Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Capitalism”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Translating Bourdieu: cultural capital and the English middle class in historical perspective.

This article examines the ways in which Pierre Bourdieu's work on culture and cultural capital can be applied to the study of the English middle class in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Drawing on a wide historical literature, the article argues for the significance of culture as a constitutive element of middle-class identities in England since 1800. It goes on to examine Bourdieu's ideas of 'objectivated', 'instutionalized' and 'incorporated' cultural capital, in the context of family, inheritance, education and the body. The article identifies changes in the historical forms which cultural capital has taken and emphasizes the importance of analysing family processes of intergenerational transmission.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of an interfragmentary compression system for the repair of equine femoral capital physeal fractures.

Femoral neck and proximal epiphyseal lengths were measured in 37 femurs from 19 cadaver foals that were 1 day to 12 months old to determine the applicability of a human interfragmentary compression system to equine femoral capital physeal fractures. Because components of the implant system are available only in fixed sizes, its use was possible in foals older than 5 weeks of age, but not in younger foals. The 135 degree angle plate conformed best to the equine femur. Femoral capital physeal fractures were created surgically and repaired with the implant system in three foals. Fracture stability was evident clinically and radiographically in all three foals until euthanasia at month 3. At necropsy, the treated femurs were 4, 8, and 27 mm shorter than their mates. Epiphyseal viability was verified in all three foals by tetracycline deposition and new appositional bone growth comparable with that in the contralateral control epiphyses. The treated capital physis was open but reduced in thickness in one foal, disorganized in one foal, and closed in one foal. Fixation by compression with the implant system resulted in stability sufficient for fracture healing and maintenance of epiphyseal viability, although it was associated with reduced longitudinal femoral growth.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis in dogs.

In a retrospective review of 43 femoral fractures, three dogs had separation of the femoral capital epiphysis from the metaphysis in the absence of trauma. Two of these dogs also had evidence of pathology in the contralateral femoral neck including, in one dog, displacement of the capital epiphysis in relation to the metaphysis without actual separation. The case histories, radiographic features and histopathological findings of these cases were reviewed and compared with previous cases of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) reported in dogs and also with SCFE in children. Pre-slip, acute, chronic and acute-on-chronic slips were Identified. Based on the cases reviewed, the authors advise internal fixation of stable slipped epiphyses in dogs. This may also be appropriate for unstable separations, although resorption of the femoral neck may preclude stable fixation and necessitate femoral head and neck excision.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Social capital and leisure time physical activity: a population based multilevel analysis in Malmö, Sweden.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of social capital and individual factors on the level of leisure time physical inactivity in the neighbourhoods. METHODS: The public health survey in Malmö 1994 is a cross sectional study. A total of 5600 people aged 20-80 years were invited to answer a postal questionnaire. The participation rate was 71%. A multilevel logistic regression model, with individuals at the first level and neighbourhoods at the second, was performed. The effect (intra-area correlation, cross level modification, and odds ratios) was analysed of individual and neighbourhood (the 1993 migration out of an area as a proxy for social capital) factors on leisure time physical inactivity after adjustment for individual factors. RESULTS: Neighbourhood factors accounted for 5.0% of the crude total variance in physical inactivity. This effect was significantly reduced when the individual factors, especially country of origin, education, and social participation, were included in the model. In contrast, it was not reduced by the introduction of the contextual social capital variable. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that in the neighbourhoods of Malmö leisure time physical inactivity is mainly affected by individual factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Health capital, life course and ageing.

BACKGROUND: The difference in individual ageing remains a not fully understood subject. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the use of the health capital concept and its application to the life course approach as an alternative to understand factors involved on individual ageing and identify genetic, socioeconomic, psychological and biological influences. RESULTS: The initial capital (genetics and development in uterus) and other lifelong assets like education, social status, locus of control, cognitive reserve, and humor are important modulators of ageing. The biological assets like basal metabolism, aerobic capacity, and insulin sensitivity also play a major role. CONCLUSIONS: Health stock at any time will derive from health capital, the depreciative effect of ageing, positive health inputs and negative inputs that increase depreciation. A high health stock increases the chance of successful ageing and a low health stock is compatible with disability and lack of independence.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

A mental health capitation program: I. Patient outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: The Monroe-Livingston demonstration project's capitation payment system (CPS) was evaluated to determine whether capitated funding of mental health care, compared with fee-for-service funding, could reduce hospitalization rates and improve functioning and symptoms for severely and persistently mentally ill adults without increasing the total cost of care. METHODS: The experiment was a communitywide prerandomized clinical trial involving 422 patients. Patients who were randomized into the experimental group were eligible for enrollment in a capitated funding program administered by one of five community mental health centers. Those randomized into the control group received standard fee-based services. Follow-up interviews with patients one and two years after enrollment in the study assessed changes in symptoms and functioning. Data files of the membership corporation that coordinated community mental health services for the CPS provided measures of study patients' use of inpatient mental health services. RESULTS: During the two-year follow-up period, patients in the experimental group had significantly fewer hospital inpatient days than patients in the control group, but the two groups had no significant differences in functioning or level of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The CPS successfully maintained severely ill patients in the community but did not improve their functioning or level of symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Social capital, acculturation, and breastfeeding initiation among Puerto Rican women in the United States.

To examine reasons for not breastfeeding, and to identify factors associated with ever breastfeeding among Puerto Rican women, a retrospective study was done using a convenience sample of 161 low-income Latino women with children younger than 6 years. Women were recruited from the Hispanic Health Council (43.5%), the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (29.8%), and other places (26.7%). Participants were interviewed using a pretested questionnaire specific to the target community. Most (73%) of the respondents chose to be interviewed in Spanish. Chi-square analyses were used to examine the bivariate association between ever breastfeeding and the independent variables. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to estimate the independent association between acculturation, social capital, and breastfeeding. Women with more social capital were more likely (odds ratio = 2.25, 95% confidence interval, 1.02-4.95) to have breastfed the index child, suggesting that social capital is an important predictor of breastfeeding initiation in this community.

Acculturation↗
PubMed2002

Strengths and limitations of competitive versus non-competitive models of integrated capitated fundholding.

Integrated budget-holding (fundholding) based on risk-adjusted capitation is commonly proposed as a central element of health system reform. Two contrasting models have been developed: the competitive model where fundholders or health plans compete for enrollees; and the non-competitive model, where plan membership is determined according to an objective attribute such as place of residence. Under the competitive model, efficiency is sought through consumer choice of plan. A range of regulatory elements may also be introduced to moderate undesirable elements of competition. Under the non-competitive model, efficiency is achieved through government regulation and the fact that the fundholder has continuing responsibility for the health of a defined population, supported by micro-management tools (such as quality assurance and selective payment arrangements). In theory, the non-competitive model encourages population-based health services planning. While both models assume risk-adjusted capitated funding, the requirements of any formula are more stringent under the competitive model. Economic theory, as well as documented health system experience, can help identify the relative strengths and limitations of each model. Concerns with the competitive model relate primarily to the capacity to develop robust risk adjusters for capitation sufficient to reduce the incentives for patient risk selection. Possible reductions in the quality of care are also a concern, compounded by difficulties for consumers in discriminating between plans. Efficiency under the non-competitive model requires a strong and appropriate regulatory/policy framework and effective use of micro-management tools. Funding equity objectives can be met through either model by the adoption of income-related contributions, but under the competitive model this may be compromised by incentives for the fundholders to select low-risk patients. Evidence drawn from regional fundholding in New South Wales (NSW, Australia), the US Veterans Health Agency and the literature on managed care in the USA illustrate these concerns. The problem of risk selection in the competitive model is a major theoretical concern, confirmed by the empirical evidence. This, together with concerns regarding other aspects of performance, suggests that the non-competitive model may be preferable, at least as an interim step in reform in public or mixed systems. Future research on this issue is clearly required.

Competitive Medical Plans↗
PubMed1977

Sub-capital coxa valga after varus osteotomy for congenital dislocation of the hip.

Coxa valga may sometimes occur as a complication of varus osteotomy for congenital dislocation of the hip. Six such cases are described with a minimum follow-up of nine years. In three cases the varus osteotomy had been performed on only one side; in one case it was done on both sides and coxa valga developed bilaterally; and in two further bilateral cases coxa valga developed on one side only. In each case the coxa valga was sub-capital. Detailed radiographic analysis included measurements of neck-shaft angle, acetabular angle and C.E. angle. The epiphysis-shaft angle is described; it is an index of the constant tendency of the capital epiphysis to assume a horizontal position. The cause remains unknown, but damage to the trochanteric growth plate or to the lateral part of the capital growth plate could not be identified as aetiological factors. Poor acetabular cover was considered a possible factor. All the patients in this series had functionally excellent hips, but the long-term prognosis of the hips with partly uncovered femoral heads is doubtful.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis in skeletally immature patients.

Fixation by a single screw is considered the current treatment of choice for a slipped capital femoral epiphysis. This approach promotes premature physeal closure. The use of a modified, standard, single, cannulated screw designed to maintain epiphyseal fixation without causing premature closure of the physis was reviewed in ten patients. The nine boys and one girl aged between 10.6 and 12.6 years with unilateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), were markedly skeletally immature (Tanner stage I, bone age 10 to 12.6 years). Clinical and radiological review at a mean follow-up of 44.3 months (36 to 76) showed no difference in the time to physeal closure between the involved and uninvolved side. Measurement of epiphyseal and physeal development showed continued growth and remodelling in all patients. Use of this device provided epiphyseal stability and maintained the capacity for physeal recovery and growth following treatment for both unstable and stable slipped capital femoral epiphysis.

Age Determination by Skeleton↗
PubMed2001

Physeal dysplasia with slipped capital femoral epiphysis in 13 cats.

Separation of the femoral capital epiphysis is associated with severe trauma in most species. This report describes 13 cats with slipped capital femoral epiphysis characterized by a distinctive lesion in the physeal cartilage. The lesion consists of irregular clusters of chondrocytes separated by abundant matrix on both the epiphyseal and metaphyseal side of the cleavage site. The affected population in this study is 85% male, 90% overweight, 23% Siamese, and 4.5-24 months old. The histopathology and demographics are similar to slipped capital femoral epiphysis in humans, which most often affects overweight adolescent boys.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Monozygotic twins with Turner syndrome develop slipped capital femoral epiphysis on growth hormone therapy.

Monozygotic twins with Turner syndrome have rarely been reported. An increased incidence of slipped capital femoral epiphysis has been associated with growth hormone therapy, as well as with Turner syndrome, but has never been described in twins with Turner syndrome. We report the first case of monozygotic twins with Turner syndrome with a 46,Xi(Xq) karyotype, both of whom developed slipped capital femoral epiphysis during growth hormone therapy. This report adds to existing reports of monozygotic twins with Turner syndrome and contributes to recognition of the potential clinical course in such patients. In addition, the association between slipped capital femoral epiphysis, growth hormone therapy, and Turner syndrome is emphasized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Primary hyperparathyroidism associated to slipped capital femoral epiphysis in a teenager].

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) is an uncommon disease in children and adolescents. The association between PHP and slipped capital femoral epiphysis is rare, and so far only four cases have been reported in the literature. Herein, we report a case of PHP due to a parathyroid adenoma, with several painful skeletal deformities and associated with slipped capital femoral epiphysis in an 18-year-old male patient. Laboratory evaluation showed: calcium of 13.6 mg/dL, parathyroid hormone of 1,524 pg/mL and alkaline phosphatase of 3,449 U/L. Deformities were caused by late diagnosis during the growth spurt, and this association is the result of combinations between metabolic and mechanical factors. The patient underwent parathyroidectomy and, in agreement with the literature, since the removal of the adenoma is followed by prompt resolution of the slipped capital femoral epiphysis we decided for a conservative approach. We observed improvement of the pain and normalization of calcium and parathyroid hormone levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The privileging of communitarian ideas: citation practices and the translation of social capital into public health research.

The growing use of social science constructs in public health invites reflection on how public health researchers translate, that is, appropriate and reshape, constructs from the social sciences. To assess how 1 recently popular construct has been translated into public health research, we conducted a citation network and content analysis of public health articles on the topic of social capital. The analyses document empirically how public health researchers have privileged communitarian definitions of social capital and marginalized network definitions in their citation practices. Such practices limit the way public health researchers measure social capital's effects on health. The application of social science constructs requires that public health scholars be sensitive to how their own citation habits shape research and knowledge.

Health Services Research↗
PubMed1997

Social capital, income inequality, and mortality.

OBJECTIVES: Recent studies have demonstrated that income inequality is related to mortality rates. It was hypothesized, in this study, that income inequality is related to reduction in social cohesion and that disinvestment in social capital is in turn associated with increased mortality. METHODS: In this cross-sectional ecologic study based on data from 39 states, social capital was measured by weighted responses to two items from the General Social Survey: per capita density of membership in voluntary groups in each state and level of social trust, as gauged by the proportion of residents in each state who believed that people could be trusted. Age-standardized total and cause-specific mortality rates in 1990 were obtained for each state. RESULTS: Income inequality was strongly correlated with both per capita group membership (r = -.46) and lack of social trust (r = .76). In turn, both social trust and group membership were associated with total mortality, as well as rates of death from coronary heart disease, malignant neoplasms, and infant mortality. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the notion that income inequality leads to increased mortality via disinvestment in social capital.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed1993

The epidemiology of bilateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis. A study of children in Michigan.

The records of 224 children who had a slipped capital femoral epiphysis and who had no underlying metabolic or endocrine disorder were studied retrospectively to investigate the epidemiology of bilateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Eighty-two (37 per cent) of the 224 children (fifty-one boys and thirty-one girls) had a bilateral slip. Sixty-four of these children were black and eighteen were white. The age at the time of the diagnosis of the first slip was 13 +/- 1.7 years (mean and standard deviation), the duration of the symptoms was 5 +/- 5.0 months, and the angle of the slip was 26 +/- 16 degrees. Obese children were younger at the time of the diagnosis of the first slip (12 +/- 1.6 compared with 13 +/- 1.6 years for the children who were not obese, p = 0.001). The diagnosis of a slipped capital femoral epiphysis was made simultaneously in both hips in forty-one children and sequentially in forty-one children. Compared with the children in whom both hips were diagnosed simultaneously, the children in whom the hips were diagnosed sequentially had had a shorter duration of the symptoms before the diagnosis of the first slip (3 +/- 2.4 compared with 7 +/- 5.9 months, p = 0.0003), were younger at the time of the diagnosis of the first slip (12 +/- 1.9 compared with 13 +/- 1.2 years, p = 0.001), and tended to be more obese (p = 0.025). In 88 per cent of the patients who had sequential slips, the second slip was diagnosed within eighteen months after the diagnosis of the first slip.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Prophylactic pinning of the contralateral hip after unilateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis.

BACKGROUND: The management of the contralateral hip after unilateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis is controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine, with use of expected-value decision analysis, the optimal management strategy-prophylactic in situ pinning versus observation-for the contralateral hip. METHODS: Outcome probabilities were determined from a systematic review of the literature. Utility values were obtained from a questionnaire on patient preferences completed with use of a visual analog scale by twenty-five adolescent male patients without slipped capital femoral epiphysis. A decision tree was constructed, fold-back analysis was performed to determine the optimal treatment, and one and two-way sensitivity analyses were performed to determine the effect on decision-making of varying outcome probabilities and utilities. RESULTS: Observation was the optimal management strategy for the contralateral hip given the outcome probabilities and utilities that we studied (the expected value was 9.5 for observation and 9.2 for prophylactic in situ pinning, with a marginal value of 0.3). Increased rates of a late second slip favored prophylactic in situ pinning (the threshold probability was 27%). Risk-taking patients with a high utility for uncomplicated prophylactic in situ pinning favored prophylaxis (the threshold utility was 9.8). CONCLUSIONS: The iatrogenic risks of treating a healthy patient or an uninvolved body part rarely outweigh the potential benefits unless the probability of the adverse event is likely and the consequences of the adverse event are very severe. In this decision analysis, the optimal decision was observation. In cases where the probability of contralateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis exceeds 27% or in cases where reliable follow-up is not feasible, pinning of the contralateral hip is favored. For a given individual patient, the optimal strategy depends not only on probabilities of the various outcomes but also on personal preference. Thus, we advocate a model of doctor-patient shared decision-making in which both the outcome probabilities and the patient preferences are considered in order to optimize the decision-making process. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Economic and decision analysis, Level III-1 (limited alternatives and costs; poor estimates). See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Bone Nails↗
PubMed1999

Phases of capitalism, welfare states, medical dominance, and health care in Ontario.

There has been a lacuna in previous studies of medicine and health care of concepts or structures relating changes in health care with their contextualizing social structures. That is, there is a need to more adequately account for health care and social structure in terms of dynamic rather than static concepts. This article reports the application of a general schema outlining the transformation of capitalism through the phases of entrepreneurial, monopoly, and global capitalism, first presented by Ross and Trachte, to help understand both the changing role of medicine in Canada and the historical trajectory of the development of health insurance. These related events are shown to be partly reflective of the transformed class dynamic involved in a changing capitalist mode of production. The recent history of challenges to medicare in Canada as well as evidence of the declining power of medicine are both related directly and indirectly to the increased power of business and the decline in the relative autonomy of the state accompanying globalization. The application of the phases of capitalism sequence does roughly fit the Canadian instance although some modifications will be required to account for the specifics of the Canadian case. The schema also helps resolve two previously competing class arguments about the rise of health insurance in Canada.

Delivery of Health Care↗