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BACKGROUND: Vampirolepis nana is the only human tapeworm in which the intermediate host is not necessary and transmission is from person to person. In this study the changes of serum malondialdehyde level, that is, the oxidative stress hypothesis in patients infected with V. nana, was investigated. METHODS: Serum malondialdehyde concentration activity was measured in 32 patients who were positive for intestinal parasite of V. nana. Levels were obtained for the positively infected patients and their age and gender were matched to 32 healthy controls. RESULTS: The difference between malondialdehyde levels of patients infected with V. nana and the control group was statistically significant both for females (P < 0.05) and males (P < 0.05). In the patient and control groups, no correlation was found between age and malondialdehyde levels both in females and males. In addition, no significant correlation could be found between malondialdehyde levels of both females and males for the patient and control groups. CONCLUSION: Malondialdehyde levels were clearly increased in the patients infected with V. nana.
The fifth case of human infection with Mesocestoides in the United States is reported in a 17-month-old child living in Mississippi. The child was asymptomatic and the source of the infection in unknown. Stools examined after treatment with paromomycin sulfate (Humatin) revealed no further evidence of infection. This is the 18th case of Mesocestoides infection in man reported in the literature.
Observations on the Triaenophorus crassus invasion in Coregonus lavaretus and Esox lucius were carried out in the period of 1984 to 1989 in the upper Tuloma River [correction of Verkhnetulomsk] water reservoir and Pechozero water body (the Pecha River) which form a common basin. Significant differences were noted in the infection rate of fishes with this parasite in the above water bodies. In Pechozero, where there are preserved natural conditions and therefore an ecological equilibrium in the host-parasite system, T. crassus is not abundant and the infection rate of C. lavaretus and E. lucius with this parasite is low. In the upper Tuloma River [correction of Verkhnetulomsk] water reservoir, due to the dropping out of the amphipod group of benthos from the biocoenosis of the water body, there has been formed a close ecological connection between copepods, C. lavaretus and E. lucius that resulted in the increase of T. crassus and gave rise to Triaenophorus infection of C. lavaretus here.
A study of the plerocerci of Floriceps saccatus from the abdominal cavity of dolphin fish (Coryphaena hippurus) and pompano dolphin (Coryphaena equiselis) was conducted. In all, 565 dolphin fishes were collected from Majorcan waters (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean) during 3 summer and autumn seasons (1990, 1991, and 1995). From the Canary Islands (eastern Atlantic), 41 specimens of dolphin fish were caught during 1994 and 49 specimens of pompano dolphin during 1995. Cysts of different shapes and sizes appeared in the conjunctive tissues of the abdomen and viscera, mainly in the liver, gonads, and pancreas. A larva was found inside every cyst examined. Small, medium size, and large larvae were found. The largest larvae correspond to Floriceps saccatus plerocercoids. Stomach contents indicated that crustaceans and fish larvae were the main prey items of juvenile C. hippurus, whereas teleosts and cephalopods were the only food found in adult dolphin fishes. Infection of F. saccatus plerocercoids takes place in preadult dolphin fishes. Prevalence increases as fishes grow and change to a diet of teleosts. Coryphaena equiselis was not infected.
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Infection with helminth parasites typically evokes a T helper 2-cell response in the mammalian host. Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 are important in the rapid expulsion of parasitic nematodes, with the absence of either cytokine being compensated for by the other. However, the IL-4 and IL-13 common signaling molecule, signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT-6) appears to be mandatory for the spontaneous expulsion of enteric helminths. Mice genetically deficient in IL-4, IL-13, or STAT-6 were infected with the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta and worm infectivity and jejunal goblet cell responses assessed 12-18 days postinfection (PI). Only the STAT-6 knockout (KO) animals harbored adult worms; neither gravid adult nor stunted H. diminuta was obtained from the infected IL-4 KO or IL-13 KO mice > or = 12 days PI. Also, the establishment of worms in the intestine of STAT-6 KO animals was associated with a reduced goblet cell response. These findings support the hypothesis that increased mucin production is an important part of the host response to tapeworm infection and that functional STAT-6 signaling may be an absolute requirement for the rejection of intestinal cestodes and thus, helminth parasites in general.
The efficacies of nitroscanate and mebendazole against nematodes and Dipylidium caninum were compared by the examination of the faeces of 155 dogs. In unweaned puppies nitroscanate acted significantly faster and was significantly more effective than mebendazole against Toxocara canis. In adult dogs, both drugs had a low efficacy against Trichuris vulpis but a similarly good efficacy against other nematodes, with a tendency for nitroscanate to be more effective in reducing the prevalence of Ancylostoma caninum. Nitroscanate reduced the prevalence of D caninum infections considerably more than mebendazole.