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PubMed2000

AutoDep: a web-based system for deposition and validation of macromolecular structural -information.

This paper describes the design and full implementation of a new concept in data deposition and validation: AutoDep (copyright Brookhaven Science Associates LLC). AutoDep changes the traditional procedure for data acceptance and validation of the primary databases into an interactive depositor-driven operation which almost eliminates the delay between the acceptance of the data and its public release. The system takes full advantage of the knowledge and expertise of the experimenters, rather than relying on the database curators for the complete and accurate description of the structural experiment and its results. AutoDep, developed by the Protein Data Bank at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) as a flexible and portable system, has already been adopted by other primary databases and implemented on different platforms/operating systems. AutoDep was introduced at BNL in 1996 [see Manning (1996), Protein Data Bank Quart. Newslett. 77, 2 (ftp://ftp.rcsb. org/pub/pdb/doc/newsletters/bnl/newsletter96jul/newslttr+ ++.txt); Manning (1996), Protein Data Bank Quart. Newslett. 78, 2 (ftp://ftp. rcsb.org/pub/pdb/doc/newsletters/bnl/newsletter96oct/+ ++newslttr.txt)].

Computer Security↗

PubMed1999

Fuzzy logic alternative for analysis in the biomedical sciences.

Fuzzy logic brings new possibilities into control, modeling, data analysis, diagnostics, decision making, and other working fields in biomedical sciences. This paper presents how fuzzy logic can be used as an alternative or supplement to statistics in biomedical analysis. It shows an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference computing in comparison with linear and curvilinear regression. The main goal of this presentation is to involve fuzzy logic in biomedical research. Thus, we carried out a mathematical treatment of the clinical sample, semen of infertile man, with the independent variable Concentration of spermatozoa and the dependent variable Number of spermatozoa by 230 observations.

Biometry↗

PubMed1992

International distribution of dental materials publications and patents.

International patterns of research and development in the field of restorative dental materials were examined with data on publications (1981-85) and patents (1979-88). It was found that United States-based authors produced approximately one-half of all dental materials journal articles published worldwide, while US inventors had nearly the same share of the US dental materials patents. During the periods studied, the share of US patents in dental materials awarded to US inventors declined, while the share of US patents awarded to Japanese inventors rose. The role of the United States in research (as measured by journal articles) remained stable. Nations differed in the degree to which their researchers specialized in particular research areas. US-based authors and inventors were relatively over-represented in prosthetic materials and under-represented in dental cements, an area in which the British and the Japanese concentrated more of their activity. There was some, but not complete, agreement in the patterns of national specialization as indexed by patent and publication data. When dental materials data were compared with data for broader fields of science and technology, important differences were found. For publications, US-based authors displayed greater dominance in dental materials than in the fields of dentistry, chemistry, and materials science. US-based inventors' share of US dental materials patents was smaller than their share of all US patents. These analyses demonstrated that it was possible to use indicators derived from publication and patent data files to conduct insightful studies of a discrete specialty of science and technology.

Databases, Bibliographic↗

PubMed1998

Sharing and archiving data is fundamental to scientific progress.

The persuasive argument for sharing and archiving data is that scientists must build on the shoulders of other scientists, that science is cumulative and replicative, and that science must be open. Sharing and archiving data are just a small part of all that is implied by that principle, but it is inextricably part of our obligation as social and behavioral scientists to conduct our work in the open. Only then can others see and understand what we did, and only then will someone have a chance to confirm that we were right, or to prove that we were wrong. Moreover, data archiving and sharing create opportunities for addressing questions not envisioned by the initial investigators. Indeed, by supplementing or pooling archived data, new and original data sets can be created that permit analyses well beyond the purpose or scope of the initial data collection. Of course, the creativity and labor of initial investigators should be protected, and the privacy of research participants must be safeguarded. These protections and safeguards, however, are not antithetical to data archiving and sharing. They simply raise questions about when and how data archiving and sharing should take place. In our view, the benefits of properly archived and shared data for outweigh the potential for harm. As indicated above, this is a perspective shared by several funding agencies of behavioral and social research, including the NIA.

Data Collection↗

PubMed2001

DNase I: structure, function, and use in medicine and forensic science.

In this review, available structural data of deoxyribonucleases I (DNases I) from several mammalian species, hen, snake and frog are summarized. Comparative studies on enzymatic and immunological properties and glycosylation are discussed, and several evolutionary conclusions are presented. Over the past decade, the availability of new investigative tools, including sensitive methods of electrophoresis, detection and determination, and genetically modified DNase I models has resulted in a clearer understanding of the molecular mechanisms that connect the function and usefulness of DNase I in medicine and forensic science.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

The cancer and leukemia group B pathology committee at 50.

The Pathology Committee of the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) is broadly and deeply integrated into the multidisciplinary clinical and scientific operations of the group. It has five major functions in CALGB. First, it insures the highest possible quality of pathologic data in tissue-based correlative science studies through comprehensive quality control of all tissues collected, banked, and distributed to investigators and of all morphology-based studies done within the CALGB. Within this context, the Pathology Committee has the goal of eliminating, to the greatest degree possible, variation in methodology, interpretation, and reporting of pathologic data that would compromise reproducibility of correlative science results and to assure accuracy, uniformity, and completeness of the pathologic data. Second, the committee provides expert pathologic consultation in the development of clinical trials and correlative science studies that involve pathologic issues and/or materials. Third, it provides high-quality tissue banking and centralized morphology-based technical support services (e.g., histologic sections for immunohistochemistry, tissue microarrays, etc.) for all CALGB investigators. Fourth, it initiates and executes high-quality pathologic research using CALGB and intergroup resources. Lastly, it provides group-wide education on pathology-related issues relevant to trial design, scientific study design, and specimen banking.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A new era of discovery in facial plastic surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To review recent advances in our understanding of molecular biology and wound healing relevant to facial plastic surgery. DATA SOURCES: Recent basic science literature relevant to molecular biology and wound healing and its clinical implications. CONCLUSIONS: During the 21st century, we will experience a new biological and informational age that will have profound implications for facial plastic surgery. This modern era will be driven by discoveries in molecular biology and wound healing that will result in new diagnosis and treatment modalities.

Craniofacial Abnormalities↗

PubMed2000

Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor SC-236 attenuates mechanical allodynia following nerve root injury in rats.

Low back pain is a common problem, affecting approximately two-thirds of the adult population. Of these individuals, a significant percentage will exhibit symptoms of radicular pain or sciatica. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of one systemic (2 mg/kg) or intrathecal (0.2 mg/kg) dose of a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (SC-236) in decreasing existing mechanical allodynia in a rat model of radiculopathy. Gait disturbance and mechanical allodynia (increased response to non-noxious von Frey monofilament stimuli) were assessed daily until the rats were killed 7 days after surgery. Robust mechanical allodynia developed in the rats in all groups except for those in the sham group by day 1 after surgery. Mechanical allodynia was significantly lower in the rats that received the systemic or the intrathecal dose of SC-236 than in those in the vehicle control group (analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison test, p = 0.002). The intrathecal drug route of administration produced greater attenuation in allodynia than the systemic dose, supporting a central mechanism of action of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (p = 0.002). The hypothesis that cyclooxygenase-2 is involved in spinal nociceptive processing after a nerve root injury was supported by this study. In addition, these data support continued basic science research to further elucidate central inflammatory processes that follow nerve root injury.

Animals↗

PubMed2007

The use of antiviral drugs in the prevention and treatment of Kaposi sarcoma, multicentric Castleman disease and primary effusion lymphoma.

Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus [KSHV, also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)] is the most recently identified member of the human herpesvirus family. Kaposi sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman disease are all associated with KSHV infection. Although the incidence of KS has declined dramatically in areas with access to highly active antiretroviral therapy, it remains the most common AIDS-associated malignancy in the developed world and is one of the most common cancers in developing nations. Current treatment options for KSHV-associated disease are ineffective, unavailable, or toxic to many affected persons. A growing body of basic science, preclinical, and observational data suggests that antiviral medications may play an important role in the prevention and treatment of KSHV-associated disease.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Are thiazolidinediones good or bad for the heart?

Type 2 diabetes is a global epidemic contributing to significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The high prevalence of cardiovascular disease can largely be attributed to the metabolic syndrome with its multiple cardiovascular risk factors, including central obesity, hypertension, glucose intolerance, chronic inflammation, and dyslipidemia. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists, the thiazolidinediones, may potentially correct the inflammatory disarray, endothelial dysfunction, dyslipidemia, and plaque vulnerability associated with diabetic cardiovascular disease through their effects on insulin resistance and fat metabolism, yet they can also exacerbate congestive heart failure. This review summarizes basic science, animal, and human data on the effects of thiazolidinediones on cardiovascular disease.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Epidemiology and health policy--a world of difference? A case-study of a cholera outbreak in Kaputa district, Zambia.

The relationship between epidemiology and health policy is an area of considerable debate. This article demonstrates the use of epidemiological methods to make health policy formulation more 'policy significant' and 'down to earth'. A case-study of a cholera outbreak in Kaputa district, Zambia is used as an illustration. A closer liaison between epidemiology and social sciences is advocated. Epidemiological data should be supplied as feed back to the study population to facilitate community-based action for health.

Cholera↗

PubMed2004

Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND: For many years, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was considered an effective method of restoring the relative protection from coronary artery disease enjoyed by premenopausal women compared with men of similar age. This view has been supported by a substantial number of basic science and observational studies. DATA SOURCES: Results of recent randomized controlled trials have seriously challenged the concept of the protective value of HRT by showing that rather than decreasing the risk of coronary artery disease, HRT actually appears to increase it. In addition, it increases the risk for breast cancer, stroke, venous thromboembolism, and cholecystitis. RESULTS: Despite some benefits such as increased bone mineral density and decreased risk of fracture and colorectal cancer, these data suggest that the risks of HRT outweigh the benefits. CONCLUSIONS: HRT is no longer routinely recommended for prevention of chronic disease. We present the current scientific data, benefits, risks, and consequent clinical recommendations regarding HRT use in postmenopausal women.

Breast Neoplasms↗

PubMed2003

Gene and haplotype frequencies for the loci hLA-A, hLA-B, and hLA-DR based on over 13,000 german blood donors.

Numerous applications in clinical medicine and forensic sciences depend on reliable data concerning the frequencies of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes and haplotypes. Assuming a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium of the underlying population, these frequencies can be estimated from phenotype data using an expectation-maximization-algorithm also known under the name "gene counting." We have refined this algorithm in order to cope with the heterogeneous resolution of HLA phenotypes frequently occurring in large datasets due to the structure of the HLA nomenclature. This was a prerequisite to analyze a set of 13,386 blood donors contributed by over 40 blood banks who were tested for HLA-DR when they volunteered to become marrow donors. This data set is still unique in the German national donor registry because their HLA-DR-typing was not biased by patient oriented searches or other strategies for selective typing. As a consequence of the size of the sample, the frequency estimates for the genes and the two- and three-locus haplotypes of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-DR are of unprecedented precision and allow interesting projections concerning the efficiency and economic aspects of the development of a large donor registry in Germany.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2003

Cancer vaccines.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a review of cancer vaccines, how they work, and the current state of the science underlying these treatments. DATA SOURCES: Research studies, review articles, book chapters, personal communications. CONCLUSION: Vaccines have been studied in a variety of malignancies; however, melanoma has provided the best tumor model for vaccination. Clinical trials continue to investigate the optimal vaccine, route, and immunization schedule. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Oncology nurses must grasp a widening array of therapeutic options for cancer patients. The educational needs of the patient will be better met through a thorough understanding of basic concepts of newer cancer therapies.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed2001

Clinical analysis of voice change as a parameter of premenstrual syndrome.

We have evaluated the relationship between voice change and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) by comparing acoustic measurements made during the follicular phase and the premenstrual phase. Twenty-eight women were followed for 2 months for this study. Each participant was asked to produce an /a/ sound for 5 seconds at the midfollicular phase of the menstrual cycle and then 2-3 days before menstruation. Each voice sample was stored and analyzed by the Dr. Speech Science program. The voice data collected from all subjects during the two phases were compared. After that, the subjects were divided into a PMS-positive and PMS-negative group according to the criteria cited in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV); the voice data from each group were compared separately between the two phases. There was no significant difference in the acoustic parameters between the two phases in all subjects (N = 28). In the PMS-positive group (N = 16), jitter was significantly increased during the premenstrual phase compared to the follicular phase (p = 0.048). The patient's PMS score was not correlated with the severity of voice change. We conclude that the change of voice parameter was objectively identified in the PMS-positive group, therefore more careful voice habituation is required during the premenstrual phase in that group.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

An Analysis of Craniocentric and Oculocentric Coding Stages in a Neural Network Model of the Saccadic System.

We have shown earlier in a neural network study of the saccadic system, how retinal error an efference copy signal of eye position may give rise to distributed coding of target position in craniocentric coordinates at one level, and of motor error in oculocentric coordinates at another stage. In the present paper, the coding properties of units in the model's two hidden layers were investigated, in order to understand at a more abstract level, how they handle their inputs and how the two different target representations at subsequent stages emerge. In particular, we hoped to understand better how craniocentric and oculocentric target representations can be constructed by merging a retino-topically coded visual signal and recruitment-coded eye position information. In the first hidden layer, we found that inputs from both visual and oculomotor signals were nicely matched in showing similar directional selectivity. Computationally, the net input of each hidden unit can be represented by the dot product between a fixed sensitivity vector, embodied by the unit's input weights, and the two-dimensional input signal encoded by the population activity. Scaling of the resulting total net input signal through a sigmoidal nonlinearity then yields the activity of the hidden unit. The fact that the sensitivity vectors for retinal and oculomotor signals in the first hidden layer were roughly aligned and matched in amplitude is the basic underlying principle for a rough craniocentric coding at this level. Units in the second hidden layer represent motor error. This can similarly be understood on the basis of the previously mentioned dot product characterization of the hidden unit's connectivity. The combined process of tuned projection and compression by the unit's sigmoidal nonlinearity also captures the gain-field properties of units in the first hidden layer. Our study suggests that the approach underlying the present analysis of an artificial network may be a useful tool to describe real networks and to allow a direct comparison of simulated and neurophysiological data. Copyright 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The role of physical agents in modulating pain.

This article presents a review of the literature on the use of physical agents in modulating pain associated the hand and upper extremity musculoskeletal conditions. The physical agents presented include superficial heating agents, cryotherapy, ultrasound, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. There has been increased interest in modes of transdermal drug delivery, including iontophoresis, phonophoresis, and the application of transdermal patches. Treatment applications, parameters, and integration strategies are suggested. The purposes of this article are to review which physical agents are used to treat pain or inflammation and to discuss their relevant application to hand therapy practice. Today's health care climate requires therapists to select treatment strategies that are efficient, safe, and clinically effective. Although physical agents are widely used to manage pain in hand therapy, there is little scientific evidence to support their efficacy. Most information regarding the rationale for the use of physical agents in pain management is based on tradition, data extrapolated from basic science research, and uncontrolled randomized clinical trials. This paper discusses the need for additional research to establish clinical efficacy and determine optimal treatment parameters for the physical agents used most often to modulate pain in hand therapy.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2002

Hypertension guidelines: criteria that might make them more clinically useful.

Cardiovascular disease prevention depends on reduction of risk factors, including hypertension. Guidelines designed to improve management of hypertension are widely available. Their purpose is to assemble the available data from basic biomedical science, epidemiology, and clinical science in an accessible form with which physicians and patients can make reasoned decisions for individual cases. However, guidelines have been neither widely accepted, nor effectively implemented. We recommend a strategy for guideline preparation designed to yield a product more user friendly, accessible, and effective. Guideline recommendations and the evidence used to make them should be based on an explicit grading system. Relevant clinical as well as nonclinical factors must be considered. Moreover, because the goal of antihypertensive therapy is to prevent cardiovascular events, and the likelihood of such events is determined by multifactor or absolute risk assessment, risk, rather than level of blood pressure (BP), should determine the need for therapy. Similarly, the benefit of therapy must be assessed by reduction in cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality.

Humans↗