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PubMed2005

Syntrophomonas erecta sp. nov., a novel anaerobe that syntrophically degrades short-chain fatty acids.

Two novel anaerobes, strains GB4-38(T) and SB9-1, were isolated from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor for treating bean-curd farm wastewater and lotus field mud, respectively. The strains degraded straight-chain fatty acids with 4-8 carbon atoms in syntrophic association with methanogens and converted 1 mol butyrate into about 2 mol acetate and presumably 2 mol H(2). None of the branched-chain fatty acids tested could be degraded. Benzoate was not degraded. Fumarate, sulfate, thiosulfate, sulfur and nitrate did not serve as electron acceptors for butyrate degradation. In the absence of a methanogen partner, strain GB4-38(T) grew on crotonate in pure culture; the generation time was about 5 h at 37 degrees C. However, strain SB9-1 grew on butyrate plus pentenoate, but not crotonate, in pure culture and the generation time was 18 h at 37 degrees C. Cells of GB4-38(T) and SB9-1 were straight rods and stained Gram-negative. The major cellular fatty acids of GB4-38(T) were C(14 : 0) (29.74 %), C(16 : 0) (17.00 %), C(16 : 1)omega5c (16.63 %) and isoC(17 : 1) I (15.34 %). ll-Diaminopimelic acid existed in the cellular peptidoglycan. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain GB4-38(T) was 43.2 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences supported clustering of the two strains with syntrophic bacterial species of the genus Syntrophomonas (89.6-92.4 % sequence similarity), but phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genetic characters differentiated the two strains from members of this genus. Therefore, it is proposed that the two strains are representatives of a novel species, Syntrophomonas erecta sp. nov. The type strain is GB4-38(T) (=CGMCC 1.5013(T)=DSM 16215(T)).

Agriculture↗
PubMed1990

Differential effects of structurally unrelated chemical irritants on the density and morphology of epidermal CD1+ cells.

In order to gain a greater insight into the complex mechanisms of action of different irritant chemicals on the skin, we have studied the behavior of epidermal CD1+ cells in experimentally induced irritant contact dermatitis. Healthy, human volunteers were patch tested for 48 h with the following six chemically unrelated irritants and their appropriate vehicle controls; benzalkonium chloride, sodium lauryl sulphate, dithranol, nonanoic acid, croton oil, and propylene glycol. After visually assessing and grading the resulting inflammatory reactions, punch biopsies were taken and the morphology and density of CD1+ cells in the epidermis studied using immunocytochemical techniques in combination with image analysis and electron microscopy. Statistically significant decreases in the epidermal density of CD1+ cells occurred in the responses to dithranol (p less than 0.05) and nonanoic acid (p less than 0.01). Importantly, these changes in density were not simply due to variations in the intensity of inflammatory response (r = 0.1157). Alterations in the length of the dendritic processes of CD1+ cells were also induced, and semi-quantitative analysis revealed significant decreases in dendrite length in the reactions to sodium lauryl sulphate (p less than 0.05), nonanoic acid (p less than 0.001), croton oil (p less than 0.05), and dithranol (p less than 0.005). Unlike epidermal density, however, this effect on cell morphology was directly related to the severity of inflammation (r = -0.74, p less than 0.01). Morphologic evidence of cellular injury to Langerhans cells was seen by electron microscopy in the majority of biopsies, although relatively few cells were affected in sodium lauryl sulphate and propylene glycol reactions. Benzalkonium chloride, unlike the other irritants, also induced a state of metabolic activation in a high proportion of epidermal Langerhans cells. Lymphocyte/Langerhans cell apposition was observed in most samples, but was particularly prevalent in the reactions to dithranol. The results of this study demonstrate that significant changes in the morphology and density of Langerhans cells occur in irritant contact dermatitis, some of which are directly influenced by the chemical nature of the irritant.

Antigens, CD1↗
PubMed1988

Effect of BN 52021, a platelet activating factor antagonist, on experimental murine contact dermatitis.

A specific platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist, BN 52021, was tested for its efficacy in modulating DNFB-induced allergic and croton oil-induced irritant contact dermatitis in mouse ears. Oral treatment of the animals in the elicitation phase of the dermatitis caused a significant suppression of DNFB-induced ear swelling. The compound was less active in croton oil-induced irritant dermatitis and ineffective when given during the sensitization phase of allergic dermatitis. The results provide indirect evidence for the involvement of PAF in the effector phase of murine contact dermatitis of the allergic type and also the irritant type to a lesser extent.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate production by lactic acid bacteria.

Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate was determined in lactic acid bacteria belonging to the genera Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Pediococcus and Streptococcus. Lactobacilli were grown in MRS broth, the others were grown in Elliker broth medium. Cell biomass was obtained by centrifugation. The cell walls were lysed with sodium hypochlorite. Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate was extracted using chloroform in a Soxhlet system. Then it was converted to crotonic acid using sulfuric acid and the amount of crotonic acid was measured spectrophotometrically. The yield of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (% of cell dry weight) of Lactobacillus species was 6.6-35.8%. The values for Lactococcus, Pediococcus and Streptococcus species were 9.0-20.9, 1.1-8.0 and 6.8-17.2, respectively. It was observed that one of the Lactobacillus species did not produce poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. Generally, Lactobacillus species produced more poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate than the other tested bacteria and no significant correlation was observed between poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate production and cell density of the cultures.

Hydroxybutyrates↗
PubMed1987

Skin reactions to irritants assessed by polysulfide rubber replica.

Skin damage after application of experimental irritants was evaluated under blind conditions and by the use of polysulfide rubber replica. Closed patch tests with 7 different irritants, solvents and empty chambers were applied to 16 volunteers, and the skin damage was evaluated visually and by a replica technique after 24, 48 and 96 h. We found that 3 of the irritants (sodium lauryl sulphate, hydrochloric acid and croton oil) were capable of causing specific and significantly different patterns of skin damage. The patterns could be divided into papular (hydrochloric acid, croton oil) and non-papular (sodium lauryl sulphate, sapo kalinus, sodium hydroxide) types. Nonanoic acid caused a non-paular pattern, but propanol, used as a solvent, by itself also produced a non-papular pattern. The time between application of the irritant and appearance of the characteristic alteration in the skin surface differed, depending on the irritant applied.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Metabolism of benzoate, cyclohex-1-ene carboxylate, and cyclohexane carboxylate by "Syntrophus aciditrophicus" strain SB in syntrophic association with H(2)-using microorganisms.

The metabolism of benzoate, cyclohex-1-ene carboxylate, and cyclohexane carboxylate by "Syntrophus aciditrophicus" in cocultures with hydrogen-using microorganisms was studied. Cyclohexane carboxylate, cyclohex-1-ene carboxylate, pimelate, and glutarate (or their coenzyme A [CoA] derivatives) transiently accumulated during growth with benzoate. Identification was based on comparison of retention times and mass spectra of trimethylsilyl derivatives to the retention times and mass spectra of authentic chemical standards. (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy confirmed that cyclohexane carboxylate and cyclohex-1-ene carboxylate were produced from [ring-(13)C(6)]benzoate. None of the metabolites mentioned above was detected in non-substrate-amended or heat-killed controls. Cyclohexane carboxylic acid accumulated to a concentration of 260 microM, accounting for about 18% of the initial benzoate added. This compound was not detected in culture extracts of Rhodopseudomonas palustris grown phototrophically or Thauera aromatica grown under nitrate-reducing conditions. Cocultures of "S. aciditrophicus" and Methanospirillum hungatei readily metabolized cyclohexane carboxylate and cyclohex-1-ene carboxylate at a rate slightly faster than the rate of benzoate metabolism. In addition to cyclohexane carboxylate, pimelate, and glutarate, 2-hydroxycyclohexane carboxylate was detected in trace amounts in cocultures grown with cyclohex-1-ene carboxylate. Cyclohex-1-ene carboxylate, pimelate, and glutarate were detected in cocultures grown with cyclohexane carboxylate at levels similar to those found in benzoate-grown cocultures. Cell extracts of "S. aciditrophicus" grown in a coculture with Desulfovibrio sp. strain G11 with benzoate or in a pure culture with crotonate contained the following enzyme activities: an ATP-dependent benzoyl-CoA ligase, cyclohex-1-ene carboxyl-CoA hydratase, and 2-hydroxycyclohexane carboxyl-CoA dehydrogenase, as well as pimelyl-CoA dehydrogenase, glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase, and the enzymes required for conversion of crotonyl-CoA to acetate. 2-Ketocyclohexane carboxyl-CoA hydrolase activity was detected in cell extracts of "S. aciditrophicus"-Desulfovibrio sp. strain G11 benzoate-grown cocultures but not in crotonate-grown pure cultures of "S. aciditrophicus". These results are consistent with the hypothesis that ring reduction during syntrophic benzoate metabolism involves a four- or six-electron reduction step and that once cyclohex-1-ene carboxyl-CoA is made, it is metabolized in a manner similar to that in R. palustris.

Benzoates↗
PubMed1996

Effects of morphine and liposomal morphine in a model of intestinal inflammation in mice.

We have investigated the antitransit effects of free and liposomal morphine in a model of intestinal inflammation. Mice received saline or croton oil orally, 3 h prior to evaluation, and gastrointestinal transit was measured 20 min afterwards. Peak/duration of effects, potency (ED50) and antagonism by naloxone and naloxone methiodide were evaluated. Peak effects occurred 30 and 40 min after administration of morphine and liposomal morphine, respectively. Encapsulated morphine had a more pronounced and prolonged effect than morphine. Comparison of the ED50S demonstrated that the potency of liposomal morphine was 3.5 times higher than that of morphine during inflammation; in addition, inflammation increased the potency of morphine and liposomal morphine, 3 and 9.2 times, respectively. The effects of morphine and liposomal morphine in croton oil-treated mice were reversed by naloxone and naloxone methiodide. The results show that during inflammation, the potency and duration of the antitransit effects of morphine are significantly enhanced by encapsulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Studies on the effects of saturated and unsaturated short-chain monocarboxylic acids on the energy metabolism of rat liver mitochondria.

The effect of eight branched-chain amino acid metabolites, four metabolites from the beta-oxidation, and the unphysiologic acid 4-pentenoic acid on the oxygen consumption rate of liver mitochondria oxidizing pyruvate, 2-oxo-glutarate, and L-palmitoylcarnitine has been investigated. The 12 metabolites are: propionic, isobutyric, 2-Me-butyric, isovaleric, acrylic, Me-acrylic, tiglic, Me-crotonic, butyric, hexanoic, crotonic, and 2-hexenoic acids. The oxidation rate of pyruvate was strongly inhibited by propionic, 4-pentenoic, and isovaleric acids at 0.1, 0.1, and 1.0 mM, respectively. With 2-oxo-glutarate as substrate, the oxygen consumption rate was strongly inhibited at 0.1 mM of propionic, 4-pentenoic, and isovaleric acids. The L-palmitoyl-carnitine oxidation rate was very strongly inhibited by 0.1 mM 4-petenoic acid, whereas butyric and hexanoic acids exerted a moderate inhibition at 0.1 mM. Propionic acid inhibited L-palmitoylcarnitine oxidation slightly at 1.0 mM. It is argued that propionyl-CoA and isovaleryl-CoA inhibit pyruvate and 2-oxo-glutarate dehydrogenases directly, and the significance of the results for ketotic episodes in organic acidurias is discussed.

Amino Acids, Branched-Chain↗
PubMed2001

In-vitro and in-vivo immunomodulatory effects of syringin.

Syringin was found to possess immunomodulatory activity by which it inhibited the in-vitro immunohaemolysis of antibody-coated sheep erythrocytes by guinea-pig serum through suppression of C3-convertase of the classical complement. In this study, we examined its in-vitro and in-vivo activity on tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and nitric oxide (NO) production, CD4+ T cell and CD8+ cytotoxic T cell (CTLL-2) proliferation, and croton oil-, arachidonic acid- and fluorescein-isothiocynate (FITC)-induced mouse ear oedema model. Syringin significantly inhibited both TNF-alpha production from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and CD8+ T cell (CTLL-2) proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, whereas neither NO production nor CD4+ T cell proliferation were blocked even by high concentrations of syringin. In the invivo experiments, syringin also significantly suppressed FITC-induced ear oedema in mice but not the ear oedema induced by croton or arachidonic acid. These results suggest that syringin may be implicated as an immunomodulator having an anti-allergic effect rather than an anti-inflammatory effect. The anti-allergic effect of syringin seems to be due, in part, to inhibition of TNF-alpha production and cytotoxic T cell proliferation.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2004

Acute and topic anti-edematogenic fractions isolated from the seeds of Pterodon pubescens.

We previously demonstrated that alcoholic extracts from Pterodon pubescens Benth. (Sucupira branca, Leguminosae) seeds exhibit anti-arthritic activity. In the present work we show that the oleaginous extract obtained from P. pubescens seeds (OEP) exhibits acute or topic anti-edematogenic activity when tested in carrageenan-induced paw edema or in croton oil-induced ear edema assays, respectively. Four fractions were obtained from OEP by sequential liquid-liquid extraction. The anti-edematogenic properties were predominant in the hexanic fraction, which was further fractionated by HPLC, yielding three sub-fractions (PF1.1, PF1.2 and PF1.3). PF1.1 and PF1.3 showed potent acute and topic anti-edematogenic activity. The PF1.2 sub-fraction, although not active in the carrageenan assay, exhibited a potent anti-edematogenic activity in the croton oil-induced ear edema. This sub-fraction shows a maximum efficacy similar to indometacin in a lower dose. The PF1.1 sub-fraction presented a complex mixture containing furane diterpene derivatives of vouacapan. PF1.2 consists of a single substance, geranylgeraniol, as determined by GC/MS and NMR, while PF1.3 contains farnesol.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1981

[Pharmacological study on hydrocortisone 17-butyrate 21-propionate (author's transl)].

The topical and systemic anti-inflammatory activities of hydrocortisone 17-butyrate 21-propionate (HBP) were studied. The systemic anti-inflammatory activities of HBP and reference steroids were examined for their effects on dinitrochlorobenzene dermatitis, carrageenin edema, cotton pellet granuloma and adjuvant arthritis in rats and by the delayed allergic edema test in mice. The topical anti-inflammatory activities of these steroids were examined for their effects on croton oil dermatitis, croton oil ear edema, carrageenin edema and cotton pellet granuloma in rats. Furthermore, effects of these steroids on liver glycogen deposition in mice, thymolysis, and decrease of serum corticosterone level in rats were examined. Systemically administered HBP was less potent than betamethasone 17-valerate (BV), but was almost equal to hydrocortisone 17-butyrate (HB) in anti-inflammatory activity, and its effects on liver glycogen deposition, thymolysis, and the decrease of serum corticosterone level. However, the topical anti-inflammatory activity of HBP was more potent than that of BV and HB, although in the same experiment, thymolytic activity of HBP was less potent than that of BV, but was almost equal to HB. The inhibitory effect of HBP on hypotonic induced hemolysis was weaker than that of BV, but was stronger than that of HB in vitro. The affinity of HBP was higher than that of BV and HB to polymorphonuclear leucocytes used as the inflammatory cells in vitro. On the other hand no marked difference was observed in the affinity to erythrocytes used as the non-inflammatory cells in vitro. These results suggest that HBP is a useful drug which has superior topical anti-inflammatory activity, but has a weak systemic effect.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[The antiinflammatory effect of budesonide ointment and cream].

The antiinflammatory effect of topically applied budesonide ointment on carrageenin induced paw edema in rats, croton oil induced ear edema in rats, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in rats and picrylchloride induced contact hypersensitivity in mice was studied and compared with those of commercially available ointments containing betamethasone 17-valerate, hydrocortisone 21-acetate, hydrocortisone 17-butyrate or fluocinonide. The five ointments had almost the same degree of activity against the carrageenin induced paw edema. Budesonide ointment was strongest in inhibiting the croton oil induced ear edema. Budesonide and fluocinonide ointments were stronger than the other 3 ointments in inhibiting PCA and picrylchloride induced hypersensitivity. No clear atrophic effect on the thymus or adrenal was observed with any of the ointments at the doses tested. When the effect of budesonide ointment was compared with that of budesonide cream, there were no differences in activity between the two formulations. The results suggest that budesonide is a useful drug with a superior topical antiinflammatory activity.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1983

Overview of tumor promotion in animals.

Our present understanding of two-stage carcinogenesis encompasses almost four decades of research. Evidence for chemical promotion or cocarcinogenesis was first provided by Berenblum, who reported that a regimen of croton oil (weak or noncarcinogenic) applied alternately with small doses of benzo(a)pyrene (BP) to mouse skin induced a larger number of tumors than BP alone. Subsequently, Moltram found that a single subcarcinogenic dose of BP followed by multiple applications of croton oil could induce a large number of skin tumors. These investigations as well as a number of others, such as Boutwell, Van Duuren and Hecker, were responsible in defining many important aspects of the initiation and promotion of two-stage carcinogenesis. The initiation stage in mouse skin requires only a single application of either a direct-acting carcinogen or a procarcinogen and is essentially an irreversible step which as data suggests probably involves a somatic cell mutation. The promotion stage in mouse skin can be accomplished by a wide variety of weak or noncarcinogenic agents and is initially reversible later becoming irreversible. Current information suggests that skin tumor promoters are not mutagenic but bring about a number of important epigenetic changes, such as epidermal hyperplasia, and an increase in polyamines, prostaglandins and dark basal keratinocytes as well as other embryonic conditions. Recently, tumor promotion in mouse skin was shown to consist of at least two stages, in which each stage can be accomplished by either a known promoter or a weak or nonpromoting agent. Some of the important characteristics of the first stage of promotion are: (1) only one application of a first-stage promoter, such as phorbol ester tumor promoters, calcium ionophore A23187, hydrogen peroxide and wounding is needed; (2) the action is partially irreversible; (3) an increase in dark basal keratinocytes and prostaglandins is important; and (4) such an increase can be inhibited by antiinflammatory steroids and protease inhibitors. The second stage of promotion is initially reversible but later becomes irreversible. Polyamines and epidermal cell proliferation are important events in the second stage of promotion. A number of weak or nonpromoting agents, such as mezerein, are effective second-stage promoters which can be counteracted by retinoic acid, antiinflammatory steroids and polyamine synthesis inhibitors. Although skin tumor promotion has been extensively studied in mice, not all strains and stocks of mice are susceptible to phorbol ester tumor promoters. In this regard, the C57BL/6 mice appear to be fairly resistant to phorbol ester tumor promoters. In addition, not all species are equally susceptible to phorbol ester tumor promotion. Recently the generality of the two-stage system of inducing tumors has been shown to exist in a number of experimental carcinogenesis systems, such as the liver, bladder, lung, colon, esophagus, stomach, mammary gland, pancreas and cells in culture. In these systems, a wide variety of promoting agents such as diet, bile acids, hormones, saccharin, tryptophan, phenobarbital, polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated biphenyls and butylated hydroxytoluene have been used to accomplish the tumor promotion stage. It is not presently known if other experimental carcinogenesis systems and the induction of human cancer involves a series of stages similar to that in the mouse skin.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reaction of glutathione with conjugated carbonyls.

1. GSH reacts with conjugated carbonyls according to the equation: GSH+R-CH=CH-COR in equilibrium R-CH(SG)-CH2-COR. The forward reaction follows second order, the reverse reaction first order kinetics. It is assumed that this reaction reflects best the ability of conjugated carbonyls to inactivate SH groups in biological systems. 2. The rate of forward reaction increases with pH approx. parallel with alphaSH. Besides OH- ions also proton donors (e.g. buffers) increase the rate. The catalytic effect of pH and buffer is interpreted in view of the reaction mechanism. 3. The equilibrium constants as well as the rate constants for forward (k1) and reverse reaction show an extreme variation depending on the carbonyl structure. Acrolein and methyl vinyl ketone (k1 = 120 and 32 mol-1 sec-1, resp.) react more rapidly than any other carbonyl to give very stable adducts (half-lives for reverse reaction 4.6 and 60.7 days, resp). Somewhat less reactive are 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals and 4-ketopentenoic acid (k1 between 1 and 3 mol-1 sec-1), but they also form very stable adducts showing half-lives between 3.4 and 19 days. All other carbonyl studied react either very slowly (e.g. citral, ethly crotonate, mesityl oxide, acrylic acid) or form very labile adducts (crotonal, pentenal, hexenal, 3-methyl-butenone). Comparing biological activities of conjugated carbonyls their reactivity towards HS (k1) and the stability of the adducts must be considered.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1998

[The punishment of a pharmacist in Istanbul in 1853].

Yakop who ran a pharmacy in Istanbul was accused of malpractice in 1853. The pharmacist had prepared a bottle of cod liver oil for a patient and a bottle of croton oil for another one. He had neglected to label the bottles which were administered by mistake to the patients by his apprentice. The patient who drank a spoonful of croton oil was intoxicated immediately and died. As soon as the event was reported, the police asked the deceased person's family if they intended to sue the pharmacist. They did not. However, the police forces started an investigation and asked the School of Medicine whether the pharmacist was guilty. The School answered that the pharmacist had neglected to label the bottles and was found guilty of causing the death. The Supreme Court took up the matter and sentenced Mr. Yakop to six months imprisonment and decided to close his pharmacy. The decision was published in Takvim-i Vekayi, the official newspaper of the State.

Drug Labeling↗
PubMed2001

Effect of recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor on acute inflammation in mice and rats.

AIM: To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (rh-bFGF). METHODS: Several inflammation models such as croton oil-induced ear swelling, carrageenan-induced hind paw edema, and acute peritonitis in rats or mice were prepared. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was measured by hydroxyamine method, nitric oxide (NO) concentration by Griess reaction assay, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity by NADPH-diaphoras stain assay, N-acetyl-beta- D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity by colorimetry, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production by radioimmunoassay (RIA), malondialdehyde (MDA) content by thiobarbituric acid (TBA) fluorescence technique, and protein content by Coomassie brilliant blue method in peritoneal exudate in rats. RESULTS: Recombinant human bFGF 2, 4 kU/kg im inhibited croton oil-induced ear swelling and carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice. In addition, rh-bFGF 2, 4 kU/kg im reduced neutrophil counts in the rat peritoneal exudate, and lessened protein content in peritoneal exudate in rats and mice. In the rat peritonitis induced by carrageenan, rh-bFGF 4 kU/kg decreased the MDA and NO levels, inhibited the NOS activity, augmented the SOD activity, and lowered the production of PGE(2) in exudate. However, rh-bFGF had no effect on NAG content. CONCLUSION: Recombinant human bFGF has an anti-inflammatory effect and its mechanisms are related to the inhibition of NOS activity, reduction of NO, MDA, and PGE(2) content, and increase of SOD activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[The occurrence of a reductase of delta2-carboxylic acids in Clostridium kluyveri with a stereospecificity different from that of butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (author's transl)].

A Clostridia strain (R-strain) which hydrogenates tiglinate (1b) and alpha-methylcinnamate (1c) in the presence of hydrogenase gas in 2H2O to (2R, 3S)2-methyl-[2,3-2H]butyrate (5b, H = 2H) and (alphaR, betaR)alpha-methyl[alpha,beta-2H]dihydrocinnamate (5c, H = 2H), respectively, was isolated. The configuration at C-3 was determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy in the presence of Eu(fod)3. The stereochemistry of this hydrogenation is the mirror image of that which has been determined with intact cells of another strain of Clostridium kluyveri (S-strain). In the presence of hydrogen gas, the R-strain hydrogenates crotonate in 2H2O to butyrate with the following deuterium distribution: C-2, 1.85; C-3, 1.35; and C-4, 0.63 deuterium atoms. Crotonate seems to be the substrate of two reductases with sterically different actions. Tiglinate (1b) and alpha-methylcinnamate, however, are hydrogenated only by that reductase which is different from the butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase.

Butyrates↗
PubMed2001

[Effects of cervical vertebra rehabilitation pill on antiinflammation and analgesia].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of cervical vertebra rehabilitation pill on anti-inflammation and analgesia. METHODS: Hot board and body distortion induced by acertic acid methods were applied in mice for analgesia experiment. Granuloma induced by cotton ball implantation tumefaction in feet induced by carrageenin in rats and auricle tumefaction induced by croton oil in mice were applied for anti-flammation experiment. RESULTS: Cervical vertebra rehabilitation pill could significantly prolong the latent period of pain reaction induced by hot board in mice and markedly decrease the frequency of body distortion induced by acertic acid. Cervical vertebra rehabilitation pill also could significantly inhibit the tumefaction in feet induced by carrageenin, reduce the degree of tumefaction in auricle induced by croton oil in mice and inhibit the formation of granuloma induced by cotton ball implantation in subcutaneous part. CONCLUSION: Cervical vertebra rehabilitation pill has significant effects on anti-inflammation and analgesia.

Analgesics↗