous defect. All of the specimens were cured for twenty-four hours in a bath of saline solution at 37 degrees Celsius. The specimens were tested cyclically for ten cycles from zero to 100 newtons at one hertz and for 1010 cycles from zero to 350 newtons at one hertz. The deformation per cycle (millimeters per cycle), first-cycle deformation (millimeters), number of cycles to failure, and number of specimens withstanding the cyclical testing were calculated. The specimens were examined radiographically before and after fracture and after reconstruction and testing. A large difference in the results of the cyclical testing was noted. The specimens that had been augmented with the SRS bone cement had an average deformation of 0.00195 millimeter per cycle compared with 1.013 millimeters per cycle in the control group (p < 0.005). A similar magnitude of difference was noted when the results were stratified for good and poor-quality bone. Visual examination and radiographs demonstrated that a type-IIB displaced intra-articular fracture had been created reproducibly, and computed tomographic scans showed that nearly anatomical reconstruction had been achieved in all of the specimens. The computerized tomographic scans revealed good filling of the osseous voids and no evidence of failure of the cement after cyclical loading.

Bone Cements↗
PubMed2007

Safe zone for the placement of medial malleolar screws.

BACKGROUND: Hardware placement for fracture fixation can put soft-tissue structures at risk for injury or abutment. The prominence of the hardware is a frequent cause of pain after the fixation of ankle fractures. This study was designed to assess the risk of injury or abutment of the posterior tibial tendon with the placement of medial malleolar screws. METHODS: Ten unmatched cadaveric limbs that had been disarticulated at the knee were used, and the medial malleolus was exposed by dissection of the skin. With use of fluoroscopy and direct visualization of the deep fascia, three Kirschner wires were placed through the tip of the medial malleolus and directed parallel to the medial articular surface. The first wire was placed in the center of the anterior colliculus. Two additional wires were placed parallel and posterior to the initial wire at 5-mm intervals. The wires were overdrilled, and 4.0-mm screws were inserted over the Kirschner wires. The specimens were dissected to inspect for trauma and the proximity of the screws to the posterior tibial tendon. The medial malleolus was divided into three zones on the basis of anatomic landmarks. Zone 1 is the anterior colliculus; Zone 2, the intercollicular groove; and Zone 3, the posterior colliculus. RESULTS: Screws placed in Zone 1 (the anterior colliculus) did not contact the posterior tibial tendon in any specimens. Screws placed in Zone 2 (the intercollicular groove) were, on the average, 2 mm from the posterior tibial tendon. Screws placed in Zone 3 (the posterior colliculus) resulted in tendon abutment in all ten specimens and in tendon injury in five of the ten specimens. CONCLUSIONS: Screws inserted posterior to the anterior colliculus place the posterior tibial tendon at significant risk for injury or abutment.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Computed tomography of the sacrum: 1. normal anatomy.

The sacrum of a disarticulated pelvis was scanned with a Pfizer 0450 computed tomographic scanner using contiguous 5 mm sections to display the normal computed tomographic anatomy of the sacrum. These anatomic sections were then compared with normal sacrums. In analyzing the computed tomographic anatomy, emphasis was placed on the central canal and sacral foramina, in that these landmarks are important in determining not only the presence but also the type of pathology involving the sacrum.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1983

Clubfoot deformity and tibiofibular diastasis.

Four children with distal tibiofibular diastasis associated to talipes equinovarus deformity are described. Tibial hypoplasia resulting in tibiofibular diastasis is believed to be the underlying cause of the deformity. This complex deformity is usually associated with other congenital malformations including congenital cardiac defects and other limb anomalies. Surgical therapy has centered on establishment of an ankle mortise; however, several authors believe that the best treatment is early ankle disarticulation rather than reconstructive surgery. Radiographs should be made of all apparent clubfoot deformities in order to rule out the more serious distal tibiofibular diastasis deformity.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2001

Photoelastic stress analysis of strain patterns in equine hooves after four-point trimming.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate changes in strain patterns in normal equine hooves following 4-point trimming, using photoelastic stress analysis. SAMPLE POPULATION: 15 equine front limbs with normal hoof configuration. PROCEDURE: Limbs were disarticulated at the carpometacarpal joint. Weight-bearing surfaces of each hoof were trimmed level to ensure 100% ground contact. Hoof walls were coated with a custom-made strain-sensitive plastic, and limbs were loaded to a third of body weight. Using a polariscope, strain distribution, magnitudes, and directions were evaluated in level hooves as well as before and after standardized 4-point trimming. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare strain magnitudes and directions before and after trimming. RESULTS: In leveled specimens, strain fields were symmetrically distributed above the heels and at quarter-toe junctions along a line between the middle and distal thirds of the hoof wall. After 4-point trimming, strain epicenters localized above the contact points, whereas strain magnitudes significantly increased by approximately 50%. Decreasing contact area by 50% resulted in an additional significant increase (32%) in strain magnitude. Trimming did not have a significant effect on strain orientations. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study documents that 4-point trimming results in strain concentration above the hoof contact points and that strain magnitude is dependent on contact area.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Development and validation of a periarticular injection technique of the sacroiliac joint in horses.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Sacroiliac joint osteoarthritis has been recognised as a significant cause of poor performance in competition and racehorses. Reliable diagnostic tools are currently lacking. The diagnosis has been based typically on exclusion of other possible causes of poor performance, back pain and hindlimb lameness. OBJECTIVES: To develop a safe, reliable and minimally invasive periarticular or intra-articular injection technique of potential use for diagnosis and therapy of sacroiliac joint disease in horses. METHODS: Twenty-six horses were used to develop and assess a medial approach to the sacroiliac joint with a 15 gauge, 25 cm long spinal needle. In Part I, the cadaveric study, the spinal needle was introduced cranial to the contralateral tuber sacrale and advanced along the medial aspect of the ipsilateral iliac wing until the dorsal surface of the sacrum was encountered. One ml methylene blue (MB) was injected in both sacroiliac joint regions of the sacropelvic specimens. The location of MB-stained tissues relative to the sacroiliac joints was recorded after dissection and disarticulation of the sacroiliac joint. In Part II, the in vivo study, 18 horses were used to validate the in vivo application of the sacroiliac joint injection technique. Horses were restrained in stocks and sedated in preparation for needle placement. One ml MB was injected bilaterally prior to euthanasia. Stained tissues were identified and recorded at necropsy. Successful joint injections were characterised as having MB located intra-articularly or < or = 2 cm periarticularly from the sacroiliac joint margin and localised to the middle or caudal third of the sacroiliac joint. RESULTS: Intra-articular MB was not observed in any specimen. However, MB-stained tissue was identified periarticularly in all injection sites (n = 48). Based on the predetermined success criteria, 96% of the methylene blue depots were located at the middle or caudal third of the sacroiliac joint. Dye-stained tissue was located < or = 2 cm from the sacroiliac joint margins in 88% of the specimens. Median distance of the MB from the sacroiliac joint margins was 1.0 cm (range 0.2-3.8 cm). The overall success rate considering both location and distance of the MB-stained tissue relative to sacroiliac joint margins was 83% (40 of 48 joints). CONCLUSIONS: The injection technique provides a reliable, easy to perform and consistent access to the medial periarticular aspect of the sacroiliac joint. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The described injection technique has the potential for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications in the medical management of equine sacroiliac joint disease. Further investigation is necessary to evaluate clinical efficacy and potential adverse effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Demonstration by X-ray microprobe analysis of relationship between chondrocytes and tertiary surface structure of hyaline articular cartilage.

Blocks of hyaline cartilage from the femoral condyles of five young adult beagles dogs were quench-frozen in nitrogen slush at 63 K. The free cartilage surfaces of blocks from three animals were examined in the secondary electron mode; the remaining specimens were cut by cryoultramicrotone (approximately 188 K) tangential to the surface to expose midzone cartilage which was examined in the backscattered electron mode. A random array of gently convex prominences was apparent at the free cartilage surfaces. When X-ray emissions were recorded from tissue immediately below these elevations, the spectra proved to be similar to those derived from midzone chondrocytes. These spectra revealed high count rates for the X-rays characteristic of P and K. By contrast, in areas of free surface remote from these prominences, and in midzone intercellular matrix, larger count rates for the X-rays characteristic of Na, S. Cl and Ca were detected. The evidence supports the hypothesis that the elevations seen on the non-loaded articular cartilage of disarticulated mammalian synovial joints are the surface representations of superficial chondrocytes.

Animals↗