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At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Physiological role of ROCKs in the cardiovascular system.

Rho-associated kinases (ROCKs), the immediate downstream targets of RhoA, are ubiquitously expressed serine-threonine protein kinases that are involved in diverse cellular functions, including smooth muscle contraction, actin cytoskeleton organization, cell adhesion and motility, and gene expression. Recent studies have shown that ROCKs may play a pivotal role in cardiovascular diseases such as vasospastic angina, ischemic stroke, and heart failure. Indeed, inhibition of ROCKs by statins or other selective inhibitors leads to the upregulation and activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and reduction of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Thus inhibition of ROCKs may contribute to some of the cholesterol-independent beneficial effects of statin therapy. Currently, two ROCK isoforms have been identified, ROCK1 and ROCK2. Because ROCK inhibitors are nonselective with respect to ROCK1 and ROCK2 and also, in some cases, may be nonspecific with respect to other ROCK-related kinases such as myristolated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS), protein kinase A, and protein kinase C, the precise role of ROCKs in cardiovascular disease remains unknown. However, with the recent development of ROCK1- and ROCK2-knockout mice, further dissection of ROCK signaling pathways is now possible. Herein we review what is known about the physiological role of ROCKs in the cardiovascular system and speculate about how inhibition of ROCKs could provide cardiovascular benefits.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Comparison of sodium salicylate, morphine sulfate, and acupuncture at Jen-Chung (Go-26) on the cardiovascular system of dogs.

The cardiovascular effects of the administration of sodium salicylate (100 mg/kg), the administration of morphine sulfate (0.5 mg/kg) and acupuncture by electrocautery at Jen-Chung (Go-26) were compared in groups of dogs under 0.75% halothane anesthesia. Cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse pressure (PP), central venous pressure (CVP), total peripheral resistance (TPR), pH, PaCO2, PaO2 and base deficit were measured over a two hour period. A significant increase in CO, SV, PP, and CVP in addition to a significant decrease in TPR were observed following the administration of sodium salicylate. Morphine sulfate decreased the CO, HR, and MAP significantly while the SV and PP were significantly increased. Acupuncture by electrocautery at Jen-Chung (Go-26) produced a significant increase in CO, SV, HR, MAP, and PP and a significant decrease in TPR. This model was satisfactory in comparing cardiovascular changes evoked by a mild analgesic, sodium salicylate, a potent opiate, morphine sulfate, and acupuncture by electrocautery at Jen-Chung (Go-26).

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed1982

[Effects of the anti-ulcer drug SU-88 on the gastric blood flow and the cardiovascular system (author's transl)].

Effects of a newly synthetized anti-ulcer drug, 2'Carboxymethoxy-4,4'-bis(3-methyl-2-butenloxy)chalcone (SU-88), on gastric blood flow and the cardiovascular system were investigated. Intravenously administered SU-88 dose-dependently increased the blood flow of gastric tissues in rats. In anethetized dogs, i.a. administered SU-88 also increased the short gastric and the femoral arterial blood flows. SU-88 (i mg/kg, 3 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg i.v.) caused a mild fall in systemic blood pressure, an increase in heart rate, and a stimulation of respiration; however, these effects were only transient and recovered to the basal level within few minutes. No notable changes were observed in the electrocardiogram except for a shortening of the R-R interval accompanied by an increase in heart rate. The blood flow of the common carotid, the vertebral, the coeliac, the superipor mesenteric, and the femoral arteries in dogs were all increased by i.v. administration of SU-88, and among them an increase in the coeliac arterial blood flow was prominent. SU-88 increased the perfusates in isolated rabbit ear and relaxed the contraction of isolated rabbit aorta induced by noradrenaline, but showed no influences on the amplitude, heart rate, and coronary flow of isolated rabbit heart. The hypotensive effect of SU-88 was not abolished by i.v. administered atropine, diphendydramine, and propranolol and not influenced by vagotomy. Intraverterbrally administered SU-88increased the vertebral blood flow, but showed no influence on systemic blood pressure. Furthermore, SU-88 showed no influence on the rise in blood pressure by both common carotid occlusions. The increase in the femoral and the short gastric arterial blood flow induced by i.a. administration of SU-88 was not inhibited by atropine, diphenhydramine, and propranolol and not influenced by pretreatment with aminophylline. These results suggest that the hypotensive and vasodilative effects of SU-88 are not mediated by the central nervous system, autonomic nervous system, histamine and the action of adenosine augmentation and further experiments are necessary for precise explanations of its mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Rheographic study of the human cardiovascular system during a many-day exposure to high pressure].

A rheographic study of the cardiovascular system in a N2-O2 atmosphere at 5 ata showed significant changes in the regulation of the leg vascular tone of most test subjects at rest. The study did not reveal marked changes in the pulsed blood inflow to the brain and lungs at rest. After moderate and especially after heavy work changes in the blood inflow were more pronounced in the hyperbaric atmosphere than at 1 ata. During the exposure an increase in the vascular tone of the systemic and pulmonary circulation was noted.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Steroid hormones and the cardiovascular system: direct actions of estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, gluco- and mineralcorticoids, and soltriol [vitamin D] on central nervous regulatory and peripheral tissues.

Knowledge of steroid hormone sites of action and related effects in cardiovascular and neural regulatory tissues is reviewed. Evidence for nuclear receptor sites is derived mainly from autoradiographic studies with relatively intact tissues and some biochemical studies with tissue homogenates. In the heart and in the walls of blood vessels, estradiol, dihydrotestosterone, corticosterone, aldosterone, dexamethasone, and soltriol (vitamin D) show nuclear binding. In the brain and spinal cord, neuronal regions associated with cardiovascular regulation contain nuclear receptors in specific patterns for each steroid hormones, including progesterone and soltriol. These data indicate that all steroid hormones exert direct actions on the cardiovascular system at its different levels of organization, thus enabling adjustment to the changing demands during reproduction (gonadal steroids), stress (adrenal steroids), and solar seasons (vitamin D-soltriol).

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed2001

The role of the natriuretic peptides in the cardiovascular system.

The discovery of the natriuretic peptide family was a breakthrough in modern cardiovascular physiology as it provided a direct link between the heart and the kidneys in the regulation of natriuresis. Along with vasopressin and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, the natriuretic peptides comprise the key peptides on which our present understanding of neuroendocrine regulation of the cardiovascular system is based. Three natriuretic peptides have been identified; the A-type, B-type and C-type natriuretic peptides. The former two, the A- and B-type natriuretic peptides, function mainly in the cardiovascular system and comprise the cardiac natriuretic peptides. Together with our increased understanding of the neurohormonal regulation of the cardiovascular system in recent years, the discovery of the natriuretic peptide family was important in the establishment of the new field of cardiovascular endocrinology.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Pharmacological characterisation and autoradiographic localisation of dopamine receptor subtypes in the cardiovascular system and in the kidney.

Combined radioligand binding and light microscope autoradiography techniques were used for investigating the pharmacological profile and the microanatomical localisation of dopamine receptor subtypes in the cardiovascular system and in the kidney. In superior mesenteric and renal arteries the predominant dopamine D1-like receptor belongs to the D5 (or D1b) subtype. This site is located within smooth muscle of the tunica media. The same receptor subtype predominates in the kidney, where it has a vascular and tubular localisation. The dopamine D2-like receptor subtype expressed by systemic arteries belongs to the D2 receptor subtype. It has a prejunctional and endothelial localisation. In the kidney the predominating dopamine D2-like receptor belongs to the dopamine D3 subtype. Atria but not ventricles express dopamine D2-like receptors belonging to the D4 receptor subtype. The above results suggest that in spite of the emerging complexity of the dopamine receptor profile demonstrated by molecular biology techniques, radioligand binding and autoradiographic techniques, if performed with appropriate radioligands and/or in the presence of compounds active on specific receptor subtypes, may represent a useful tool for better understanding the biological significance of peripheral dopamine receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Participation of peptide mechanisms in physiological reactions of the cardiovascular system to hyperoxia].

Experimental study in 156 white rats with renovascular hypertension, posthemorrhagic hypotension and with normal blood pressure revealed that high--ressure oxygen (303.9 kPa--50 min) could activate angiotensin--converting enzyme, the latter taking part in inactivation of endogenous opioid peptides. Involvement of peptide--like links in hemodynamic responses to hyperoxia seems to be an important component of the mechanism of oxygen action upon the cardiovascular system.

Animals↗