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PubMed1993

Food-group consumption and colon cancer in the Adelaide Case-Control Study. II. Meat, poultry, seafood, dairy foods and eggs.

We conducted a case-control study in Australia, comparing 220 persons with histologically confirmed incident adenocarcinoma of the colon with 438 age- and gender-matched controls. Cases were identified via the South Australian Cancer Registry (1979-80); controls were randomly selected from the electoral roll. All participants completed a 141-item food-frequency questionnaire and were interviewed regarding demographic and other information. Consumption of 8 groups of foods from animal sources was investigated. Odds ratios (OR) for quartiles of consumption were obtained using conditional logistic regression. All analyses were conducted separately for females and males. The most striking finding was a positive association for egg consumption in females, with an unadjusted OR of 2.4 (1.1-5.3) for consumption in the uppermost quartile. The uppermost septile of egg consumption was associated with an unadjusted OR of 6.3 (1.5-26.1) and a dose-response pattern was suggested. Intakes of red meat, liver, seafood, and dairy foods were also weakly positively associated with risk in females. In males, intakes of red meat and poultry were weakly positively associated with risk with unadjusted ORs of 1.5 (0.8-2.8) and 1.4 (0.7-2.6) respectively. The ratio of intake of red meat to poultry and seafood was also positively associated with risk in males, with an unadjusted OR of 1.4 (0.8-2.6). Interpretation of analyses stratified by colon cancer subsite was limited by the low number of subjects in each sub-site stratum, yet the results were somewhat supportive of a stronger risk associated with animal foods in the proximal than in the distal colon. The results for egg consumption suggest a role for cholesterol in the etiology of colon cancer, particularly in proximal cancer for females. Results for vegetable and fruit consumption are presented in a companion report.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Is caffeine consumption a risk factor for osteoporosis?

High caffeine consumption has been proposed as a risk factor for osteoporotic fracture, but the evidence associating high caffeine intake with low bone density is inconsistent. We therefore examined the influence of caffeine consumption on bone mineral at six skeletal sites in an age-stratified random sample of white women residing in Rochester, Minnesota. After age adjustment, there was no association between overall caffeine consumption and bone mineral at five of the six sites. In the femoral shaft, however, there was a statistically significant interaction between age and caffeine consumption so that high caffeine intake was associated with slight reductions in bone mineral among elderly subjects but with modestly increased bone mineral at younger ages. When caffeine intake was categorized by source, no consistent influence of coffee, tea, or other caffeinated beverage consumption could be detected on bone mineral. Caffeine intake was, however, positively associated with cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. After adjusting for age, caffeine consumption was not correlated with biochemical indices of bone turnover, circulating concentrations of estradiol and estrone, or other dietary and musculoskeletal variables. These data suggest that caffeine intake in the range consumed by a representative sample of white women is not an important risk factor for osteoporosis. Among elderly women, however, in whom calcium balance performance is impaired, high caffeine intake may predispose to cortical bone loss from the proximal femur.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Attitudinal moderation of correlation between food liking and consumption.

This paper focuses on the degree of correlation between food liking and consumption and proposes the degree of correspondence between affective and cognitive aspects of liking and consumption as moderators of this correlation. In a close-response questionnaire, 103 young females (average age of 20) indicated their liking for and consumption of 12 non-alcoholic cold beverages. They also indicated their level of agreement with affective and cognitive statements associated with each beverage as well as the affective or cognitive statement that was representative of their attitude toward each beverage. Even though there are affective and cognitive bases of both liking and consumption, the affective basis dominates liking whereas the cognitive basis dominates consumption for most beverage categories. Separate analyses conducted at the level of individual subjects and of individual beverage categories both revealed that those cases in which the attitude basis for liking and consumption showed the highest correspondence, also manifested the highest liking-consumption correlation. Results are discussed with regard to health promotion and food marketing strategies.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Consumption patterns and why people fish.

Recreational and subsistence fishing play major roles in the lives of many people, although their importance in urban areas is often underestimated. There are fish and shellfish consumption advisories in the New York-New Jersey harbor estuary, particularly in the waters of the Newark Bay Complex. This paper examines fishing behavior, consumption patterns, and the reasons that people fish in the Newark Bay Complex. I test the null hypotheses that there are no differences among Asians, Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites in consumption patterns for fish and crabs and in the reasons that they fish or crab. Most people either fished or crabbed, but not both. People who fish and crab ate more grams of crab than fish in a given meal; people who crab only consumed more grams of crab at a meal than those who fish only consumed of fish. Although 30% or more of the people who fished and crabbed in the Newark Bay Complex did not eat their self-caught fish or crabs 8-25% of the people ate more than 1500 g/month. Some people angling in the Newark Bay Complex are eating crabs at a rate well over 1500 g/month, and about 70% are eating crabs even though there is a total ban on both harvest and consumption because of the health risks from dioxin. Consumption patterns were negatively correlated with mean income and positively correlated with mean age. Most people rated relaxation and being outdoors the highest reasons for angling, although on an open-ended question they usually listed recreation. There were no ethnic differences in reasons for angling, although other studies have shown ethnic differences in consumption. Obtaining fish or crabs to eat, give away, trade, or sell were rated low, suggesting that consumption advisories fail partly because people are not primarily fishing for food.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Coffee consumption not associated with risk of pancreas cancer in Finland.

BACKGROUND: Coffee consumption has been brought to focus as a possible risk factor for pancreas cancer. After having reviewed the available evidence, an International Agency for Research on Cancer working group concluded in 1991 that the evidence in humans that coffee drinking is carcinogenic in the pancreas is "inadequate," since the available data were considered suggestive of a weak relationship with high levels of coffee consumption, but the possibility that this was due to bias or confounding was judged tenable. METHODS: The association between coffee consumption and pancreas cancer risk was examined in a case-referent study in Finland. Data on coffee consumption 20 years prior to the diagnosis of cancer were obtained from the next of kin of 662 cases of pancreas cancer and 1,770 referent (stomach, colon, and rectum) cancers. The results were expressed as crude and age-, gender-, and tobacco smoking-adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for three daily coffee dose categories 20 years prior to cancer diagnosis. RESULTS: The data failed to demonstrate any association between coffee consumption and risk for pancreas cancer. The crude odds ratios varied between 0.7 (95% confidence interval 0.3-1.5) and 1.3 (0.7-2.6), the adjusted ones between 0.5 (0.2-1.2) and 1.1 (0.6-2.1) in the different daily dose categories of coffee and between contrasts with the three referent cancers. The highest odds ratios were associated with the contrast between pancreas and colon cancer, the lowest between pancreas and rectum cancer. Adjustment for gender, age, and tobacco smoking slightly decreased the values of the odds ratios. The power of the study was low, however, to detect possible weak increases associated with coffee consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The results are unlikely to be negatively biased, and are compatible with the majority of epidemiologic results advanced, suggesting no positive association between coffee consumption and the risk of pancreas cancer.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determinants of fat and fiber consumption in American rural energy workers.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to gain insight into the determinants of dietary fat and fiber consumption in American rural energy workers. Main determinants in this study were knowledge, efficacy expectations, and outcome expectations. The determinants will be ordered in a model, assuming that efficacy and outcome expectations predict intention. METHODS: The study consisted of a cross-sectional survey. The questionnaires on food behavior and the determinants of fat and fiber consumption were administered to the subjects at the same time. Models of determinants of fat and fiber consumption were derived from the correlation and regression analyses. RESULTS: There were 211 questionnaires analyzed. The scales were shown to be valid and reliable. In the models of determinants of fat and fiber consumption the following determinants were generated: gender, education, knowledge, interest, efficacy expectations, outcome expectations, and intention. In this study efficacy expectations were important to determine fat and fiber consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Efficacy expectations can be considered an important variable of an intervention program aiming at the decrease of fat consumption and at the increase of fiber consumption in rural energy workers.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Fish consumption and mortality from all causes, ischemic heart disease, and stroke: an ecological study.

BACKGROUND: The present study examined the relation between fish consumption and mortality from all causes, ischemic heart disease, and stroke. METHODS: The fish consumption data in 1961-1963, 1979-1981, and 1989-1991 and mortality data, age-standardized to 45-74 years, mean of the latest available 3 years, mostly around 1992-1993, in 36 countries, were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization, respectively. RESULTS: There exists an inverse univariate correlation between log fish consumption in 1961-1963, 1979-1981, and 1989-1991 and log all-cause (P < 0.01 to < 0.001) and ischemic heart disease (P < 0.05 to < 0.01) mortality in both sexes. An inverse univariate correlation between log fish consumption and log stroke mortality was found only for the period 1961-1963 in both sexes (P < 0.05). Log fish consumption was independently, significantly, and inversely associated with log all-cause (all P < 0.001), ischemic heart disease (P < 0.01 to < 0.001), and stroke (P < 0.05 to < 0.001) mortality in all three time periods in both sexes, after adjusting for confounding factors. These associations remained significant even after exclusion of Iceland and Japan, countries with the highest amount of fish consumption and the lowest all-cause mortality rate. CONCLUSIONS: Fish consumption is associated with a reduced risk from all-cause, ischemic heart disease, and stroke mortality at the population level.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2001

Annual per capita apparent consumption of tobacco products in the United States: 1900-1990.

BACKGROUND: Analyses of secular trends in tobacco consumption can provide evidence of potential tobacco-disease relationships and have utility in terms of public health projections and policy. The purpose of this project was to provide a unique set of continuous apparent tobacco product consumption estimates for the United States over the period spanning 1900 through 1990. METHODS: Two U.S. Department of Agriculture data sources provide information on long-term apparent tobacco consumption in the United States; however, differences exist between these data sets. The consumption estimates in these reports were adjusted to a common population base. A 9-year overlap of the data sets was then used to calibrate one data series to the other using inverse regression. Predicted tobacco consumption estimates for the years 1900 through 1944 were then combined with the adjusted 1945-1990 data. RESULTS: Inverse regression showed a strong linear relationship between the two U.S. Department of Agriculture summaries for each tobacco product during the 9-year overlap period. A continuous set of annual per capita tobacco consumption estimates is reported by product for the United States. CONCLUSIONS: The two U.S. Department of Agriculture reports can be combined to provide a history of tobacco product consumption in the United States over the period 1900-1990.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Household educational level as a determinant of consumption of raw vegetables among male and female adolescents.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to examine the association between household educational level and consumption of raw vegetables among adolescents and to assess the influence of other determinants on the association, such as family factors, school achievement, health behavior, meal pattern, and weight-related factors. A further aim was to investigate whether the associations were the same for male and female adolescents. METHODS: The study is based on data from the School Health Promotion Survey 1997-1998. Data were collected by a classroom-administered questionnaire, which was completed by 76,201 secondary school pupils. The study recorded the consumption of raw vegetables, but not the consumption of cooked vegetables. Multivariate logistic regressions were used in the analyses. RESULTS: A clear positive association between educational level of the household and daily consumption of raw vegetables was found among adolescents. The adolescent's own school achievement explained part of the association between household educational level and consumption of raw vegetables. Other factors explained the association to a small degree, with meal pattern and weight factors having no effect. The associations were similar for both genders. CONCLUSIONS: Educational level in the household is an important determinant of consumption of raw vegetables. A household with a high educational level will also presumably contain adolescents who have good school achievement, another strong predictor of frequent consumption of raw vegetables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Legal opioid consumption in Denmark 1981-1993.

According to the World Health Organisation, a country's morphine consumption is an important indicator of progress in cancer pain relief. Due to its very high opioid consumption, Denmark is often pointed out as a country worthy of imitation. The aim of the present study was to analyse Danish opioid consumption in order to elucidate the usage pattern and to identify the consumers. Total opioid consumption increased 353% from 1981 to 1993, exceeding 1.45 million defined daily doses per million inhabitants in 1993. Morphine accounted for 39%, methadone 22%, ketobemidone 21% and buprenorphine for 14% of the consumption use. The consumption of long acting opioids (sustained release morphine, methadone, buprenorphine) and short acting opioids (others) increased by 1427% and 105%, respectively. Analysis of a sample of 1854 prescriptions for opioids revealed that less than 10% of the prescriptions were issued for cancer pain conditions. It is concluded: that if other countries consider Denmark as worthy of imitation in opioid treatment for cancer pain, attention should be paid to the pattern of the Danish opioid consumption, which is outstanding with respect to quantity but the quality may be questionable.

Analgesia↗
PubMed1996

Causal connection between detoxification enzyme activity and consumption of a toxic plant compound.

Insect herbivores can increase their detoxification activities against a particular plant poison in response to prolonged ingestion of the same compound. For example, larval tobacco hornworms (Manduca sexta) experience a dramatic increase in cytochrome P450 activity against nicotine after ingesting nicotine. While it is generally assumed that this induction process permits increased consumption of toxic plant tissues, we are not aware of any direct experimental support for this assumption. Using a two-tiered approach, we examined the functional significance of P450 induction to M. sexta larvae ingesting a toxic but non-deterrent concentration of nicotine. First, we related the time-course of P450 induction in midgut microsomes to changes in nicotine consumption. When offered a nicotine diet, larvae failed to show a significant increase in consumption before 36 h, which was coincident with the time-course of the induction of midgut P450 activities against aldrin and nicotine. Second, we determined whether inhibiting the induced P450 activities affected nicotine consumption. We found that the increase in nicotine consumption following the induction of nicotine metabolism could be strongly inhibited by treatment with piperonyl butoxide, which by itself did not inhibit consumption. These results provide direct evidence for a causal connection between P450-mediated detoxification activity and consumption of a toxic plant compound.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Patterns of ethanol and water consumption as a function of restricted ethanol access and feeding condition.

Sixteen male albino rats were divided into two groups of eight animals and maintained at either their free-feeding or at 80% of their free-feeding weight. For four animals, access to 8% ethanol was unrestricted, for the remaining four, access was restricted to eight 20-min access periods per day. Mean amounts of ethanol consumed per bout were greater during restricted access than during unrestricted access for food-deprived animals but not for free-feeding animals. Total daily ethanol consumption was greatest when animals were food deprived and access to ethanol unrestricted. Total fluid consumption and the within session distribution of water and ethanol responding were affected by feeding condition. For food-deprived animals, the amount of water consumed per session remained relatively constant. The increase in ethanol consumption over sessions resulted in an increase in total fluid consumption. For the free-feeding animals, increases in ethanol consumption resulted in decreases in water consumption so that total fluid consumption remained constant. In addition, food-deprived animals consumed all their daily water intake at the beginning of each session when food was present. Free-feeding animals consumed water throughout the session.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1999

[Inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption in Switzerland: results of the Swiss Health Survey 1992/93].

Inadequate consumption of fruit and vegetables increases the risk of various (chronical) diseases. It is therefore recommended to eat at least three portions of vegetables and two portions of fruit every day. The present study aims to determine the prevalence of inadequate fruit and vegetable (potatoes are not regarded as vegetables in Switzerland) consumption in Switzerland and to determine sociodemographic and lifestyle correlates of inadequate consumption. Data presented in this study were taken from the first national representative health survey for Switzerland (conducted 1992/1993) including 7930 men and 7358 women (response rate 71%), age 15 and over. Bivariate analyses and multivariate logistic regressions controlling for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors were done. Inadequate consumption of fruit and vegetables was common among the study population. Less than daily consumption of fruit was reported by about 30%, of vegetables by 17%. About 25% of study participants do not eat fruit or vegetables every day, for 11% the consumption of both is insufficient. Men, young people, study participants with a low educational background, people living in the French and Italian speaking part of Switzerland, smokers and participants with low physical activity reported more often inadequate fruit and vegetable intake than women, older people, well educated study participants, inhabitants of the German speaking part of Switzerland, nonsmokers, and less physically active people. These results stress the need for nutrition education programs aimed at increased consumption of fruit and vegetables in Switzerland.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Longitudinal study on the consumption of analgesics, tranquilizers and hypnotics by healthy Swiss men over a 13-year period (1972-1985).

This study describes the course of medical drug consumption (analgesics, tranquilizers, and hypnotics) in 843 identical, healthy men between the ages of 20 and 33 years. In 1972-1973, 4082 randomly selected 20-year-old Swiss military recruits were interviewed with a standardized questionnaire about parental drug consumption and their own consumption of tobacco, alcohol, analgesics, tranquilizers, hypnotics, and illegal drugs. In 1979, 1658 and, in 1985, 1554 men from the original sample were asked identical and similar questions via questionnaires sent by mail. The results presented concern the 843 men who took part in all three phases. The medical drugs these men consumed most often were analgesics. However, there was a significant decrease in the number of men who took these drugs either seldom or repeatedly during the observation period (28.6% vs 21.0%; P less than 0.001). There was also a significant decrease in the proportion of men who used tranquilizers (8.7% vs 4.9%; P less than 0.01); however, the proportions of men taking hypnotics were the same in 1972-1973 and in 1985 (5.4% vs 5.2%). In the study population, repeated consumption of analgesics and/or hypnotics and/or tranquilizers at the age of 20 significantly increased the probability that the subjects would habitually consume analgesics at the age of 33. Repeated parental consumption of hypnotics increased the probability that the sons would significantly increase their consumption of hypnotics and/or tranquilizers between the ages of 20 and 33. The results are discussed against the background of other findings concerning the epidemiology of drug consumption.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Behavioral economics of drug self-administration. IV. The effects of response requirement on the consumption of and interaction between concurrently available coffee and cigarettes.

In behavioral economics, consumption of a reinforcer is determined by its price and by the price of other available reinforcers. This study examined the effects of price manipulations on the consumption of concurrently available coffee and cigarettes. During fifteen 4-h sessions, coffee and cigarettes were concurrently available according to fixed-ratio (FR) schedules of reinforcement. After consumption stabilized under a fixed ratio 100 for both reinforcers, the response requirement for each reinforcer was varied separately (i.e., FR 100, 1000 and 2500), while the response requirement for the other reinforcer was kept at 100. Increasing the FR value decreased coffee and cigarette consumption to a similar degree. Also, as the price for cigarettes increased (and consumption decreased), coffee consumption decreased; however, as the price of coffee increased, cigarette consumption did not change. These results indicate that for this setting the reinforcing effects of cigarettes and coffee were comparable but interacted asymmetrically. These findings when analyzed and quantified via economic concepts of own-price and cross-price elasticity illustrate the viability of using behavioral economics to examine drug self-administration in a choice paradigm.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

On the role of monoamine oxidase-A for the maintenance of the volitional consumption of ethanol in two different rat models.

It is hypothesized that although the overall metabolism of ethanol in the brain is very limited, a very small percentage of the brain tissue may carry out that little amount of metabolism. Specifically, hydrogen peroxide may be used as a co-substrate for the metabolism of ethanol to acetaldehyde by catalase and the action of monoamine oxidase in the monoaminergic neurons would supply the hydrogen peroxide. This production of acetaldehyde may result in the formation of novel metabolites that provide the rewarding stimulus for the consumption of ethanol. To test this hypothesis, a reversible inhibitor of the A-isoform of monoamine oxidase, BW A616U, was compared to irreversible inhibitors of one or both MAO-A and B isoenzymes. Doses of 12.5-75 mg/kg p.o. BW A616U reduced the behavioral effects, ptosis and catalepsy, due to monoamine depletion by 2.5 mg/kg reserpine, but these signs of monoamine depletion were evident 24 h after injection. In the cyanamide-induced drinking rat, 50 mg/kg BW A616U reduced consumption of ethanol by 37%. Phenylzine, an irreversible MAO-A and B inhibitor, reduced consumption of ethanol by 67%, but also food consumption; however, the intake of both increased during the post-treatment period. The MAO-B inhibitor, R(-)-deprenyl, was without effect. Both BW A616U, 50 mg/kg and 75 mg/kg, and 2.0 mg/kg i.p. clorgyline reduced the consumption of ethanol in the genetic drinking Myers high-ethanol preferring (mHEP) rat and reduced the proportion of ethanol consumed to total fluids by over 50%. Again, R(-)-deprenyl was without effect. Clorgyline also markedly reduced the intake of food during the 3-day treatment period, only. However, the consumption of ethanol remained depressed during the 4 days after either 75 mg/kg BW A616U or clorgyline. These data demonstrate that inhibition of MAO-A, but not MAO-B, reduces the volitional consumption of ethanol probably by preventing the formation of both biogenic aldehydes and acetaldehyde so that rewarding alkaloidal products cannot be formed.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2000

Naltrexone effects on ethanol consumption and response to ethanol conditioned cues in C57BL/6 mice.

RATIONALE: The conditions under which naltrexone reduces ethanol consumption and its effect on behavior controlled by ethanol conditioned stimuli remain unclear. OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to determine the effects of naltrexone on ethanol consumption by C57BL/6 (B6) mice when injected subcutaneously (expt 1) or delivered by osmotic minipump (expt 2), and on ethanol conditioned cues (expt 3). METHODS: Naltrexone effects on ethanol consumption and preference were measured in a continuous access two-bottle choice paradigm in groups of mice implanted with osmotic minipumps delivering 0-3.0 mg/kg per day or injected subcutaneously with 0-6.0 mg/kg doses. Naltrexone's (0-3.0 mg/kg) effect on ethanol-conditioned cues was indexed by its effect on the expression of ethanol place conditioning (expt 3). RESULTS: Naltrexone produced a transient reduction in ethanol consumption and a consistent reduction in preference when injected; however, it had no effect on ethanol consumption or preference when delivered continuously by osmotic minipump. Naltrexone attenuated the expression of ethanol place conditioning in a U-shaped dose-response function. CONCLUSIONS: The transient reduction in ethanol consumption produced by injected naltrexone and the absence of an effect when continuously delivered confirms a report that maintaining naltrexone at steady state levels may antagonize its attenuation of ethanol consumption. The reduced expression of ethanol place conditioning in naltrexone-injected mice suggests that the drug can attenuate the reinforcing effects of ethanol conditioned stimuli as was recently reported for lever responding maintained by ethanol conditioned stimuli in rats. These effects were observed at naltrexone doses with no readily apparent adverse side-effects, supporting its usefulness for treating alcoholism.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The association between coffee consumption and plasma total homocysteine levels: the "ATTICA" study.

The aim of this work was to investigate the association between homocysteine levels and coffee consumption in a sample of cardiovascular disease-free men and women. From May 2001 to December 2002, we randomly enrolled 1514 men and 1528 women, stratified by age and gender, from the greater area of Athens. Blood samples were collected in the fasting state. Among other investigated factors, dietary habits (including coffee consumption in ml per day, adjusted for 28% caffeine containment) were evaluated using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Men consumed higher quantities of coffee compared with women (250 +/- 55 vs 150 +/- 60 ml/day, P = 0.001), while homocysteine values were also higher in men than in women (14.5 +/- 6 vs 10.8 +/- 3.5 micromol/l, P = 0.001). A dose-response relationship of homocysteine levels with coffee consumption was observed (r = 0.10, P = 0.034). In particular, we found that homocysteine levels were 11.2 +/- 5 micromol/l for no consumption, 11.7 +/- 7 micromol/l for <100 ml/day, 12.5 +/- 7 micromol/l for 200-400 ml/day, and 12.7 +/- 4 micromol/l for >500 ml/day consumption (P = 0.018). The observed trend remained significant even after controlling for the interactions between coffee consumption with gender, smoking habits, physical activity status, and eating habits. However, the sole effect of the consumption of filtered coffee on homocysteine levels was significant only in those who consumed more than 500 ml/day (P = 0.043). Although our findings cannot be evidence for causality, they can be the basis for hypotheses about the relation between homocysteine and coffee that can partially explain the mechanisms by which elevated homocysteine levels may influence coronary risk.

Adult↗