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At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Diabetes mellitus in an urban population in Jakarta, Indonesia.

The prevalence of diabetes in an urban population in Koja Utara subdistrict of Jakarta is 1.63%. The prevalence of diabetes increases with age. The tendency toward bimodality in the 55-64 age group of our study lends support to the usefulness of the WHO criteria 1980. There is no difference between the sexes. Male to female ratio was 1.2:1. There is a higher prevalence of diabetes among the obese, and the obese and overweight comprise 65.9% of diabetics. Obesity seems to be an important risk factor in the development of diabetes. There was a higher prevalence of diabetes in the high socio-economic level group than in the low one. The group of Chinese origin showed a higher prevalence of diabetes than the other groups. A positive family history of diabetes was found in 27% of our diabetic patients. Dietary recall analysis revealed no significant difference in the percentage of carbohydrate, protein, fat, or in the percentage of refined carbohydrate. However, total caloric intake was significantly higher in the high socio-economic-diabetic group. Total caloric intake seemed to be more important than quantitative dietary factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Gilbert's syndrome. 3 pediatric cases].

The study includes three pediatrics patients with Gilbert's syndrome (GS). The diagnosis was made on the basis of a mild unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in the presence of repeatedly normal liver function test and absence of over signs of hyperhaemolysis. Two test have been also proposed for the diagnosis of GS, namely the hyperbilirubinaemia induced by a reduction in caloric intake, and hyperbilirubinaemia induced by nicotinic acid. In this study a reduction in caloric intake was associated with a greater absolute increase in serum bilirubin concentration. A single determination of bilirubin in parents and brothers of patients, showed high bilirubin in only one parent. The possibility of arriving at a definite diagnosis of GS is important both to the frequent presentation in adolescence with nonspecific symptoms that abdominal recurrent pain, the high incidence of the benign syndrome, and also to reassure the "patient".

Bilirubin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hypophosphatemia in total parenteral nutrition (author's transl)].

There is a hypophosphoremic syndrome first discovered without parenteral nutrition (TPN) then on patients with TPN. It appears preferentially in patients suffering from denutrition and receiving an important caloric intake, particularly with glucose. Clinical picture associates psychic, neurologic and respiratory disorders. Phosphatemia is often below 10 mg/l or 0,33 mmol/l, with decrease or even disappearance of phosphatemia. The mechanism is still baby known. During TPN, it occurs an intra-cellular passage of phosphate whose consequences are anomalies in red blood cell metabolism, with decrease of tissular oxygenation, in white cell function, platelet function, central nervous system, muscle, liver and acid-base equilibrium. Treatment must be first preventive with careful control of phosphatemia and systematic intake of phosphates. Curative treatment associates correction of hypophosphatemia and simultaneous decrease of caloric intake.

Acid-Base Imbalance↗
PubMed1996

Weight reduction and fluid intake in an obese and fluid noncompliant ESRD patient.

This case study describes the application of a behavioral weight reduction program to an obese ESRD patient who was also fluid noncompliant. The major purpose of the study was to determine whether the behavioral weight reduction program could be successfully applied to a hemodialysis patient, and if so, what effect reduced caloric intake would have on fluid intake. Based on animal and human studies showing a strong relation between eating and drinking, it was expected that body weight reduction would be accompanied by reduced fluid intake. On the other hand, an alternative psychological hypothesis suggested that increased fluid intake might be substituted for reduced food intake. The results of the weight reduction program indicated that a successful weight reduction of 42 lbs was maintained over an 18-month follow-up period. However, fluid intake increased during periods when caloric intake was reduced. Overall, the results indicated that behavioral weight reduction programs can be successfully applied to weight reduction in obese hemodialysis patients but that ways to avoid increased fluid intake need to be carefully addressed by such programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Dietary fat and the risk of colorectal cancer.

The relationship between the intake of dietary fat and subsequent colorectal cancer during a 15-year follow-up was investigated in 7074 men of Japanese ancestry, 45 to 68 years old and living in Hawaii. Data on fat intake were obtained by 24-hr recall records at base-line examination. We found a statistically significant, negative association between colon cancer and the intake of saturated fat, whether assessed on the basis of g per day or as a percentage of the caloric intake. There was a similar association with total fat intake when expressed in terms of percentage of total calories. The strongest negative relationship was found in cancer of the right colon. In contrast, rectal cancer showed a weakly positive relationship to the intake of saturated fat when assessed on the basis of percentage of caloric intake.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Bombesin and litorin inhibit ethanol intake.

Twenty-three hr water-deprived rats received access to 5% ethanol solution for 30 min daily. Intraperitoneal injection of bombesin (4.0-16.0 micrograms/kg) or litorin (16.0 micrograms/kg) significantly inhibited ethanol intake. Litorin (32.0 micrograms/kg) equivalently suppressed the intakes of 5% ethanol and 8.9% dextrose solutions. The results are consistent with previous reports that administration of bombesin-like peptides selectively inhibits caloric intake in the rat. Injection of bombesin-like peptides may affect ethanol and dextrose intake by eliciting a satiety signal that governs caloric intake.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1994

Constipation in the elderly: influence of dietary, psychological, and physiological factors.

OBJECTIVE: To identify dietary, psychological, and physiological characteristics of older individuals with chronic constipation, compared with a control group of individuals without constipation, and identify correlates of colonic transit time. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: University hospital and affiliated clinics. PARTICIPANTS: Eighteen constipated and 18 control subjects who were nondemented, ambulatory, community-dwelling outpatients over the age of 60 years. MEASURES: Measures included a 1-week food diary, diet questionnaire, bowel diary, the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (SCL-90R), colonic transit study, and medical history, including queries about activity, medications, medical illnesses, and bowel symptoms. MAIN RESULTS: Constipated subjects reported consuming fewer meals per day compared with control subjects (P < 0.01) and a tendency to consume fewer calories (P = 0.07). There were no differences between groups on fiber or fluid intake or any of the other dietary parameters. However, slow colonic transit was significantly related to low caloric intake (P < 0.0001), higher percent of protein in the diet (P < 0.05), low fluid intake (P < 0.05), and to psychological symptoms of somatization, obsessive-compulsiveness, depression, anxiety, and the global severity index (P < 0.05). Transit times were unrelated to crude or dietary fiber intake, activity level, or age. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that constipation in this older population is related to caloric intake rather than fiber consumption or other dietary qualities. Psychological distress is associated with slowed colonic transit and should be investigated further as a possible etiologic factor in constipation.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Dietary obesity and weight cycling: effects on blood pressure and heart rate in rats.

The overconsumption of rich and palatable foods and "yo-yo" dieting are feeding patterns involved in obesity and possibly hypertension in humans. We therefore examined the effects of diet-induced obesity and weight cycling on the blood pressure and heart rate levels of 60-day-old male normotensive Sprague-Dawley (S-D) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats. Six months on a high-fat and high-sucrose diet (HF/M) produced a greater obesity in S-D rats than in SHR rats. The caloric intakes of S-D rats fed the HF/M diet were greater than the caloric intakes of pellet-fed controls, whereas those of SHR rats were similar. The obesity of both strains was associated with hyperinsulinemia, heavier white (retroperitoneal) and brown (interscapular) fat pads, heavier heart weights, and tachycardia. Despite these changes, diet-induced obesity failed to increase systolic blood pressure obtained under light ether anesthesia or mean arterial pressure in the conscious state. Paradoxically, the blood pressures of SHR rats fed HF/M diet were reduced perhaps as a result of the high polyunsaturated fat component of the diet. A second S-D dietary obese group was alternated between 2-wk periods of unrestricted HF/M diet and 50% restricted pellet chow. Although their body weights were similar to pellet-fed controls, three cycles of weight loss and weight regain resulted in the consumption of increased dietary fat, increased food efficiency, heavier fat pads, and hyperinsulinemia. Heart rate and to some extent blood pressure fluctuated with diet, being elevated during HF/M feeding and reduced during restricted pellet feeding. Although weight cycling intensified the physiological responses to food ingestion, we found that weight cycling in dietary obese S-D rats did not elevate blood pressure levels.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The effects of diet and supplements on a male world champion lightweight rower.

A world-class lightweight rower who came to the Hong Kong Sports Institute was evaluated over a two-month period of training. He was preparing for the 1995 World Rowing Championships. The subjects trained for approximately 70 minutes per day at different levels of intensity, to simulate race conditions. Caloric expenditures (based upon heart rate response and estimation from specific activity) were estimated to be approximately 4125 kcal/day. A three day dietary survey revealed that the subject was able to maintain caloric balance (caloric intake = 4088 kcal/day). Body weight was maintained at a constant level, another indication that the subject was able to meet energy needs. A breakdown of his food intake revealed protein, carbohydrate, and fat, made up 19%, 51%, and 30% of his caloric intake, respectively. This was somewhat surprising since recommendations for endurance athletes are for higher carbohydrate contribution. During and after the training bouts the subject consumed two separate carbohydrate supplements. A total of 218 g of carbohydrate were consumed daily. This level of supplementation was able to maintain the subject's blood glucose concentration at normal levels following recovery from exercise. Comparisons of recovery heart rates when either water or carbohydrate was consumed indicate a beneficial effect of the supplement. Despite consuming carbohydrates at lower than recommended levels, this athlete went on to win this third gold medal in rowing.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Continuous enteral feedings. An important adjunct to the management of complex congenital heart disease.

Eleven infants with complex congenital heart lesions were given continuous enteral infusions after failure to gain weight adequately despite use of hypercaloric formulas and nutritional supplementation. Formulas used before institution of enteral feedings were continued. Dietary and caloric intake and weight measurements were obtained at weekly or monthly intervals. Both mean daily caloric intake and mean daily weight gain were greater after initiation of continuous enteral feedings. Rate of weight gain improved in all 11 children after institution of enteral feedings. Continuous enteral feeding increases weight gain in babies with complex congenital heart disease, allowing earlier and safer surgical intervention.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1988

Metabolic effects of fructose and glucose: implications for food intake.

Differential effects of fructose and glucose preloads on carbohydrate metabolism and later food intake were examined in both lean and obese subjects. In study 1, a preload of either 50 g of fructose or glucose was administered in solution, and food intake at a buffet lunch presented 2.25 h after preload was assessed. Significant differences in caloric intake were observed between load conditions with the fructose group consuming fewer calories than the glucose group. Obese subjects demonstrated significantly greater insulin responses to the preload compared with lean subjects, and insulin levels of obese subjects at 15, 30, and 45 min after preload were found to correlate significantly with amount consumed. Incorporation of fructose or glucose into a mixed meal format in study 2 revealed no differences in subsequent caloric intake as a function of either type of preload or percent overweight. Differing insulin levels are discussed as a possible mechanism for differential food intake.

Eating↗
PubMed1979

Food intake and growth of children between 30 and 48 months of age in Jerusalem.

The food intake and body size of a sample of children from a western neighborhood of Jerusalem were determined at 30, 36, and 48 months of age. The mean caloric intake was below the 100% of the Recommended dietary allowance (RDA). The percentage of children receiving less than 100% of the RDA increased slightly with age. Less than 20% of the children had intakes below 60% of the RDA. The mean protein intake was 200% of the RDA. Iron intake met the World Health Organization recommendations. The heme component of the iron intake decreased with age. The mean protein and caloric intake increased as the mother's educational level increased. The weight and height distribution of this population does not differ significantly from the US reference population. At 48 months of age, the children are heavy for their height. Some difficulties of dietary intake studies and the association between food intake and growth are discussed.

Child Development↗
PubMed1993

Effects of phenylpropanolamine infusion and withdrawal on body weight and dietary composition in male and female rats.

Male and female rats with ad lib access to separate sources of carbohydrate, fat, and protein were implanted with minipumps providing one of three dosages (0.0, 40.0, or 80.0 mg/kg/day) of phenylpropanolamine (PPA) for 2 weeks. Body weight, macronutrient intake, and water consumption were measured daily before, during, and after PPA treatment. Phenylpropanolamine lowered body weight and caloric intake in males and females, and water consumption in females, but did not alter dietary composition in either sex. After PPA termination, caloric intake returned to control levels in both males and females. However, body weight returned to control levels in males only, while PPA-treated females continued to weigh less than controls. Phenylpropanolamine termination was associated with significant increases in water consumption and the percentage of total calories consumed from protein and reductions in the percentage of calories from carbohydrate in males. In contrast, water and macronutrient consumption was similar comparing PPA-treated females to controls after drug termination. These results suggest there are sex differences in the effects of PPA termination on water and macronutrient consumption that result in differential weight gain in males and females.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Nutrition in cancer patients.

Many factors can modify nutritional status in cancer patients, including cachexia, nausea and vomiting, decreased caloric intake or oncologic treatments capable of determining malabsorption. Cachexia is a complex disease characterized not only by a poor intake of nutrients or starvation, but also by metabolic derangement. Nausea and vomiting may limit the nutrient intake and are most often the consequences of oncologic treatments or opioid chronic therapy. Decreased caloric intake is considered to be one of the major causes of malnutrition, although the causes of anorexia remain unclear. Malabsorption is generally attributed to the consequences of oncologic treatments reducing the gastrointestinal absorption. Biochemical measurements and immunological tests may be not reliable indicators of nutritional status in cancer patients. Therefore, medical history, physical examination, estimates of daily oral intake, weight changes and an appropriate consideration of the nutritional requirements according to the stage of disease must still be assessed. The therapeutic approaches should be individualized and realistic. Whenever possible, oral nutrition is the method of choice, with due consideration for specific dietary needs. Nausea and anorexia can be reduced by different kinds of drugs. A careful decision based on good clinical judgement is necessary before deciding to start either enteral or parenteral nutrition, to avoid a useless, costly and difficult treatment. In choosing the route for administration of nutrients, availability of and access to a functioning gastrointestinal tract, compliance and comfort of the patient, gastrointestinal toxicity due to chemotherapy or radiotherapy fields, different costs, duration and place of treatment should be considered rather than the different capacity of parenteral versus enteral nutrition. However, postoperative periods after massive intestinal resection often require prolonged parenteral nutrition. The benefits of parenteral nutrition are not often demonstrable in patients with bowel obstruction. Different ethical aspects are presented. Flexibility in attempting to meet the nutrition needs of each patient is probably the most useful guide.

Cachexia↗
PubMed1982

Longitudinal changes in serum cholesterol in man: an epidemiologic search for an etiology.

Serum cholesterol levels were determined in 1011 male participants of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. This study presents the longitudinal changes in serum cholesterol from 1 July 1963 to 30 June 1977. Serum cholesterol values dropped 6% between 1970 and 1972. The span of this study was divided into two eras, one preceding and one following the drop. The effects of obesity, selected dietary constituents and physical activity were examined in an attempt to explain the secular change in serum cholesterol. Serum cholesterol levels were not significantly correlated to levels of weight or body mass index. Changes in weight were significantly positively correlated with changes in serum cholesterol. Overall, however, the study population did not experience a significant drop in weight and therefore, this relationship could not explain the observed drop in serum cholesterol. There were virtually no significant correlations between the absolute value of any of the dietary variables examined and the absolute level of serum cholesterol. There were significant but small changes in most dietary constituents; however, only changes in caloric intake were significantly positively correlated with changes in serum cholesterol. Because the overall change in caloric intake was small, it could explain less than 1 mg/dl of the 11 mg/dl drop. There was no overall change in physical activity. No significant correlations were found between either the level or change in physical activity and the level or change in serum cholesterol. It is concluded that neither weight nor physical activity could account for the observed changes in serum cholesterol. Changes in dietary constituents were significant and in a direction which would predict a lower serum cholesterol. However, for the group, dietary changes could not fully explain the drop in serum cholesterol. For individuals, the changes in diet poorly predicted changes in serum cholesterol. It is suggested that the observed secular drop in serum cholesterol may be due to factor(s) other than those studied.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Behavioral effects of vagotomy in humans.

Animal experiments and clinical observations have demonstrated significant effects of vagotomy on body weight. Weight loss or inability to regain are partly due to impaired motility and secretomotor activity of the vagus nerve causing disturbances in digestion which, however, are not sufficient to explain most of the weight deficit after vagotomy in animals or morbidly obese patients. The body weight deficit is also due to reduced caloric intake with changes in the quantity and quality of food and liquid intake, the latter accounting for more than one-third of the total reduction in caloric intake. Obese patients have consistent decreases in hunger ratings after vagotomy and also reveal changed hedonic ratings and estimations of taste intensity. Validation of vagotomy studies requires tests of vagal integrity to confirm the completeness of the surgery and rule out regeneration of nerve tissue or recruitment of function. Tests of completeness of vagotomy are difficult to perform and evaluate in morbidly obese patients due to insulin resistance. The finding of an inadequate gastric acid response to insulin hypoglycemia implies a defect hypothalamic response to hypoglycemic stress in these patients. A new postoperative test of completeness of vagotomy based on disrupted drinking after intravenous hypertonic saline challenge is introduced as an attractive alternative to the potentially hazardous insulin test.

Behavior↗
PubMed2000

Differential expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides in the early phase of diet-induced obesity in mice.

Exposure to high-fat diets for prolonged periods results in positive energy balance and obesity, but little is known about the initial physiological and neuroendocrine response of obesity-susceptible strains to high-fat feeding. To assess responses of C57BL/6J mice to high- and low-fat diets, we quantitated the hypothalamic expression of neuropeptides implicated in weight regulation and neuroendocrine function over a 2-wk period. Exposure to high-fat diet increased food consumption over a 2-day period during which leptin levels were increased when assessed by a frequent sampling protocol [area under the curve (AUC): 134.6 +/- 10.3 vs. 100 +/- 12.3, P = 0.03 during first day and 126.5 +/- 8.2 vs. 100 +/- 5.2, P = 0.02 during second day]. During this period, hypothalamic expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) decreased by approximately 30 and 50%, respectively (P < 0.001). After 1 wk, both caloric intake and hypothalamic expression of NPY and AgRP returned toward baseline. After 2 wk, cumulative caloric intake was again higher in the high-fat group, and now proopiomelanocortin (POMC) was elevated by 76% (P = 0.01). This study demonstrates that high-fat feeding induces hyperphagia, hyperleptinemia, and transient suppression of orexigenic neuropeptides during the first 2 days of diet. The subsequent induction of POMC may be a second defense against obesity. Attempts to understand the hypothalamic response to high-fat feeding must examine the changes as they develop over time.

Agouti-Related Protein↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sustained feeding in acute diarrhea in children below 5 years of age].

OBJECTIVE: To identify locally available and culturally acceptable foods for children with acute diarrhea, and test their acceptance and effect on the child's weight. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 142 mothers of children younger than five years of age living in rural communities were interviewed to indentify culturally accepted diets by means of group sorting. These were displayed in a multidimensional scale. A descriptive study was performed of the clinical course of 54 children, ages 4 to 50 months who received the designed diets during the first 48 hours of diarrhea. RESULTS: The designed diets considered age of the child, and stage of the disease. Children spent 47.6 +/- 22.2 h in the hospital during which they consumed 44.8 +/- 28.6 kcal/kg/day (additional to breast milk) and they gained 70.6 +/- 179.7 g. A direct relationship was observed between increasing age and larger caloric intake, and between this and greater weight gain. CONCLUSION: Children showed good acceptance of diets. Caloric intake was enough to prevent weight loss.

Acute Disease↗