Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Crows”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Characterizing the time course of an implicature: an evoked potentials study.

This work employs Evoked Potential techniques as 19 participants are confronted with sentences that have the potential to produce scalar implicatures, like in Some elephants have trunks. Such an Underinformative utterance is of interest to pragmatists because it can be considered to have two different truth values. It can be considered true when taken at face value but false if one were to treat Some with the implicature Not All. Two accounts of implicature production are compared. The neo-Gricean approach (e.g., Levinson, 2000) assumes that implicatures intrude automatically on the semantics of a term like Some. Relevance Theory (Sperber & Wilson, 1985/1996) assumes that implicatures are effortful and not automatic. In this experiment, the participants are presented with 25 Underinformative sentences along with 25 sentences that are Patently True (e.g. Some houses have bricks) and 25 that are Patently False (e.g. Some crows have radios). As reported in an earlier study (Noveck, 2001), Underinformative sentences prompt strong individual differences. Seven participants here responded true to all (or nearly all) of the Underinformative sentences and the remaining 12 responded false to all (or nearly all) of them. The present study showed that those who responded false to the Underinformative sentences took significantly longer to do so that those who responded true. The ERP data indicate that: (a) the Patently True and Patently False sentences prompt steeper N400's--indicating greater semantic integration--than the Underinformative sentences and that (b) regardless of one's ultimate response to the Underinformative sentences, the N400's were remarkably flat, indicating no particular reaction to these sentences. Collectively, the data are taken to show that implicatures are part of a late-arriving, effort-demanding decision process.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Treatment of photodamaged facial skin with topical tretinoin.

A 6-month, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study was conducted with 0.05% tretinoin cream once daily in the treatment of photodamaged facial skin. Significant amelioration of many of the signs of photodamage were achieved with minimal side effects. Clinical grading showed significant improvement both in the assessments based on changes in clinical scores and in pre- and posttreatment comparisons of standardized photographs. Fine wrinkling, coarse wrinkling, sallowness, looseness, and hyperpigmentation were significantly improved with tretinoin therapy. Furthermore, a self-appraisal questionnaire indicated that tretinoin-treated patients, but not vehicle-treated patients, were able to perceive improvement in their facial appearance. An objective method based on digital image processing of silicone rubber casts obtained from the crow's-feet area also indicated that the skin surface topography was smoother and less wrinkled in the tretinoin-treated group compared with the vehicle-control group.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Profilometric evaluation of photodamage after topical retinaldehyde and retinoic acid treatment.

OBJECTIVE: We compared the activity and tolerance profile of a 0.05% retinaldehyde cream with a 0.05% retinoic acid cream and the retinaldehyde vehicle in patients with photodamaged skin of the face. METHODS: A silicone replica of the left crow's feet area was taken at baseline and at weeks 18 and 44. Skin replicas were then analyzed by means of an optical profilometry technique. Standard wrinkle and roughness features were then calculated and statistically analyzed. The tolerance profile of the test products was also clinically evaluated during the entire study. RESULTS: A total of 125 patients (40 in the retinoic acid group, 40 in the retinaldehyde group, and 45 in the vehicle group) were studied. At week 18, a significant reduction of the wrinkle and roughness features was observed with both retinaldehyde and retinoic acid. At week 44, a less pronounced reduction was demonstrated in both active groups. No statistically significant changes were observed with the retinaldehyde vehicle at any assessment point. A total of 135 patients constituted the safety population. Retinaldehyde was well tolerated during the entire study. In contrast, retinoic acid caused more local irritation, and affected compliance of the patients. CONCLUSION: Retinaldehyde was efficacious and well tolerated in patients with photodamage.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Safety study of the SAG2 rabies virus mutant in several non-target species with a view to its future use for the immunization of foxes in Europe.

The safety of the SAG2 virus, a low virulence mutant of the SAD strain, was investigated in ten species of mammals and seven species of birds liable to consume vaccine baits. These species are the western hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus), the meadow vole (Microtus arvalis), the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), the water vole (Arvicola terrestris), the field mouse (Apodemus flavicollis or A. sylvaticus), the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus), the european badger (Meles meles), the domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo), the wild boar (Sus scrofa), the domestic goat (Capra hircus), the carrion crow (Corvus corone), the rook (Corvus frugilegus), the buzzard (Buteo buteo), the red kite (Milvus milvus), the tawny owl (Strix aluco), the long-eared owl (Asio otus) and the barn owl (Tyto alba). The vaccine was administered orally to each species, by an intramuscular (i.m.) route to the rodents and ferret, and by an intracerebral route to the field mouse. No pathogenicity was observed in the 169 animals vaccinated throughout an observation period of over 30 days. After euthanasia, no rabies virus could be detected either in the brain or in the salivary glands of any of the animals. The SAG2 virus administered orally, triggered a specific seroconversion in the field mouse, wild boar, ferret and most of the raptors. Following administration by the i.m. route, specific antibody titres were observed in most of the rodents, as well as in the ferrets.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Innocuity studies of SAG-2 oral rabies vaccine in various Zimbabwean wild non-target species.

The SAG-2 modified live rabies vaccine was tested for innocuity when administered by the oral route in several potential wild non-target bait-consuming species, as follows: ten chacma baboons (Papio ursinus), six African civets (Civettictis civetta), six slender mongooses (Galerella sanguinea), six honey badgers (Mellivora capensis), six large-spotted genets (Genetta tigrina), 39 multi-mammate mice (Mastomys natalensis), 26 bushveld gerbils (Tatera leucogaster) and six pied crows (Corvus albus). At least 9.0 log10 median tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50), given in a volume of 1 ml, was administered orally to each of the animals, except the rodents which received 8.0 log10 TCID50, given in 0.1 ml. All the animals were observed for not < 90 days for signs of vaccine-induced rabies. Most of the species were also tested for vaccine virus replication in the oral cavity and persistent virus infection in the brain, salivary gland and tonsil. None of the animals died of rabies and no persistent infection was found. Rabies virus which was pathologically and serotypically indistinguishable from the vaccinal strain was isolated from the saliva of one genet 1 day after vaccine administration. From this study it was concluded that SAG-2 rabies vaccine would be safe for use in most situations where oral vaccination campaigns for jackals are required in Zimbabwe.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2003

Hand laterality and cognitive ability: a multiple regression approach.

Several different associations between hand laterality and cognitive ability have been proposed. Studies reporting different conclusions vary in their procedures for defining laterality, and several of them rely on measures which are statistically problematic. Previous methods for measuring relative hand skill have not satisfactorily separated the overall level of hand skill, which is a known correlate of cognitive ability, from the asymmetry of its distribution. This paper uses a multiple regression paradigm that separates these two components. Support is found for Leask and Crow's [Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5 (2001) 513] proposal that average cognitive ability increases monotonically with increasing strength of laterality, regardless of its direction. The small average advantage to dextrals stems from them being more strongly lateralised than sinistrals. The paucity of strong dextrals amongst the very gifted is due to a smaller variance in cognitive ability in this group.

Child↗
PubMed1981

Facial and submandibular lipectomy with upward rhytidectomy.

This paper describes the removal of fat from several areas of the face and neck. Defatting is recommended whenever an excess is unaesthetic. The areas to be treated are most frequently submental and submandibular, but also chin, lower check and Bichat fat pads may have to be removed. A special type of rhytidectomy with upward pulling and direct crow's foot excision is often performed in conjunction with the defatting.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1989

Multicentric angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia associated with a solitary osteolytic costal IgG lambda myeloma. POEMS syndrome in a South American (Paraguayan) patient.

We report the case of a 46-year-old woman presenting with a disorder characterized by the association of multicentric Castleman's disease, organomegaly, a solitary IgA lambda myeloma with lytic bone lesions but no serum monoclonal peak, peripheral neuropathy and skin changes. This unusual association resulted in an incomplete form of that peculiar multisystem syndrome described under a variety of names: Crow-Fukase syndrome, Shimpo's syndrome, Takatsuki's syndrome, PEP syndrome or POEMS syndrome. The possible relationship between localized and multicentric Castleman's disease with myeloma or extramedullary plasmacytoma on one hand and on the other hand with polyneuropathy and the other symptoms of the POEMS syndrome is discussed.

Bone Neoplasms↗
PubMed1996

Use of iliofemoral distraction in reducing high congenital dislocation of the hip before total hip arthroplasty.

The iliofemoral distraction with Wagner's apparatus was conducted in 20 adult patients with untreated unilateral congenital dislocation of the hip (Crowe group IV) before total hip arthroplasty. During the distraction period of 8 to 17 days, this technique had effectively reduced high dislocation of 4.5 cm (range, 3.5-5 cm). No pin-tract infection was encountered. Surgical difficulties in total hip arthroplasty for these patients were reduced. Potential problems, such as irreducibility, overshortening, nerve palsy, and displaced femoral fractures, were avoided. At an average follow-up period of 43 months (range, 25-63 months), all patients have excellent or good results, with an average Harris hip score of 94.3 (range, 84-100). Leg length was restored. The iliofemoral distraction is valuable prior to difficult total hip arthroplasty for high dislocation.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The 10th Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia. A report.

The 10th Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia (5-11 February 2000), organized by Drs Tim Crow and Steven Hirsch, attracted a wide range of contributions, not only from European countries, but from all across the world, encompassing clinical, neuropsychological, cognitive, experimental, pharmacological and neuroimaging approaches to enhance the understanding of possible causes, features and the treatments of this illness. The Kongresszentrum, Davos, Switzerland was once again the venue. We present a flavour of the variety of presentations, the news and the views emerging from these presentations, and discuss their implications for further advancement in the field of schizophrenia research.

Education↗
PubMed2001

Schizophrenia spectrum disorders: an autosomal-wide scan in multiplex pedigrees.

Genome-wide linkage studies, examining the relationship between the schizophrenia syndrome(s) and possible susceptibility regions within the human genome have identified multiple regions within which linkage to the syndrome may be explored. No regions have been found to provide supportive evidence for linkage in all cohorts. These findings are consistent with the schizophrenia syndrome being genetically heterogeneous, with genetic susceptibility arising from multiple sites which are differentially distributed in from pedigree to pedigree. The authors present data from an autosomal-wide scan of 30 multiplex pedigrees, each with a mean of 4.1 members affected with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder with respect to regions of interest for linkage with the schizophrenia spectrum disease(s). Partial, though not significant replications of susceptibility sites at D1S518 (P=0.029) described by Shaw et al. (1998: Shaw, S.H., Kelly, M., Smith, A.B., Shields, G., Hopkins, P.J., Loftus, J., Laval, S.H., Vita, A., DeHert, M., Cardon, L.R., Crow, T.J., Sherrington, R., DeLisi, L.E., 1998. A Genome-wide search for schizophrenia susceptibility genes. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatric Genet.) 81, 364-376.), and at D5S426 (P=0.015) described by : Silverman, J.M., Greenberg, D.A., Altstiel, L.D., Siever, L.J., Mohs, R.C., Smith, C.J., Zhou, G., Hollander, T.Y., Yang, X.-P., Kedache, M., Li, G., Zaccario, M.L., Davis, K.L., 1996. Evidence of a locus for schizophrenia and related disorders on the short arm of chromosome 5 in a large pedigree. Am. J. Med. Genet. 67, 162-171.) were documented using multipoint non-parametric (NPL) statistics. Two additional novel regions worthy of further investigation were identified at D1S1150 (P=0.004) and at D20S171 (P=0.009). Previously reported genomic regions of interest for the schizophrenias are reviewed in the context of the same/flanking markers utilized with the present cohort of pedigrees. The data further suggests that only a fraction of pedigrees multiplex for schizophrenia link at any single susceptibility region.

Chromosomes, Human↗
PubMed1999

The evolutionary genetic underpinnings of schizophrenia: the developmental instability model.

The importance of genes in the etiology of schizophrenia is well known, but the manner in which the relevant genomic factors influence neural development and the nature of selection forces operating on these factors are poorly understood. In several prominent papers, Crow has provided a unique and comprehensive theory that attempts to deal with these issues. A central aspect of his theory is that a single gene leads to reduced cerebral lateralization, increased ventricular size, and risk for developing schizophrenia. He relies greatly on Annett's right shift theory of individual variation in handedness. An alternative approach, based on the construct of developmental instability, provides a different way to conceptualize genetic influences, selection forces, and atypical lateralization in schizophrenia. We suggest that the developmental instability model has stronger empirical support and is better grounded in contemporary evolutionary genetics.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed2003

Myths of whiplash.

When the concept of whiplash was first introduced by Harold Crowe in 1928 at a conference, and when it first appeared in a medical publication in 1945, it was not based on scientific evidence. That is, like many great stories, the whiplash theme sprang mainly from mythology, where many explanations had to be created to fill in the gaps in our understanding. Since those early days, and mainly in the last ten years, more research has been carried out to unravel these myths than had been performed to define chronic whiplash in the first place. This limited review considers a few of the aforementioned myths of whiplash, and how scientific efforts have enlightened us on these matters.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed2004

An evolutionary theory of schizophrenia: cortical connectivity, metarepresentation, and the social brain.

Schizophrenia is a worldwide, prevalent disorder with a multifactorial but highly genetic aetiology. A constant prevalence rate in the face of reduced fecundity has caused some to argue that an evolutionary advantage exists in unaffected relatives. Here, I critique this adaptationist approach, and review--and find wanting--Crow's "speciation" hypothesis. In keeping with available biological and psychological evidence, I propose an alternative theory of the origins of this disorder. Schizophrenia is a disorder of the social brain, and it exists as a costly trade-off in the evolution of complex social cognition. Paleoanthropological and comparative primate research suggests that hominids evolved complex cortical interconnectivity (in particular, frontotemporal and frontoparietal circuits) to regulate social cognition and the intellectual demands of group living. I suggest that the ontogenetic mechanism underlying this cerebral adaptation was sequential hypermorphosis and that it rendered the hominid brain vulnerable to genetic and environmental insults. I argue that changes in genes regulating the timing of neurodevelopment occurred prior to the migration of Homo sapiens out of Africa 100,000-150,000 years ago, giving rise to the schizotypal spectrum. While some individuals within this spectrum may have exhibited unusual creativity and iconoclasm, this phenotype was not necessarily adaptive in reproductive terms. However, because the disorder shared a common genetic basis with the evolving circuitry of the social brain, it persisted. Thus schizophrenia emerged as a costly trade-off in the evolution of complex social cognition.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

One step beyond lethal equivalents: characterization of deleterious loci in the rapid cycling Brassica rapa L. base population.

The total number of lethal equivalents as defined by Morton, Crow and Muller (1956) is a function of three parameters: M, the number of loci at which deleterious mutations can occur, q, the frequency of the deleterious alleles at each locus, and s, their selective value. A new approach based on multi-generation inbreeding data is outlined and used to infer these three parameters as well as the dominance coefficient, h, in a self-incompatible species, Brassica rapa L. Germination and flowering data from thirty bud-selfed lines of fast-cycling B.rapa were assessed over three generations. Germination and flowering were significantly postponed by inbreeding but germination and flowering success were not so strongly decreased. Estimates of the average s values were obtained but it was not possible to get separate estimates of M and q. For both characters, the average dominance coefficient was particularly low. The number of lethal equivalents at the zygotic level was around two for germination and three for flowering, which, owing to the self-incompatibility of B.rapa, is an unexpectedly low value. These results may be explained by past biparental inbreeding which in turn may have increased self-compatibility thus allowing the purging of more deleterious alleles than under strict self-incompatibility.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Differential accumulation of two glycine-rich proteins during cold-acclimation alfalfa.

Two mRNAs, MsaCiA and MsaCiB, encoding for proteins harboring glycine-rich motifs, accumulate in alfalfa during cold acclimation. Fusion polypeptides containing the amino acid sequences deduced from these mRNAs were produced in Escherichia coli and used to raise antibodies. Each antibody cross-reacted specifically with soluble polypeptides, MSACIA-32 and MSACIB, respectively. These polypeptides were detectable only in crowns of cold-acclimated plants, even though MsaCiA mRNA accumulated in both crows and leaves during cold acclimation. The analysis of parietal proteins showed that several MSACIA-related proteins, with a molecular mass of 32, 41 and 68 kDa, did accumulate in leaf cell walls and one of 59 kDa crown cell walls. This diversity is most probably due to a tissue-specific maturation of MSACIA. A discrepancy was found between the time-course of accumulation of MSACIB and the one of the corresponding transcript. These results indicate that timing and localization of MSACIA and MSACIB expression are different, and suggest that this differential expression involves both transcriptional and post-transcriptional events. Comparisons made among six cultivars of contrasting freezing tolerance suggest that low tolerance could be explained by failure to accumulate proteins like MSACIA and MSACIB at a sufficient level.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1998

Systemic and intracerebroventricular injections of vasotocin inhibit appetitive and consummatory components of male sexual behavior in Japanese quail.

The authors investigated the behavioral actions of vasotocin (VT) in castrated testosterone-treated male Japanese quail. The appetitive and consummatory components of sexual behavior as well as the occurrence frequency of crows were inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, by injections of VT. The authors observed opposite effects after injection of the V1 receptor antagonist, dPTyr(Me)AVP. Lower doses of VT were more active after central than after systemic injection, and effects of systemic injections of VT were blocked by a central injection of dPTyr(Me)AVP. The behavioral inhibition was associated with a modified diuresis after systemic but not central injection. These results provide direct evidence that VT affects male sexual behavior in quail by a direct action on the brain independent of its peripheral action on diuresis.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Age differences in the response of California ground Squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) to avian and mammalian predators.

The antipredator behavior of juvenile and adult California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) was videotaped in Experiment 1 to measure the effects of age on assessment of a briefly presented live dog and a model red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) in simulated flight. Adult squirrels treated the hawk as more dangerous than the dog, whereas juvenile squirrels showed less differentiation of the predator types. Juvenile squirrels also perceived the dog as a more immediate danger than adult squirrels did. For Experiment 2, the red-tailed hawk model was compared with models of a nonthreatening turkey vulture (Cathartes aura) and crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos). Neither age class differentiated the avian models; however, the adult squirrels treated these birds as more threatening than the juvenile squirrels did. Both studies suggest that learning may contribute to predator assessment.

Aging↗