Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “DEPRESSION”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Phenelzine and imipramine in mood reactive depressives. Further delineation of the syndrome of atypical depression.

Sixty patients who met Research Diagnostic Criteria for major, intermittent, or minor depressive disorder and had reactive mood without atypical symptoms were treated with imipramine hydrochloride, phenelzine sulfate, or a placebo. These patients, referred to as simple mood reactive depressives, were contrasted with previously published data from 180 atypical depressives. Atypical depressives had the presence of at least one vegetative atypical sign (hypersomnia, hyperphagia, leaden feeling, or rejection sensitivity) but were otherwise indistinguishable from simple mood reactive depressives. In contrast to the atypical depressives for whom phenelzine was effective and imipramine was relatively ineffective, both medications were equivalently good in simple mood reactive depressives. Since all groups did poorly when given a placebo and well when given phenelzine, the salient feature of atypical symptoms may be that they predict poor response to imipramine. Since the difference between imipramine and placebo depends on the diagnostic group, pharmacologic dissection suggests that atypical symptoms in patients with nonautonomous mood may delineate a qualitatively distinct subgroup.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Neuroendocrine response to L-5-hydroxytryptophan challenge in prepubertal major depression. Depressed vs normal children.

The neuroendocrine response to L-5-hydroxytryptophan was compared in 37 prepubertal children who met the Research Diagnostic Criteria for major depressive disorder with that in 23 normal children with no lifetime history of any psychiatric disorder and very low rates of depression in both first- and second-degree relatives. Intravenous L-5-hydroxytryptophan (0.8 mg/kg) was given over a 1-hour interval after preloading with oral carbidopa, an inhibitor of peripheral but not central L-5-hydroxytryptophan metabolism. L-5-Hydroxytryptophan, a precursor of serotonin, increases serotonin turnover in the central nervous system when given after carbidopa. Seven (19%) of the 37 children with major depressive disorder and two (9%) of the 23 normal children had nausea or vomiting and therefore did not complete the full infusion. They were subsequently excluded from data analysis. After this stimulation, prolactin, cortisol, and growth hormone secretion were compared between diagnostic groups. The depressed children secreted significantly less cortisol (effect size, 0.70) and significantly more prolactin (effect size, 0.83). There was a sex-by-diagnosis interaction in prolactin response to L-5-hydroxytryptophan and, on examination, the prolactin hypersecretion was seen in depressed girls but not in depressed boys compared with same-sex controls. There was no significant stimulation of growth hormone in either group. These findings are consistent with dysregulation of central serotonergic systems in childhood major depression.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Serotonin and the neurobiology of depression. Effects of tryptophan depletion in drug-free depressed patients.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of tryptophan depletion in untreated depressed patients. Rapid dietary depletion of the precursor of serotonin synthesis, tryptophan, causes a transient return of depression in 67% of patients who have had a therapeutic antidepressant response. METHOD: Forty-three untreated depressed patients underwent tryptophan depletion in a double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study. After testing, they received open sequential antidepressant treatment. RESULTS: Mood did not change when tryptophan was depleted but did change on the day after the depletion test. Relative to the control test, 37% of the patients had 10-point or greater decrease in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (Ham-D) score, while 23% had a 10-point or greater increase in Ham-D score on the day after the tryptophan depletion test. Change in mood was correlated to treatment response after testing. Patients whose condition worsened proved to be highly refractory to treatment while those who showed improvement were more likely to respond. CONCLUSIONS: That tryptophan depletion did not rapidly worsen depression argues that serotonin function is not linearly related to the level of depression and if reduced serotonin function does cause depression, then it is either as predisposing factor or due to a postsynaptic deficit in the utilization of serotonin.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

A family study of manic-depressive (bipolar I) disease. Is it a distinct illness separable from primary unipolar depression?

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether bipolar I illness is autonomous or part of a multifactorial continuum with unipolar depression. In this study, we compare familial bipolar I illness and depression among three groups: probands with bipolar I disorder; probands with primary unipolar disorder; and controls. We also examine a continuum of severity between psychotic and nonpsychotic patients with bipolar I disorder. Considerable data suggest that bipolar I illness is distinct from unipolar illness as regards epidemiology, familial psychiatric illness, course, response to treatment, and biologic findings. METHOD: Probands were separated into bipolar I and primary unipolar depressive groups. Personally interviewed family members of these patients were compared on variables of bipolar illness or schizoaffective mania and unipolar or schizoaffective depression. A personally examined control group was compared with the relatives of the two proband groups. Similar analyses were performed using data obtained by a systematic family history method. For the same familial variables, psychotic and nonpsychotic manic probands were compared. RESULTS: Familial mania is more frequent in families of patients with bipolar disease than in controls or in families of patients with primary unipolar disorder. The latter two groups did not differ in amount of mania. Unipolar depressive illness or schizoaffective depression was higher in families of probands with bipolar and unipolar disorder than in controls. Probands with bipolar disease separated into those who had psychotic symptoms (including schizoaffective mania) and no psychotic symptoms did not differ from each other in risk for familial mania or depression. CONCLUSIONS: Bipolar I illness is a separate illness from primary unipolar illness because of an increase in familial mania. Patients with primary unipolar disease and controls show the same amount of familial mania. Lack of an increase in familial illness according to the severity of bipolar disease is against an affective continuum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Can depression and depressive symptoms predict mortality at 18-month follow-up in acutely medically ill inpatients over the age of 80 years?

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of depression in acutely medically ill elderly inpatients is high. Depression in the elderly is associated with increased mortality. METHOD: The association between mortality at 18-month follow-up and depression, depressive symptoms and demographic variables at the outset in a cohort of acutely medically ill elderly inpatients was examined. RESULTS: The mortality at 18-month follow-up was 47%. Depression, depressive symptoms and demographic variables were not associated with mortality. CONCLUSION: An important explanation of this absence of association between mortality and depression may be an artifact due to patient selection designed to resemble normal clinical practice.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1984

Comparing depression-coping strategies of schizophrenic men and depressed and nondepressed college students.

Identified three significant functions by a discriminant analysis that compared depression coping strategies reported by schizophrenic men (N = 43) and depressed and nondepressed college men (N = 200) and women (N = 200). Function 1 was characterized by cigarette smoking and use of tranquilizers and little physical activity. This function appeared to follow a continuum of "pathology" with highest endorsement by schizophrenic men and lowest endorsement by nondepressed college men and women. Function 2 was identified as a sex-role dimension characterized by high levels of crying, self-confrontation, and creative activity reported by depressed and nondepressed college women and exceptionally low amounts of these behaviors reported by schizophrenic men. Function 3 was associated with self-blame, which appeared to be particularly characteristic of depressed college students. The effectiveness of depression coping strategies reported by schizophrenic men was assessed with a multiple regression analysis that used schizophrenic men's coping strategies to predict their depression scores. It was concluded that schizophrenic men can benefit most in reducing their depression from therapy that involves them socially in creative and physical activities.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Is vascular depression a distinct sub-type of depressive disorder? A review of causal evidence.

BACKGROUND: Vascular depression is an important conceptual and clinical concept. OBJECTIVE: To apply criteria which, in an ideal world, should be satisfied before an association between depression and vascular disease can be considered robust. METHOD: A literature review with discussion of findings in the light of recently suggested guidelines for the development of new psychiatric disorders. RESULTS: There is considerable evidence linking depression in later life with vascular brain disease but the interaction is bi-directional. Depression and vascular disease could be mediated by factors other than traditional vascular risk factors. There is increasing interest in mechanisms such as inflammatory processes which may mediate both depression and vascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: Vascular depression provides a useful framework with which to remind the clinician of important interactions between depression and vascular disease but conceptually it may be too restrictive.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Validation of the Quality of Life in Depression Scale in a population of adult depressive patients aged 60 and above.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the validity of the Dutch version of the Quality of Life in Depression Scale (QLDS) in a population of depressive patients aged 60 years and over, who were seen on an outpatient basis by psychiatrists in the Flemish region of Belgium. A sample of severely depressive patients was followed during an eight-week medical treatment. During this period, each patient was evaluated four times with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and with the QLDS. We observed that the QLDS was very sensitive to the failing of the quality of life in depressive states. The QLDS was also a very good measure of change during the improvement of depressives states. Furthermore, the scale appears to be very homogeneous across the depressive states range. The results are very encouraging, and constitute strong corroboration of the construct validity of the scale.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Childhood depression: peer reactions to depression and life stress.

The present study investigated children's responses to a peer's childhood depression. Younger children in third and fourth grade and older children in fifth and sixth grade were exposed to one of four films. The four films portrayed a female peer who was either depressed or not depressed and who had experienced numerous recent life stresses or no recent life stress. Overall, children rated the depressed peers as less likeable and attractive, as engaging in fewer positive current and future behaviors, and as needing therapy more than a nondepressed peer. There was a tendency to rate the depressed peer with high life stress more positively than the depressed peer with low life stress; this tendency decreased with age. Girls rated all of the peers and especially the stressed peers more positively than did the boys. The results are discussed in terms of the implications of children's social interaction for the initiation or maintenance of childhood depression.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

A test-retest study of cerebral blood flow during somatosensory stimulation in depressed patients with schizophrenia and major depression.

Six depressed patients with schizophrenia and 6 depressed patients with major depression were investigated before and during somatosensory stimulation (SS) with Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT. 8 controls were investigated only under resting conditions. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. Both psychiatric patient groups were hypofrontal (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) compared to controls. 2. Hypofrontality was further enhanced by SS, significantly only in affective psychoses in the right inferior frontal lobe and in the right frontal hemisphere in total, in schizophrenia in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. 3. Within the frontal lobes different regions were affected by SS in the two diagnostic groups. 4. In the right inferior parietal lobe SS response was significantly different in the two illnesses with schizophrenia showing a relative decrease, affective psychoses showing a relative increase of activity. 5. SS produced an increase of cerebral blood flow in subcortical regions (statistically significant contralateral to SS in thalamus and basal ganglia, ipsilateral to SS in cerebellum), a pattern which was common to all psychiatric patients. 6. Somatosensory cortex flow was not changed by SS. In conclusion, we could not fully confirm our hypotheses that similar blood flow abnormalities in different illnesses during SS are only caused by similarities in depressive psychopathology. Instead, depressed patients with schizophrenia were different from depressed patients with major depression in showing decreased activity in interrelating brain regions participating in an attentional network.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Tender points, depressive and functional symptoms: comparison between fibromyalgia and major depression.

The degree of symptomatic overlap between fibromyalgia and major depression should be estimated by assessing the amount of local tenderness and the frequency and severity of depressive and functional symptoms. Tender points were assessed by palpation and symptoms by psychometric scales in 30 patients with fibromyalgia and 26 patients with major depression. The patients with fibromyalgia had markedly more tender points (16.5) than the depressive patients (1.3). In contrast, depressive and functional symptoms were present in both groups of patients, and some depressive patients (26%) also suffered from clinical pain. An increased sensitivity to pressure pain clearly distinguishes fibromyalgia from depression even if there is an overlap of other symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Psychological impact of informed consent in hospitalized cancer patients. A sequential study of anxiety and depression using the hospital anxiety and depression scale.

Patients with cancer receive an explanation of their disease and the recommended treatment when they are asked to give informed consent (IC). In the course of this process patients suffer severe distress, including anxiety and depression, but physicians tend to underestimate it. The goal of this study was to reveal the magnitude of such stress and any changes to this during the IC process by means of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, a self-assessment scale. Of 171 in-patients newly diagnosed with lung cancer, 119 were assessable for serial HAD scale scores on admission, immediately after the IC process, and at 1 and again at 2 weeks after the IC. Both anxiety and depression scores increased significantly immediately after IC. Female patients had significantly higher anxiety and depression scores than males at 1 week after the IC. The patients with poor performance status demonstrated high anxiety scores on admission and immediately after the IC, and substantial depression persisted longer in these patients. The prevalence of high scores of more than 11 (judged as adjustment disorder or more severe state) immediately after the IC was 50% for anxiety and 31% for depression. The prevalence decreased significantly within 1 or 2 weeks, but 41% and 14% of the patients still showed high anxiety and depression scores, respectively. Physicians should be aware of these facts and pay special attention to their patients' psychological distress in routine clinical practice.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed2006

Implementing a depression improvement intervention in five health care organizations: experience from the RESPECT-Depression trial.

A growing body of research provides strong evidence for the effectiveness of programs to improve the primary care of depression based on the chronic care model. At the same time these changes are difficult to sustain in their original research settings and more difficult to widely disseminate in primary care practice. The RESPECT-Depression trial tested an implementation and dissemination strategy by working through five community-based health care organizations (HCOs) to implement the Three Component Model (TCM) for improving depression care. This report describes the results of extensive interviews of project principals, health care program managers, depression care managers, and practicing primary care clinicians to understand the characteristics of organizations and the intervention components that were associated with implementation and dissemination of the TCM. In two of the organizations all 29 participating practices continued the TCM, while all 31 practices from the other three organizations did not. Successful continuation and dissemination appeared to be related to a broadly shared vision and commitment among all levels of the organization, clearly articulated by clinical leadership, for pursuing a systematic change strategy to improve chronic care that included, but extended beyond, depression, independent of clear evidence for cost-effectiveness of expanding depression management. Factors associated with inability to sustain the TCM included lack of a shared change strategy throughout the organization and inability to rationalize an economic model of depression care.

Depression↗
PubMed1995

The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories.

The psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) were evaluated in a normal sample of N = 717 who were also administered the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). The DASS was shown to possess satisfactory psychometric properties, and the factor structure was substantiated both by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In comparison to the BDI and BAI, the DASS scales showed greater separation in factor loadings. The DASS Anxiety scale correlated 0.81 with the BAI, and the DASS Depression scale correlated 0.74 with the BDI. Factor analyses suggested that the BDI differs from the DASS Depression scale primarily in that the BDI includes items such as weight loss, insomnia, somatic preoccupation and irritability, which fail to discriminate between depression and other affective states. The factor structure of the combined BDI and BAI items was virtually identical to that reported by Beck for a sample of diagnosed depressed and anxious patients, supporting the view that these clinical states are more severe expressions of the same states that may be discerned in normals. Implications of the results for the conceptualisation of depression, anxiety and tension/stress are considered, and the utility of the DASS scales in discriminating between these constructs is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Animal models of depression: parallels and correlates to severe depression in humans.

Drugs with antidepressant properties in patients with severe depression also have various behavioral and neurochemical effects in animals. This has given rise to numerous animal models that have been suggested to be valid for research into the neurobiology of depression and the neurochemical mechanisms of the antidepressant drugs. However, considerable evidence from many avenues of research indicates that severe depression is a biochemical disorder that develops in those individuals with some predisposing neurochemical vulnerability. Although the predisposing biochemical abnormality has not been identified, it may be related to the neurochemical mechanisms that regulate impulse traffic in various neural systems and maintain the homeostatic balance of neural activity within the brain. Therefore, the appropriate animal model for severe depression should have some disruption of neural functioning that is returned to normal by the chronic administration of antidepressant drugs. Of the numerous animal models of depression that have been presented in the literature, only the rat with olfactory bulb lesions meets this requirement. The behavioral and endocrine abnormalities induced by the olfactory bulb lesions are reversed by chronic (but not acute) treatment with antidepressants of various classes. Of the existing animal models of severe depression, the olfactory bulbectomy model holds the most promise for elucidating the neurobiology of depression and the neurochemistry of antidepressant drugs.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The nature of depression in borderline depressed patients.

The symptomatology of 15 borderline (BDL) depressed and 45 non-BDL depressed consecutive inpatients was assessed using the Hamilton depression scale (HAM-D) and the 90-item Symptoms Checklist (SCL-90) self-rating questionnaire. No significant differences were found in the total scorings of the two instruments in the two groups of patients. However, while non-BDL depressive rated significantly higher in items related to melancholic forms of depression, BDL depressives showed less specific symptoms, and the persistence, or possibly the magnification, of their maladaptive personologic structure. Two discriminant analyses, performed on the ratings at the HAM-D and SCL-90 of the two groups of patients, suggested that although the total degree of severity may be the same, the depressive episodes of BDL patients are qualitatively different from those of patients with less maladaptive personologic traits.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Poor efficacy of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in the diagnosis of major depressive disorder in both medical and psychiatric patients.

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HAD) is a brief questionnaire which was designed to indicate the likely presence of a depressive disorder in medically ill patients. However, more recently it has been used in several research studies to determine the presence of depression in both medical and psychiatric patients. The aim of the present study was to validate the usefulness of the HAD when used in this way. The HAD was compared to DSM-III-R diagnoses of major depressive disorder in 153 medical inpatients and 147 psychiatric out-patients. In both groups the sensitivity of the HAD was between 80 and 100% using the cut-off point of 8. However, the positive predictive value (PPV) of the HAD was only 17% in medical patients and 29% in psychiatric patients. Changing the cut-off point for depression or using the total HAD score did not significantly improve the PPV. These findings suggest that the HAD does not accurately determine the presence of DSM-III-R major depressive disorder in medical or psychiatric patients, and should not be used as a research instrument for this purpose. Nonetheless, the HAD should still be used for its original purpose, namely as a clinical indicator as to the possibility of a depressive disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The National Depressive and Manic-depressive Association (DMDA) survey of bipolar members.

Members of the National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association who have bipolar disorder were surveyed. 59% of respondents had their first symptoms during childhood or adolescence. Long delays between symptom onset, treatment-seeking, and receipt of a bipolar diagnosis were common. 45% of respondents currently experience frequent recurrences. Child/adolescent onset was associated with a positive family history, depressive or mixed initial symptoms, and frequent recurrence, with predominantly depressive symptoms. Frequent recurrences were associated with depressive or mixed initial symptoms and depressive episodes, but not with medication non-compliance. Both child/adolescent onset and frequent recurrence were associated with increased social morbidity, which was diminished by effective treatment. Respondents with frequent recurrences were less likely to be treated with mood-stabilizers, more likely to be treated with anti-depressants, or anxiolytics, and more likely to report past anxiety symptoms and diagnoses. 13% of respondents had no medical insurance, and 15% had failed to take medicine for financial reasons. The treatment of bipolar illness could be enhanced by (a) public health efforts to promote early diagnosis and treatment; (b) ensuring adequate trials of mood-stabilizers for patients with frequent recurrences; (c) further research on bipolar disorder with prominent anxiety symptoms; and (c) improved access to mental health care.

Adolescent↗