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PubMed1993

Subunit association and glycosylation of acetylcholinesterase from monkey brain.

Cercopithecus monkey brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) consists of about 15% hydrophilic, salt-soluble enzyme and 83% amphiphilic, detergent-soluble enzyme. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation showed that hydrophilic, salt-soluble AChE was composed of about 85% tetramer (10.3S) and 15% monomer (3.3S). In amphiphilic, detergent-soluble AChE, 85% tetramer (9.7S), 10% dimer (5.7S), and 5% monomer (3.2S) were seen. The enzyme is N-glycosylated, and no O-linked carbohydrate could be detected. Use of two monoclonal antibodies, one directed against the catalytic subunit and the other against the hydrophobic anchor, gave new insights into the subunit assembly of brain AChE. It is shown that in tetrameric AChE, not all of the subunits are disulfide-bonded and that two populations of tetramers exist, one carrying one and the other carrying two hydrophobic anchors.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1997

The effect of diet on the Vervet monkey endocrine pancreas.

Vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) used for pancreatic endocrine cell distribution studies were found to have been maintained on different diets. Although the effect of dietary changes on the exocrine pancreas has been described in several animals, little, apart from the effect of malnutrition, has been reported for the endocrine pancreas. Reported here are pancreatic endocrine cell distributions in monkeys on a standard diet (n = 3) compared with monkeys on an atherogenic diet (n = 3). Quantitation of immunolabelled pancreatic endocrine cell types revealed a significant 80% increase in A (glucagon) cell volume in monkeys on an atherogenic diet concomitant with a significant reduction in B (insulin) cell volume to approximately 60% of normal. This reflects a pattern of events that occurs in non-insulin dependent diabetes. An accompanying reduction in PP (pancreatic polypeptide) cell volumes supports our hypothesis that altering A and PP cell volumes could reflect differential gene expression in those cells in the adult in which glucagon and PP are co-localized.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Experimental palatal candidosis and saliva flow in monkeys.

Maxillary acrylic plates, inoculated with Candida albicans, were inserted for 3 weeks in 10 monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) (Series I), and reinserted in five of the animals 8 weeks after removal (Series II). To suppress saliva flow oxyphencyclimine was injected intramuscularly (0.125 mg/kg) thrice daily for 3 weeks in six monkeys of Series I, while four controls received no drug. In Series II the oxyphencyclimine dose was doubled in three animals, and two controls were sham-treated with sodium chloride. Mean saliva flow was reduced to 58% after 1 week and to 63% after 3 weeks with the low dose of oxyphencyclimine. The values with the high dose were 56% and 64%, respectively. After 1 week thrush had developed beneath the plates of all monkeys. The patches were more extensive and regressed slower with oxyphencyclimine. Enlarged lesions were seen with the double dose. In Series I intraepithelial invasion by hyphae was detected more frequently and longer after inoculation in the oxyphencyclimine group. Such invasion was not found in biopsies from Series II. It is likely that saliva offers some protection against yeasts colonizing the fitting size of a denture.

Acrylates↗
PubMed1975

Surface characteristics of cells from different layers of keratinized and non-keratinized oral epithelia.

Portions of clinically healthy non-keratinized and keratinized oral epithelia were removed from adult vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). The epithelium was separated from the underlying lamina propria by trypsin digestion, following which the epithelial cells were separated from the various epithelial layers. These were examined with the light and scanning electron microscope. Cells from non-keratinized epithelia have surface microplications while those from keratinized epithelia show microvilli and pits. Two distinct types of cell are therefore present. It is suggested that the different surface appearances are related to different types of mechanical adhesion between the cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Purification of zymogen granules from monkey parotid glands.

A method giving highly purified zymogen granules from Macaca irus and Cercopithecus aethiops parotid glands in reported. A 0.3 M sucrose medium for homogenization was supplemented with 10 mM tris/HCl, pH 7.3, and 0.1 mM lauric acid to stabilize the fragile monkey zymogen granules. Nuclei and cell debris were sedimented at 150 times g. A "crude" zymogen granule fraction was trapped in the 1.0 M sucrose layer of a discontinuous sucrose gradient at 1000 times g. Equilibrium centrifugation in a continuous sucrose gradient gave a fraction of zymogen granules at 1.85 M sucrose. Compared to the homogenate, this fraction exhibited about two-fold increase in zymogen granule marker, whereas mitochondrial marker was reduced to 1/4 and lysosomal marker to 1/2. A low level of contamination from other cell organelles was confirmed by electron microscopic investigation.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Pulse register phonation in Diana monkey alarm calls.

The adult male Diana monkeys (Cercopithecus diana) produce predator-specific alarm calls in response to two of their predators, the crowned eagles and the leopards. The acoustic structure of these alarm calls is remarkable for a number of theoretical and empirical reasons. First, although pulsed phonation has been described in a variety of mammalian vocalizations, very little is known about the underlying production mechanism. Second, Diana monkey alarm calls are based almost exclusively on this vocal production mechanism to an extent that has never been documented in mammalian vocal behavior. Finally, the Diana monkeys' pulsed phonation strongly resembles the pulse register in human speech, where fundamental frequency is mainly controlled by subglottal pressure. Here, we report the results of a detailed acoustic analysis to investigate the production mechanism of Diana monkey alarm calls. Within calls, we found a positive correlation between the fundamental frequency and the pulse amplitude, suggesting that both humans and monkeys control fundamental frequency by subglottal pressure. While in humans pulsed phonation is usually considered pathological or artificial, male Diana monkeys rely exclusively on pulsed phonation, suggesting a functional adaptation. Moreover, we were unable to document any nonlinear phenomena, despite the fact that they occur frequently in the vocal repertoire of humans and nonhumans, further suggesting that the very robust Diana monkey pulse production mechanism has evolved for a particular functional purpose. We discuss the implications of these findings for the structural evolution of Diana monkey alarm calls and suggest that the restricted variability in fundamental frequency and robustness of the source signal gave rise to the formant patterns observed in Diana monkey alarm calls, used to convey predator information.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1985

Isolation of T-lymphotropic retrovirus related to HTLV-III/LAV from wild-caught African green monkeys.

Present evidence suggests that the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) emerged in Central Africa as a new disease in recent decades. This disease has recently approached epidemic proportions in many parts of the world. The etiologic agent of AIDS is believed to be the virus HTLV-III/LAV, which has been proposed as having originated from a recent simian-human transmission in Africa. This report describes the isolation of a designated STLV-IIIAGM retrovirus closely related to HTLV-III/LAV from seven healthy wild-caught African Green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) that showed the presence of antibodies designated STLV-IIIAGM. In vitro growth characteristics, ultrastructural morphology, and major proteins of 160,000 kilodaltons (kD), 120 kD, 55 kD, and 24 kD are similar to and cross-reactive with the analogous antigens of HTLV-III/LAV. The use of these serologic markers in the detection of STLV-IIIAGM-infected monkeys may be important in assuring the continued safety of a variety of biologic reagents that are derived from these primate species. The existence of a retrovirus closely related to HTLV-III/LAV that naturally infects an African nonhuman primate in the apparent absence of disease may provide a unique model for the study of human AIDS and the development of an effective vaccine.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Gut microflora of vervet and samango monkeys in relation to diet.

The microflora in the gastrointestinal tracts of wild vervet and samango monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops and C. mitis, respectively) were studied, using fermentation acid analysis, electron microscopy, and culturing methods. The diets of the two species of monkey differ considerably, with that of the samango including a greater proportion of cellulose-rich leaf material, and this is reflected in the microflora. Volatile fatty acid measurements along the gut of both species showed that these end products of bacterial metabolism were concentrated in the cecum and colon. Electron microscopy indicated that morphologically similar bacteria were present in the cecum and colon of both species, but the samango possessed a distinct stomach microflora. Bacteria in the lumina of the four main regions of the gut of the monkeys (stomach, small intestine, cecum, and colon) were plated on a number of anaerobic media (Mann, Rogosa, and Sharp; clostridial basal; and complex media). The cecum and colon were found to contain higher numbers of microbes per gram (wet weight) of gut content than the stomach and small intestine. Microbial isolates were able to catabolize carboxymethyl cellulose and other polymers. This may aid the monkeys, particularly samangos, in the digestion of fibrous dietary components such as leaves.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

A distinct African lentivirus from Sykes' monkeys.

Asymptomatic infection with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) has been demonstrated in African Sykes' monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis albogularis), and virus isolation confirmed infection with a novel SIV from Sykes' monkeys (SIVsyk). Macaques inoculated with SIVsyk became persistently infected but remained clinically healthy. We utilized polymerase chain reaction amplification to generate a full-length, infectious molecular clone of SIVsyk. The genome organization of SIVsyk is similar to that of the other primate lentiviruses, consisting of gag, pol, vif, vpr, tat, rev, env, and nef. A unique feature is the absence of the highly conserved NF-kappa B binding site in the long terminal repeat. SIVsyk is genetically equidistant from other primate lentiviruses. Thus, SIVsyk represents a new group that is distinct from the four previously recognized primate lentivirus groups: human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), SIV from sooty mangabeys (SIVsmm) and HIV-2, SIV from African green monkeys (SIVagm), and SIV from mandrills (SIVmnd). The genetic differences between SIVsyk and SIVagm, isolates derived from monkeys of the same genus, underscore the potential for other distinct SIVs which have yet to be isolated and characterized.

Africa↗
PubMed1983

Preparation of a "functional library" of African green monkey DNA fragments which substitute for the processing/polyadenylation signal in the herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase gene.

Fragments of African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) DNA (3.5 to 18.0 kilobases) were inserted downstream from the thymidine kinase (TK, tk) coding region in pTK206/SV010, a gene construct which lacks both copies of the hexanucleotide 5'-AATAAA-3' and contains a simian virus 40 origin of replication, allowing it to replicate in Cos-1 cells. No polyadenylated tk mRNA was detected in Cos-1 cells transfected by pTK206/SV010. The ability of simian DNA fragments to restore tk gene expression was examined by measuring the incorporation of [125I]iododeoxycytidine into DNA in Cos-1 cells transfected by pTK206/SV010 insertion derivatives. tk gene expression was restored by the insertion in 56 of the 67 plasmids analyzed, and the level of expression equaled or exceeded that obtained with the wild-type tk gene in 30 of these. In all plasmids examined that showed restoration of tk gene expression, polyadenylated tk mRNA of discrete size was detected. The sizes of these tk mRNAs were consistent with the existence of processing and polyadenylation signals within the inserted DNA fragments. The frequency with which inserted fragments restored tk gene expression suggests that the minimal signal for processing and polyadenylation is a hexanucleotide (AAUAAA or a similar sequence). LTK- cells were biochemically transformed to TK+ with representative insertion constructs. pTK206/SV010 transformed LTK- cells at a very low frequency; the frequency of transformation with insertion derivatives was 40 to 12,000 times higher.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Behavioral development of captive male hybrid cercopithecine monkeys.

In this study, we compare the behavioral development of captive male vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) and Sykes' monkeys (Cercopithecus albogularis) to male hybrids of these species. Focal animal sampling sessions were conducted on the study subjects from birth to 90 months of age. Behavioral categories (affiliative, approach, play, sexual, tension, aggressive) were plotted for each species and the hybrids; curves were fitted using polynomial regression and were evaluated with the Wilcoxon signed ranks test. With the exception of play behaviors, the male C. pygerythrus x C. albogularis hybrids modeled the Sykes' pattern of behavioral development. We suggest that this result reflects a sex-linked paternal effect.

Aging↗
PubMed1976

Microscopic organization of the ligamenta flava in Cercopithecinae.

The ligamenta flava have been investigated in Cercopithecus pygerythrus (vervet monkey) and C. mitis (blue monkey) at various levels of the vertebral column. It has been shown that in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions the topography of these ligaments differs. The cervical ligamenta flava do not extend over the intervertebral joints, while in the thoracic and lumbar regions they reinforce and fuse with the capsule. The ligamenta flava from T4 to S1 replace the interspinous ligaments by extending into the interspinous space. The ligamenta flava consist mostly of interwoven layers of elastic and collagen fibres. The area of attachment has four zones whose histological details are described. These findings are discussed in relation to the function of the vertebrbility of the column and mechanical adaptation to absorb sudden stresses.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The numbers of vertebrae in three African cercopithecine species.

The number of precaudal vertebrae in the three African cercopithecine species are analyzed, with two definitions for thoracic and lumbar vertebrae compared. It is found that generic averages obscure some rather substantial differences at the species level for both Cercopithecus and Cercocebus. Further, when zygapophysis structure is used to define vertebral type, rather than presence or absence of rib facets, there is a substantial change in thoracic and lumbar averages that may be important from a functional (locomotion) standpoint.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Genetic variation of aldehyde dehydrogenase in primates.

Genetic variation of aldehyde dehydrogenase has been demonstrated in catarrhine primates. The results are in accordance with the formal genetic interpretation: three alleles, AldDH1, AldDH2, AldDH3, at the gene locus AldDH. Obviously, the allele AldDH1 has undergone fixation in Homo and Hylobates, the allele AldDH2 in Macaca and Papio, and the allele AldDH3 in Cercopithecus.

Aldehyde Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1979

The primates in Darfur, Republic of Sudan.

The paper describes the distribution, group size and relative abundance of Erythrocebus patas and Papio doguera in Darfur Province, Sudan. Less detailed information is given on Cercopithecus aethiops and Galago senegalensis. Detailed observations were carried out in the field and by low-level aerial survey during 1972--1978 and have been supplemented by references to the literature where appropriate.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Some histological aspects of the palmar digital pads in the vervet monkey.

The structural organisation of the digital touch pads has been investigated in the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus pygerythrus) by light microscopy. It has been demonstrated that the subcutaneous tissue of the terminal digital pad consists of a highly organised septal framework containing large amounts of elastic fibres, with adipose tissue sweat gland compartments lying between the connective tissue septa. It is suggested that the presence of elastic fibres in the septal framework of the terminal digital pad is an important factor in accomplishing an even more supple response to prehensile and tactile activities of the hand.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1986

[Dental enamel prisms of Mesopithecus pentelicus Wagner, 1839, compared with recent cercopithecids (Primates: Cercopithecidae)].

The dental enamel prisms of Cercopithecidae were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The main task of this study was to show the prism morphology representatives of different genera as well as their comparison with the fossil Mesopithecus pentelicus Wagner, 1839. The method used to show the enamel prisms was to etch the tooth surface with hydrochloric acid. In this way the outlines of the prisms were better contrasted for the descriptive morphology of the prisms than in etching with phosphoric acid. Two types were determined, in accord with the systematic division into subfamilies. In the subfamily Cercopithecinae elongated slender prisms were dominating, some with pointed, others with truncated tops. Most characteristic of this type were Macaca and Cercopithecus. An exception was Papio hamadryas which had broader, rounded prisms. In this way it differed largely from P. anubis whose prisms were short and mostly triangular. A very interesting fact was that very different patterns were found in P. anubis and P. hamadryas, although these two species are regarded as only one species by many authors. The second subfamily, the Colobinae, was characterized by broader prisms with a rounded shape, nearly as long as wide. Exceptions of the 'Colobine type' were at first Colobus with prisms little longer than wide and secondly Nasalis, with mostly parallel sides and truncated tops of the prisms. The prism outlines of Mesopithecus showed the greatest similarity to those of Presbytis which represents the characteristic 'Colobine type'. This fact confirmed the actual systematic position of the fossil Mesopithecus within the subfamily Colobinae. In addition to previously known primitive features of Mesopithecus within the subfamily of Colobinae, we present here a further concrete, common feature with asiatic Colobines.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Response of small intestinal flora to elemental diet and pancreatic duct ligation in vervet monkey.

The small intestinal flora of vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops) was examined before and after feeding elemental diet and after ligation of the pancreatic duct. Elemental diet did not produce significant changes of the intestinal microbial flora. However, an increase of the microbial count consisting mainly of Enterobacteriaceae, molds and yeasts was observed in the duct-ligated animals, significantly more pronounced than in the sham-operated controls. The data confirm previous studies demonstrating the possible role of the exocrine pancreas in the maintenance of a normal intestinal flora.

Animals↗