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PubMed1989

Cardiovascular cavities cast in silicone rubber as an adjunct to post-mortem examination of the heart.

We used silicone rubber as a material for making post-mortem casts of cavities in 21 human hearts, 16 of them congenitally malformed, 13 after surgical reconstruction (Fontan and Norwood procedures) and 4 after reconstruction had been performed posts mortem for study purposes. The organs were either fresh, or had been perfusion fixed with formalin prior to casting. When suitable silicone rubber and catalyst were used, we found that casts allowed a very clear view of chamber morphology, and, where surgery had been performed, of any vascular constriction or distortion. We made casts of the aortic sinus and coronary arteries in 3 adult hearts, demonstrating the location and extent of indentation due to atheromatous deposits. The resilience and non-adhesiveness of the silicone rubber allowed casts to be extracted without recourse to corrosion. The surrounding tissues, with the exception of trapped trabeculations and valve structures, were then available for conventional pathological examination. We propose that the relatively simple technique has important applications, not practicable using earlier casting materials, for the study of cardiovascular morphology, and for post-mortem evaluation of stenosed or surgically reconstructed vessels.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The cast-6: development of a short-form of the Children of Alcoholics Screening Test.

The 30-item Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (CAST) is shortened to a 6-item scale (CAST-6) using Principal Components Analysis of CAST responses for three distinct samples: outpatient substance abusers, outpatient psychiatric patients, and medical students. The face validity, internal consistency, and discriminatory ability of the CAST-6 are examined. The CAST-6 is judged to compare favorably with the full CAST and to provide a more efficient way to identify adult children of alcoholics.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Classifying COAs with three variations of the CAST: classification rates, stability, and gender differences.

The Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (CAST) was administered to a sample of young adolescents as sixth graders and again one year later. Psychometric properties of the full CAST and a shortened version (CAST-6) were examined, and three different rules for classifying COAs were analyzed. The CAST was found to demonstrate adequate internal consistency and test-retest reliability. When examined as an entire group, the vast majority of respondents maintained the same classification (COA or NCOA) from the first to the second administration. For boys, however, CAST scores and the proportion who were self-identified as COAs declined significantly. Classification rates based on the full CAST and on the shortened version were similar. The use of two confirmatory items, "Ever think your father (mother) was an alcoholic?" however, substantially reduced the percentage of self-identified COAs. Finally, girls were dramatically more likely than boys to endorse items suggesting parental alcoholism, and they were also more likely to self-identify as COAs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Influence of casting procedures on the corrosion resistance of clinical dental alloys containing palladium.

The aim of this study was to compare the in vitro corrosion resistance in artificial saliva of two palladium-silver alloys (a Pd-Ag (Pors on 4) and an Ag-Pd (Palliag LTG)), with and without casting defects; 1 nickel-chrome alloy and 1 high-gold alloy, cast under recommended conditions, served as controls. For each of the palladium-based alloys, three specimens corresponding to three different casting conditions were used: under recommended conditions, with the use of a graphite-containing investment and crucible, and by reusing the sprues and sprue button. The electrochemical tests were run in Fusayama-Meyer artificial saliva. The open-circuit potential was recorded in mV/SCE at t=24h. Then, potentiodynamic polarization was performed to measure the polarization resistance (R(p)) in kOmega cm(2) and the corrosion current (i(corr)) in microA cm(-2). Data were evaluated with one-way analysis of variance and multiple comparisons test (alpha=0.05). In addition, each specimen was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Compared to the control alloys, the electrochemical experiments in artificial saliva indicated satisfactory corrosion resistance for the Pd-Ag and Ag-Pd alloys; these results are related to their high noble metal content and stable substructure. The Pd-Ag alloy displayed superior electrochemical properties to those of the Ag-Pd alloy regardless of the casting condition. The use of the graphite-containing crucible and investment during the cast process did not dramatically reduce the corrosion resistance values, but the reuse of sprues and the sprue button did. The optimal corrosion resistance values were obtained for the alloys cast according to the recommended conditions.

Calcium Sulfate↗
PubMed2007

Assessing the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system: digital vs plaster dental casts.

INTRODUCTION: The purposes of this study were to determine whether the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system (ABO OGS) can be assessed accurately from digital dental casts and whether there are statistical differences between digital and plaster dental casts in scoring the ABO OGS. METHODS: Thirty posttreatment plaster dental casts were selected and scanned by OrthoCAD (Cadent, Carlstadt, NJ) to produce 30 corresponding digital dental casts. The plaster and digital casts were compared by using the criteria of the ABO OGS. Because the data were ordinal, a nonparametic statistical analysis was used. RESULTS: The Wilcoxon test for paired samples showed significant differences between the plaster and digital casts for occlusal contacts, occlusal relationships, and total scores (P <.05). No significant differences were found for alignment, marginal ridges, overjet, and interproximal contacts. Buccolingual inclination was not included in this study because of inability to perform proper measurements with the OrthoCAD program. Mean differences of points deducted ranged from .03 point for marginal ridges to 5.07 points for the total score. The variable with the most points deducted related to occlusal relationships, and the fewest points were deducted for interproximal contacts. CONCLUSIONS: Based on this study, the current OrthoCAD program (version 2.2) was not adequate for scoring all parameters as required by the ABO OGS.

Certification↗
PubMed2004

Loss of phenotypic plasticity generates genotype-caste association in harvester ants.

Caste differentiation and reproductive division of labor are the hallmarks of insect societies. In ants and other social Hymenoptera, development of female larvae into queens or workers generally results from environmentally induced differences in gene expression. However, several cases in which certain gene combinations may determine reproductive status have been described in bees and ants. We investigated experimentally whether genotype directly influences caste determination in two populations of Pogonomyrmex harvester ants in which genotype-caste associations have been observed. Each population contains two genetic lineages. Queens are polyandrous and mate with males of both lineages , but in mature colonies, over 95% of daughter queens have a pure-lineage genome, whereas all workers are of F1 interlineage ancestry. We found that this pattern is maintained throughout the colony life cycle, even when only a single caste is being produced. Through controlled crosses, we demonstrate that pure-lineage eggs fail to develop into workers even when interlineage brood are not present. Thus, environmental caste determination in these individuals appears to have been lost in favor of a hardwired genetic mechanism. Our results reveal that genetic control of reproductive fate can persist without loss of the eusocial caste structure.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Quantification and modelling of 2,4-dinitrotoluene reduction with high-purity and cast iron.

Cast iron has been used as a reactive material in permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) for site remediation. While reactions are generally believed to occur on the iron (oxide) surface, a recent study by [Oh, S.Y., Cha, D.K., Chiu, P.C., 2002a. Graphite-mediated reduction of 2,4-dinitrotoluene with elemental iron. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36 (10), 2178-2184] showed that graphite inclusions in cast iron can also serve as reaction sites for 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT). These authors also found that graphite-mediated reduction of DNT has a regioselectivity that is different from that for iron surface. In this study, we quantified the observations reported by Oh et al. and examined the role of graphite in cast iron through numerical modelling. Models containing one and two reaction sites were developed to evaluate the mass transfer, sorption and reaction rates for DNT reduction in batch systems containing high-purity and cast iron. Our simulations showed that the regioselectivity, defined as the ratio of the ortho- and para-nitro reduction rate constants, was 0.37+/-0.04 S.E. (S.E.=one estimated standard error) for iron surface and 3.59+/-0.76 S.E. for graphite surface. In the cast iron-water system, we estimated that at least 66+/-2% S.E. of the DNT was reduced on graphite surface, despite the low graphite content and the lower DNT reduction rate with graphite than with iron. Graphite played such an important role because of the rapid adsorption of DNT to graphite. In the batch experiments conducted by Oh et al., external mass transfer was not rate limiting. Surface reaction was the rate-limiting step for DNT reduction on the graphite surface in cast iron, whereas internal mass transfer and/or adsorption and surface reaction were important for high-purity iron.

Carcinogens↗
PubMed2005

Influence of caste polyethism on longevity of workers in social insect colonies.

Different patterns of division of labor can affect the expected longevity of social insects workers. It has been earlier suggested that when tasks performed inside and outside colony are equally risky then the expected longevity of workers in colonies with caste polyethism is greater than that in colonies without polyethism. To verify these predictions I used a model assuming two sets of tasks, associated with different mortality rates. In the colony without polyethism the workers preformed safe and risky tasks in turn, while in the colony with caste polyethism the workers specialized in only one set of tasks. The outcomes suggest that the expected longevity of workers in colonies with caste polyethism cannot be greater than that in colonies without polyethism. Only if there is no aging and under some special and rare conditions are there no differences in expected longevity between colonies with and without caste polyethism. If aging is independent of activity, caste polyethism does not shorten longevity when all tasks in the colony are equally risky. The results can explain why caste polyethism is not as widespread among social insects as age polyethism.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The in vitro effect of pulpal pressure and luting agent on tensile bond strength of complete cast crowns.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The degree to which pulpal pressure may affect bond strength of complete cast crowns is unknown. PURPOSE: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of simulated pulpal pressure on the tensile bond strength of complete cast crowns luted with 2 different cements. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-eight human mandibular canine teeth were cleaned and stored in saline solution. The crowns were prepared by 1 investigator, and standardization of the preparation was accomplished by fixing a dental handpiece in a parallelometer. Uniform grooves, 0.5 mm in depth, were prepared with burs with depth guides. The complete crowns were prepared with a 0.5-mm shoulder margin. Teeth were randomly divided into 2 groups of 24 teeth each (Group I and Group II). In Group I, bonding and tensile test procedures of the teeth were carried out under simulated pulpal pressure (15 cm of saline solution). In Group II, simulated pulpal pressure was not used. The roots were removed 1 mm below the cementoenamel junction to create direct communication with the pulp chamber. The remaining pulpal tissues were carefully removed, and crowns were embedded in acrylic resin. The acrylic resin was then penetrated by a stainless steel tube that connected the pulp chamber and the barrel of a disposable plastic 5-ml syringe. The pulp chambers were filled with physiological saline solution under elevated pressure to locate the area of greatest permeability on the dentinal surface. Crowns were cast (Co-Cr alloy) with a 20-mm bar to allow testing of the bond strength. Each of the 2 groups were further divided into 2 luting cement groups of 12 each (Group I, A and B, and Group II, A and B). Group IA/IIA and Group IB/IIB specimens were luted with a polycarboxylate luting cement (Poly-F Plus) and an adhesive luting cement (Superbond C&B), respectively. After storage in distilled water for 24 hours, all specimens were subjected to a tensile bond test in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until failure. The maximum load at fracture (Newton) was recorded. The results were then evaluated with 2-way analysis of variance and Tukey's honestly significant difference tests (alpha=.05). RESULTS: Simulated pulpal pressure increased the bond strength of cast complete crowns cemented with an adhesive luting agent (P=.01). No significant difference was found in the bond strength of complete cast crowns cemented with polycarboxylate cement with or without pulpal pressure. Superbond C&B adhesive luting agent showed significantly higher bond strength values for Group I (388.9+/-32.7) and Group II (300.9+/-66.8), when compared with polycarboxylate cement for Group I (221.3+/-17.3) and Group II (186.8+/-38.5) (P=.001). CONCLUSION: Simulated pulpal pressure had a positive effect on the retention of complete cast crowns when cemented with Superbond C&B adhesive luting agent. Superbond C&B significantly increased the retention of crowns in either the presence or absence of pulpal pressure.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

An in vitro study of coronal leakage after intraradicular preparation of cast-dowel space.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Coronal leakage can produce contamination of periapical tissues, resulting in endodontic failure. PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the ability of 2 sealers to prevent coronal leakage in canals filled with gutta-percha and prepared for cast dowels but without coronal sealing. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The crowns of 60 extracted single-rooted teeth were amputated. The root canals were prepared corono-apically and filled with gutta-percha cones and 1 of 2 different endodontic sealers: a resin-based sealer (AH Plus) and a calcium hydroxide-based sealer (Sealapex). Specimens were then stored in water for 7 days to allow the sealers to set. The specimens were prepared in 1 of 2 ways: no preparation for cast dowel or preparation of cast-dowel space (n=15). External surfaces of the roots were sealed with cyanoacrylate cement. The teeth were thermal cycled at 5 degrees and 55 degrees C in water baths (dwell time=30 seconds) for 500 cycles. Specimens were then submerged in 2% methylene blue colorant for 24 hours. Microleakage was measured according to the percentage of area stained with the colorant. Effects of each factor (cast-dowel preparation and type of sealant) on microleakage were analyzed by the Student t test (alpha=.05). RESULTS: The AH Plus and Sealapex sealers with cast-dowel preparation resulted in significantly (P<.001) more leakage compared to sealers with no dowel preparation. CONCLUSION: Cast dowel-space preparation had a negative influence on the sealing ability of the remnant root-canal filling material.

Calcium Hydroxide↗
PubMed1988

Cholangiovenous reflux pathways as defined by corrosion casting and scanning electron microscopy.

Using corrosion casting and scanning electron microscopy of the rat biliary tree, we investigated the site and size of the pathways that allow bacteria to reflux from bile to blood. Nonobstructed rat biliary trees were injected retrograde with methylmethacrylate resin at a constant rate of 0.04 ml/min to volumes of 40, 60, 80, 120, 160, and 200 microliters. The infusion pressure was monitored and a pressure-volume curve was constructed. After polymerization and corrosion in 30 percent potassium hydroxide, the casts were examined with scanning electron microscopy. In addition, to identify the size of the reflux pathways, ceramic particles of 150 A, 1.7 mu, or 10 mu were added to the resin, and the studies were repeated. Finally, intact livers with casted biliary trees were processed and studied by scanning electron microscopy without corrosion. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated fine anatomic detail of the cholangiovenous reflux pathway. At 40 microliters (20 cm water pressure), normal biliary radicals were filled. Between 40 and 80 microliters (20 to 50 cm water pressure), the cast material refluxed from the bile ductules into the spaces of Mall and Disse and then into the hepatic sinusoids. Filling of sinusoids continued at volumes between 80 to 160 microliters, and filling of collecting veins was seen above 160 microliters. Particles of 1.7 mu and smaller readily refluxed, but there was no sinusoidal reflux of casting material that contained particles of 10 mu. Casting without corrosion showed that the liver parenchyma remained intact. There was no evidence of reflux across hepatocytes. This study shows that cholangiovenous reflux occurs directly from bile ductules through the spaces of Mall and Disse into the hepatic sinusoids. The pathways measure between 1.7 and 10 mu. Since this is the path of least resistance, it may be of greater importance in the reflux of bacteria and toxins than other high-resistance pathways, for example, biliary canaliculi, tight junctions, or hepatocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Efficacy of botulinum toxin A, serial casting, and combined treatment for spastic equinus: a retrospective analysis.

Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A), serial casting, and combined treatment for spastic equinus were compared by chart review. Fifty-five patients with diplegia (n=21), hemiplegia (n=17), quadriplegia (n=6), and other diagnoses (n=11) were reviewed. Thirty-one patients had Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) scores of I or II, 10 had a GMFCS score of III, and eight had GMFCS scores of IV or V (for six there were no available data). Mean age was 7 years 1 month (SD 4 y 8mo). The combined group showed a significantly greater increase in passive range of motion (ROM) of the ankle joint in comparison with BTX-A alone (p=0.0002), with a mean of 17 degrees (SD 11.2) versus 5 degrees (SD 6.7), and casting alone showed a significantly greater increase in comparison with BTX-A alone (p=0.0001), with a mean of 15 degrees (SD 4.5) versus 5 degrees (SD 6.7). With cast number controlled, change in ROM after casting with and without BTX-A was not significantly different (p=0.37). There was no significant difference between casting with or without BTX-A, and both improved ROM to a greater degree than BTX-A alone. Casting demonstrated a significantly more robust impact on range of motion than BTX-A alone.

Botulinum Toxins, Type A↗
PubMed2001

The bronchial cast syndrome after the fontan procedure: further evidence of its etiology.

We describe a three-year-old boy who presented with recurrent expectoration of bronchial casts six months following creation of a fenestrated lateral tunnel Fontan circulation for pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. Cardiac catheterization demonstrated elevated central venous pressure with two areas of stenosis within the Fontan circuit, specifically at the junction of the right superior caval vein and the right pulmonary artery, and between the atrial baffle and the right superior caval vein. Insertion of Palmaz stents in these areas resulted in a reduction in central venous pressure, and a transient reduction in production of casts. Eight weeks after catheterization, however, he produced further casts, which resulted in hypoxia, respiratory arrest and death. We reviewed the autopsied specimens obtained from patients with the Fontan circulation over an eleven-year period at our institution in order to ascertain the prevalence of subclinical production of bronchial casts. We found no casts in the thirteen patients examined. Hemodynamic assessment is vital in all patients who develop this syndrome, and should be the primary focus of investigation, rather than solely directing efforts at lysis of casts.

Bronchogenic Cyst↗
PubMed2002

Numerical simulation of the casting process of titanium removable partial denture frameworks.

The objective of this work was to study the filling incompleteness and porosity defects in titanium removal partial denture frameworks by means of numerical simulation. Two frameworks, one for lower jaw and one for upper jaw, were chosen according to dentists' recommendation to be simulated. Geometry of the frameworks were laser-digitized and converted into a simulation software (MAGMASOFT). Both mold filling and solidification of the castings with different sprue designs (e.g. tree, ball, and runner-bar) were numerically calculated. The shrinkage porosity was quantitatively predicted by a feeding criterion, the potential filling defect and gas pore sensitivity were estimated based on the filling and solidification results. A satisfactory sprue design with process parameters was finally recommended for real casting trials (four replica for each frameworks). All the frameworks were successfully cast. Through X-ray radiographic inspections it was found that all the castings were acceptably sound except for only one case in which gas bubbles were detected in the grasp region of the frame. It is concluded that numerical simulation aids to achieve understanding of the casting process and defect formation in titanium frameworks, hence to minimize the risk of producing defect casting by improving the sprue design and process parameters.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2007

Effect of immersion disinfection with Perform-ID on alginate, an alginate alternative, an addition-cured silicone and resultant type III gypsum casts.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effect of a commonly used immersion disinfectant upon three different impression materials and any subsequent effects on the abrasion resistance, hardness and surface detail reproduction of gypsum casts. DESIGN: A laboratory study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Under standardised conditions a total of 120 impressions were made of a ruled test block using irreversible hydrocolloid (Alginoplast), an 'alginate alternative' addition-cure silicone (Position Penta) and a conventional addition-cure silicone (President). The impressions were examined for surface detail reproduction prior to and after disinfection with Perform-ID. The type III casts were evaluated for surface detail reproduction, surface hardness and abrasion resistance. RESULTS: (1) None of the disinfected alginate specimens could reproduce the 50 microm line. (2) Casts produced from the disinfected alginate were significantly less hard than from disinfected Position Penta and President (P <0.001). (3) Disinfection significantly affected the abrasion resistance of casts made from Position Penta (P = 0.029). (4) Disinfection did not significantly affect President or its subsequent casts (P >0.05). CONCLUSION: If disinfecting with Perform-ID, the impression should be made with a conventional addition-cured silicone if good surface detail reproduction of the impression material and a hard and abrasion resistant type III gypsum cast are required.

Alginates↗
PubMed1983

Myeloma kidney cast nephropathy in a rat model of multiple myeloma.

Renal insufficiency occurs in some, but not all, patients with multiple myeloma and Bence Jones proteinuria. Many of these patients are found to have a distinctive renal lesion characterized by distal nephron cast formation. It has been proposed that the specific Bence Jones protein (BJP) which is produced by a myeloma tumor may play an important role in the genesis of this cast nephropathy and that patients excreting BJPs with the highest isoelectric points (pI) are those most likely to develop this cast nephropathy. We have utilized a rat model of multiple myeloma to further evaluate the relationship between Bence Jones proteinuria and the development of myeloma cast nephropathy. This model employed immunoglobulin-secreting tumors obtained from a unique strain of rats in which they spontaneously develop. These tumors were transplanted to a homologous strain of rats and the effect on renal function and morphology in these rats were evaluated. Four different kappa light chain synthesizing tumors were studied. Following transplantation of the tumors, all rats were maintained on a diet designed to produce an acid urine (pH 5.5 to 6.0) and maximal urinary concentration (2000 to 3000 mOsm/kg). Among the rats excreting BJP of pI 6.7, 17 of 18 had virtually normal renal histology. Of the 15 rats with BJP of pI 7.6, 11 also had normal renal histology. However, 12 of 12 rats excreting BJP of pI 5.2 developed a distal nephron, light chain containing cast nephropathy. In the pI 4.3 group, 6 of 12 rats developed acute tubular necrosis, and the remaining six animals sustained a less severe lesion which was characterized by the presence of bland hyaline casts. The mean serum creatinine level obtained at the time of sacrifice was elevated (compared to that found in sham-operated controls) in the pI 5.2 group (P less than 0.001) and the pI 4.3 group (P less than 0.01) but not in the pI 6.7 or 7.6 groups. These results do not support the concept that cationic BJP's are more nephrotoxic than those that carry a more negative charge and indicate that other factors must determine the nephrotoxicity of a given BJP.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Mitochondrial DNA diversity in tribal and caste groups of Maharashtra (India) and its implication on their genetic origins.

Genetic relationships among caste-groups are not uniform across the geographical regions of India. Many anthropologists have speculated on the tribal origin of some caste groups in Maharashtra and other states of India. To test this hypothesis, we used neutral mtDNA markers to study genetic relatedness among tribal and caste groups from Maharashtra. Descriptive statistics such as nucleotide diversity, gene diversity and average mismatches were found to be of the same magnitude. Phylogenetic network analysis exhibited a star-like expansion that may date back to the peopling of Eurasia, approximately 50,000 year ago. The reconstruction of mtDNA haplogroups showed that both the caste and tribal populations share similar branches of the tree. Also, the coalescence age estimation of caste and tribal populations suggests the persistence of maternal lineages with their root in early late Pleistocene. Our mtDNA analyses show some preliminary and significant evidence for the origin of prehistoric tribal and hierarchical caste societies of Maharashtra.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Three-dimensional quantification of color-marked occlusal paths on anatomically oriented casts.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The analysis of occlusal contacts on mounted diagnostic casts is an important task in prosthetic diagnostics. However, it is still restricted mainly to qualitative aspects because existing measuring techniques fail to provide 3-dimensional data for more than a few single points in acceptable time. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to develop a method for quantifying occlusal contacts and paths by using anatomically oriented diagnostic casts and to design the method to allow fast acquisition of digital 3-dimensional coordinates. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Plaster casts with color-marked contacts were digitized optically with a profilometric system based on the fringe projection technique. Digital camera images taken simultaneously were used to define the contact areas by marking them either manually or automatically with the help of image-processing routines. Three-dimensional coordinates were determined by finding the corresponding points within the profilometric data set. RESULTS: Color-marked contact areas on diagnostic casts were successfully digitized with a computer-controlled, automatic setup in approximately 30 seconds. The accuracy of the acquired 3-dimensional data was estimated to be better than 60 microm in lateral and 30 microm in height resolution. The data set was visualized and evaluated in a skull related coordinate system. SUMMARY: This study verified the use of a new tool to quantify color-marked occlusal contacts on diagnostic casts in terms of spatial coordinates. The resulting digital data may be stored easily and analyzed numerically as well as visualized 3-dimensionally with computer graphic equipment. Because the anatomic orientation of the casts is maintained throughout the measurement process, it is possible to compare the data with electronically registered condyle paths and therefore to investigate, for example, their relation to the corresponding guidance paths of the frontal teeth and the canines in dynamic occlusion.

Color↗